The emerging bioeconomy in South East Asia: New claims for biomass and land resources

Transcription

1 The emerging bioeconomy in South East Asia: New claims for biomass and land resources Melvin Lippe (PhD) Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops University of Hohenheim

2 Background: The fossil-based global footprint Davis et al. (2014) 2

3 The globally emerging bioeconomy paradigm Shift from a fossil-fuel-based economy towards an economy based on renewable and sustainable resources Transnational (EU, OECD, FAO) and National approaches Here, focus on production/use of biological resources to: Secure food supply Produce healthy and safe food Create sustainable agricultural production systems Expand energy carriers based on biomass Use renewable resources industrially 3

4 Biomass = All organic material that originates from plants, animals or microorganisms Edible biomass, such as starch, sugar and oil-rich Non-edible lignocellulosic biomass from dedicated production (wood, energy grasses), residues or wastes 4

5 Bioeconomy at a glance K n o w l e d g e Agriculture Forestry Fishery & Aquaculture Conditioning and Conversion Biotechnology Chemistry Process Engineering Biorefinery Production and Marketing Microbial Production Food Feed Fibre Fuel Waste Management BMBF, 2014; Lewandowski

6 National bioeconomy strategies in 09/

7 BIOECONOMY RELATED POLICIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: SOME EXAMPLES 7

8 Thailand National Biotechnology Policy framework ( ) 4 Strategic sectors: Food and Agriculture, Medicine and Health, Bioenergy, Bio-based industry Targets in Food and Agriculture sector: need to increase crop production (cassava, sugarcane, palm oil ) twofold until 2021 to supply increasing demands of bioenergy and biotech industry Potential challenges: 25% of energy in 2025 should be bioenergy: alternative raw materials (e.g. algae, community waste, lignocellulose) to avoid competitions with food production Current policies focus on energy perspectives, neglect interdependencies between energy, water, food (& soils) Competitions between oil palm expansion and existing rubber plantation areas, threats of deforestation Security of water supply: 70 % of agriculture is rainfed, increase crop production requires irrigation supply, e.g. potential conflicts with local communities 8

9 Malaysia Renewable energy target in 2030: 4000 MW installed renewable energy capacity (17% of currently installed energy) Biogas, biomass, solid waste, small hydropower, photovoltaics Mobilization of biomass to create more value from oil palms : Oil palm expansion Yield improvement: target 6 Mg ha -1 a -1, theoretical potential 18.2 Mg ha -1 a -1 Improve residue exploitation at palm oil mills, e.g. biogas production Focus on downstream activities (biodiesel, 2 nd generation biofuel, oleo derivatives) Potential challenges: Yields stagnating at 4 Mg ha -1 a -1 Current oil palm cultivation area: 14% of total land area (1970: <1 mio. ha, 2011: 5 mio. ha) suitable land areas become scarce (degraded forest areas, policies on conversion of none-productive forest areas) or competitions with other policies, e.g. REDD+ 9

10 EMERGING COMPETING CLAIMS ON BIOMASS AND LAND RESOURCES 10

11 Competing claims = Competition for. biomass per se land on which biomass is grown for: food, feed, fibre, fuel (the 4Fs) fulfilment of ecosystem services Value chain actors Costs & benefits Land use demands (4Fs) Impact on ecosystem services Available biomass material 11

12 Policy-induced bioenergy demand in SW Germany Mais Cattle Installed biogas power plant energy (in MW) (Statistical office BW, 2014) Maize area in % of total agricultural land None < > 50 12

13 Lessons learned from recent bioenergy development Negative impacts on ecosystem services, e.g. biodiversity, carbon stocks, soil fertility, increasing use of agrochemicals Expectations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions were partly disappointing Political support/incentives for liquid transportation biofuels increased demand for edible biomass and impacted food prices Competing claims on biomass and land resources are perceived as major obstacle for expansion of sustainable bioenergy production (Lewandowski 2015) 13

14 WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS ON BIOMASS PRODUCTION IN A GROWING BIOECONOMY? Sufficient quantities increasing demand! Continuous and reliable supply Reasonable and competitive prices Optimal biomass qualities From sustainable production (Lewandowski 2015) 14

15 HOW TO SECURE SUSTAINABLE BIOMASS IN A GROWING BIOECONOMY? Understand the drivers of competing claims Close gap between technical and sustainable biomass potential Integrated approaches (Lewandowski 2015) 15

16 Closing gap between technical & sustainable potentials (Fugle 2012) 16

17 Mobilising biomass potentials along the value chain Breeding Agronomy Harvest Transport & Storage Processing Product development Consumer 17 (Lewandowski 2015) 17

18 Integrated approaches Muti-purpose crops, e.g. Cascading uses Bioeconomic value chains Acrocomia palm (Poetsch et al. 2012) 18

19 Outlook Integrated land use strategies at district/ provincial level needed for sustainable biomass raw material supply (4Fs) in a future bioeconomy Mobilize gap between sustainable technical and implementable potential by using bottom-up approaches Optimization of biomass production and use has larger potential than focusing on land expansions, e.g. on abandoned or marginal areas Strategies need to be developed for every region and situation (Afternoon sessions: World Café Round 1 & 2) 19