Techno-Economic Feasibility of Energy Supply of Remote Zone Family House in Jordan Badia by Photovoltaic System and Diesel Generators

Transcription

1 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy, Vol. 4, o. 2, June 206 Techno-Economc Feasblty of Energy Supply of Remote Zone Famly House n Jordan Bada by Photovoltac System and Desel Generators Mohammad Al-Smaran Renewable and Sustanable Energy Department, Faculty of Engneerng, Al al-bayt Unversty, Mafraq, Jordan Emal: wesam93@yahoo.com Abstract In the development of energy sources n remote regons n Jordan at the brnk of the 2st century, t s necessary to vew the use of solar energy n all applcatons as one of the most promsng new and renewable energy sources. As a contrbuton to the development program of remote areas n Jordan Bada, ths paper presents two energy supply alternatves for a remote house represented n photovoltac system and desel generator for provdng the electrcal loads n a famly house accordng to ther energy requrements. The result of ths study shows that remote households n Jordan Bada wll requre 3.22kWh/day or 75kWh/yr to meet ther basc power requrements for such loads as lghtng and electronc applances-rados and televsons. It s found that provdng electrcty to a famly house n a remote zone usng photovoltac systems s very benefcal and compettve wth the other types of conventonal energy sources, especally consderng the decreasng prces of these systems and ther ncreasng effcences and relablty. They have also the advantage of mantanng a clean envronment. It s recommended that solar photovoltac-based rural home electrfcaton applcaton should be encouraged by the government, especally for those rural households wthout access to a grd supply. Therefore, a growng nterest n renewable energy resources has been observed for several years, renewable energy s expected to play a major role n the 2 st century [3]-[6]. Solar energy, one of the potental renewable energy sources, whch s beng harnessed n a commercal scale today. Solar energy s non-depletable source, nonpollutng, low operatng cost, hgh relablty and cost free n ts orgnal radaton form. Therefore, solar energy wll represents a sutable soluton for energy requrements especally n rural areas. These facts make the alternatve resources attractve for many applcatons. Today, photovoltac generators are utlzed n such applcatons as water pumpng, lghtng, electrfcaton of remote areas and telecommuncatons [], [3], [4], [6]-[8]. Al-Smaran et al. n [9] shows that photovoltac solar energy systems s the best choce for electrfcaton n ortheast Bada of Jordan n terms of techncal and economcal pont of vew. Photovoltac systems have made a sgnfcance contrbuton to daly lfe n developng countres where one thrd of the world s people lve wthout electrcty. One of the problems s n the remote areas there are fewer users per klometer of hgh, medum and low voltage lne than n urban zones. Also, average consumpton s generally much lower than for urban or ndustral customers. The second problem s the feasblty of rural electrfcaton va a dstrbuton grd s much lower than that of urban or ndustral electrfcaton; snce the nvestment s hgher, the costs are greater and the revenue receved by utltes s lower [0], []. Therefore, even though they generate lttle power n comparson to central power plants, photovoltac energy systems could meet the modest needs of remote areas n the Thrd World vllages. Low per capta consumpton magnfes the renewable systems benefts because so lttle electrcty s needed to rase the qualty of lfe [0]. In Jordan, there are many new projects such as those carred out n the eastern desert of Jordan and those on the southern part of Jordan, whch wll be accompaned by people who requre energy for prncpal lfe requrements. From ths pont of vew, t s very mportant to ntroduce a model for a famly house that depends manly on solar energy to run the electrcal applances accordng to Table I. Rawthat Al-Bandan Index Terms Bada, Jordan, photovoltac, remote I. ITRODUCTIO The rapd depleton of fossl-fuel resources, the lmted reserves and ther unstable prces on a worldwde bass have necesstated an urgent search for alternatve energy and sgnfcantly ncreased the nterest n renewable energy sources. Of the many alternatves, photovoltac energy has been consdered as promsng toward meetng the contnually ncreasng demand for energy [], [2]. Snce the ol crses of the early 970s, utlzaton of solar power has been ncreasngly sgnfcant, attractve and cost effectve [3], [4]. In numerous remote and rural areas n the world, a noteworthy number of domestc consumers, farms and small busness are not connected to man electrcal grd system. Ths s especally n the developng countres, where large dstances and the lack of captal are some of the obstacles to the development of a grd system. Manuscrpt receved July, 205; revsed March 23, Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy do: 0.878/joee

2 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy, Vol. 4, o. 2, June 206 requrements. The applances consdered were those havng the hghest dentfed probablty of use, and consequently satsfyng part of the basc energy needs. Household power requrement data dd not nclude such uses as hot plates, electrc rons or other large applances. The famly houses n the selected ste are expected to be very smple and do not need large quanttes of electrcal energy for lghtng or operatng electrc applances. The man electrcal loads necessary for mprovng lvng condtons n the vllage are: household applances (lghtng, TV, refrgerator, rado, washng machne and fan). It s expected that most of these houses wll have electrcal loads as shown n Table I. The hourly load demand for a typcal famly house n the vllage for a complete typcal day s energy consumpton s shown n Fg. 2. It s notced that the largest amount of energy consumpton s concentrated n the evenng, when the famly s sttng down n the house and lghtng, TV and refrgerator are workng. vllage n the eastern part of Jordan was selected as the ste under consderaton n ths work snce t s located far from the utlty grd. The average daly solar energy ncdent on the horzontal plane n the vllage s about 5.6kWh/m2/day whch s consdered to be a hgh solar energy nput. TABLE I. THE DAILY LOAD EERGY REQUIREMETS FOR A TYPICAL FAMILY HOUSE I RURAL ZOES Applances Fluorescent tube 20W each Color TV Cassette player Coolng fan Washng machne Refrgerator Total energy (kwh/m2/day) o. of Applance unts power (W) Expected daly use (hrs) Electrcal energy requrements (kwh.day-) II. EVIROMETAL DATA To get an optmum desgn for a famly house n a remote area, t s very mportant to collect the meteorologcal data for the ste under consderaton. The solar radaton data has a great effect on the performance of photovoltac systems. Fg. shows the monthly average values of solar energy ncdent on the horzontal surfaces n the Rawthat Al-Bandan vllage [2]. It s clear from the fgure that solar energy ncdent n ths regon s hgh especally durng summer months, where t exceeds 8 and 7 kwh/m2/day on horzontal and tlted planes respectvely. Fgure 2. The load curve of a typcal complete day s consumpton for a typcal famly house n the Jordan Bada. IV. THE SYSTEM DESIG In sunny parts of the world, stand-alone photovoltac systems are becomng cost-effectve for the rural electrfcaton of wdely scattered homes and vllages. For the majorty of the populaton lvng n remote, rural and solated locatons, stand-alone photovoltac systems can be consdered a promsng opton and a very relable power source, wth the mnmum attenton and mantenance [4], [5]. In order to sze a system acknowledgement of the solar radaton data for the ste, the load demand profle, and the mportance of supply contnuty are requred [], [5], [6]. The frst problem of szng a stand-alone photovoltac power system and battery storage s to fnd the optmum combnaton of array sze and storage battery capacty that wll meet the load requrements, whch mnmze energy cost for a chosen relablty. The solar photovoltac array s szed to replace the load on a daly bass for average weather condtons. By usng the daly requrement of applances and the daly output from one module, the number of modules can be calculated [7]-[20]. To desgn a PV system for a famly house n rural zones, the followng steps are carred out. Fgure. The monthly average values of daly solar energy (kwh/m2/day) n the Rawthat Al-Bandan vllage ncdent on horzontal and tlted surfaces wth the lattude ( =30 ). III. EERGY REQUIREMETS OF A TYPICAL HOUSE I RURAL ZOES The load profle to be met n a renewable system s of the same mportance as the weather data. In general, the demand to be met by a power system s tme dependent. Therefore, for correct system szng, the general nonconstant load demand pattern must be consdered [3]. The electrcal load n the vllage s manly concentrated on the nght perod snce the populaton work durng the day. The domestc load demand of any gven household s equal to the sum of all the energy 206 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy A. Calculatng the Average Daly Load Energy Requrements Usng Table I, t s found that the average daly load energy (EL) for a typcal house n Rawthat Al-Bandan 38

3 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy, Vol. 4, o. 2, June 206 vllage n Jordan s about 3.22kWh/day. For ths study the total energy consumpton s 75kWh/year. B. PV Array Szng 4 modules of polycrystallne, each one has 53Wp are used to supply the house wth the requred energy. The modules can be connected to gve the desred voltage accordng to the desgn of the other parts of the PV system and the load specfcatons. C. Desgn of the Storage System Stand-alone home power systems often store energy generated durng the day n a battery bank for use at nght. Therefore, the photovoltac system s equpped wth a storage battery, n order to meet the demand requrements durng the cloudy days n the applcaton perod [8], [2]. The storage capacty of battery block for such systems s consderably large. Therefore, specal lead-acd battery cells (block type) of long lfe tme (greater than 0 years), hgh cyclng stablty-rate (greater than 000 tmes) and capablty of standng very deep dscharge should be selected [22], [23]. 2 battery cells (2V, 700Ah) have to be connected n seres to buld a battery block of an output rated at 24V DC /700Ah. Ths battery bank can drve the loads for 3 days wthout any sunshne. D. The Battery Charge Controller Measurements must be taken to prevent excessve dscharge or overcharge of batteres. Therefore, system or charge controllers are requred n renewable systems to regulate the battery charge and to control the operaton of the load [5]. In ths case the approprate rated power of charge regulator s 800W and to mantan the system voltage n the range of 24V. E. DC/AC Inverter An nverter s a standard tem of electronc equpment, whch s used n many dfferent applcatons. Inverters convert Drect Current (DC) voltage to Alternatng Current (AC). Therefore, the nput power s the DC power from the renewable energy system or battery, and the output s AC power used to run AC applances or fed nto the utlty grd [5]. The nverter [7] has to be capable of handlng the maxmum expected power of AC loads. Thus, t can be chosen 20% hgher than the rated power of the summaton of AC loads accordng to Table I. The specfcatons of nverter wll be 600W, 24V DC, and 220V AC. V. THE DIESEL ELECTRIC GEERATOR Desel generators are not wdely used n Jordan to provde remote vllages wth electrc power. These have the advantage of beng able to delver the requred power on demand. However, they also suffer from a number of drawbacks. Desel generator engnes are nherently nosy and expensve to run, especally for consumers n rural areas where fuel delvery costs may be hgh. Also, nstallng desel generators n these vllages s very restrcted for many reasons. Fuel buyng around the year, and operaton and mantenance of these generators are the most sgnfcant factors aganst the economc deployment of desel generators. In addton, small consumers always have a low load factor; ths n turn reduces the overall effcency and ncreases percentage mantenance costs and they pollute the envronment [22], [24]. VI. ECOOMIC ESTIMATIO A. The PV System Economcs For many remote applcatons, stand-alone solar photovoltac energy systems are presently economcal, where the cost of other energy resources, such as extendng utlty power lnes or transportng fuel, s very hgh [25]. At present, photovoltac energy s most compettve where small amounts of energy are requred far from the grd [5]. The prce of the PV system and ts nstallaton are mportant factors n the economcs of PV systems. These nclude the prces of PV modules, storage batteres, the control unt, the nverter, and all other auxlares. From the economcal vewpont, photovoltac energy systems dffer from conventonal energy systems n that they have slghtly hgh ntal cost, low operatng costs, there s no fuel cost, and relablty s hgh so replacement costs are low [7], [5]. For the present PV system, the lfe cycle cost wll be estmated as follows. The lfecycle of the system components wll be consdered as 25 years except for the batteres, whch wll be consdered to have a lfetme of 8 years. Also, the annual nflaton rate n batteres prces s consdered to be 0% and the market dscount rate as 0%. The cost of the frst group of batteres (A) [7]=o. of batteres cost of battery=2 00$=200$ () The present worth [7] of the second group of batteres (after 8 years): = A d = $ The present worth of the thrd group of batteres (after 6 years): = $ The ntal cost of the PV system [7]=PV array cost + frst group of batteres cost + battery charge cost + nverter cost + auxlares cos = (740$.2) + 200$ + 800$ + 900$ + (888$ 0.05) = 3833$ (3) where the auxlares cost=5% of the PV array cost [7]. The PV system nstallaton cost can be estmated as 0% of the ntal cost. Also, the annual mantenance and operaton cost s about 2% of the ntal cost [7], [5]. (2) Lfe cycle cost [7], [25]=ntal cost of PV system + nstallaton cost + cost of second and thrd groups of batteres + mantenance and operaton cost = ( )+( )+( )=6952.5$ (4) 206 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy 39

4 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy, Vol. 4, o. 2, June 206 The lfe cycle output energy [7], [5] =E L = = kWh (5) The cost of kwh from the PV generator [7]: = $ / kwh A common and smple way to evaluate the economc mert of an nvestment s to calculate ts payback perod, or break-even tme. The payback perod s the number of years of energy-cost savng t takes to recover an nvestment s ntal cost. In ths way, the payback perod n years s gven by [3], [26], [27]. Ctot PBP (6) Q. e where, C tot : total system costs; Q D : the annual energy producton (kwh/year); e: the cost of the conventonal electrcty per energy unt ($/kwh) PBP= year B. The Desel Generator System Economcs If a desel generator s used to feed the house n queston wth ts energy requrements, then t s mportant to estmate ts lfe cycle cost. Ths wll gve an ndcaton of the dfference n energy cost between PV systems and desel generator systems [7]. To estmate the desel generator lfe cycle cost, there are some assumptons:. Two desel generators wll be used, each wth a power capacty of.0kw. 2. The desel generators need revvng every 4 years. The cost of revvng s about 20% of ther ntal prce [7]. 3. The cost of annual mantenance, operaton and ol changng s about 5% of the ntal prce [7]. 4. Fuel consumpton s about 4 l/day. 5. The nflaton rate n prces s about 0%, whle the market dscount rate s about 0%. The lfe cycle cost of desel generator system [7] = Intal cost + (present worth of 20% from the ntal cost 6 tmes revvng) + (present worth of 5% from the ntal cost for mantenance, operaton and ol changng) + (present worth of fuel consumpton for 25 years) (7) The cost of commercally avalable desel generator may vary from $250 to $000/kW [7], [28]. For larger unts per kw cost s lower and smaller unts cost more. Snce the peak power demand s less than 5kW, n ths analyss desel generator cost s taken as $000/kW. At present, desel prce s around $0.70/l. Intal cost (accordng to the market prce) =2 000$/unt=2000$ Present worth of revvng = D A d for = 4, 8, 2, 6, 20, 24. where n ths equaton, A = 20% from the ntal cost. Present worth of revvng=( ) =786$ Present worth of mantenance, operaton and ol changng [7]: 25 A = (8) d where n ths equaton, A = 5% from the ntal cost. Present worth of mantenance, operaton and ol changng = * $. Present worth of fuel consumpton [7] for 25 years: 25 A = (9) d where n ths equaton, A = frst year fuel cost = 4 l/day $/l = 022$. Present worth of fuel consumpton for 25 years = $. 0. The lfe cycle cost of desel generator system = = 2945$. The lfe cycle output energy = = kWh. The cost of kwh from the desel generator = $ / kwh PBP= year Ths study shows that the lfe cycle cost, the cost of energy and the payback perod of the PV system s less than that of the desel generator system for provdng a rural zone famly house wth energy. In any case, PV systems are clean and renewable sources of energy; they do not cause polluton of any type durng ther use. On the other hand, desel generators cause nose and produce gases and smoke. TABLE II. EVALUATIO RESULTS OF THE DYAMIC METHODS APPLIED O THE TWO EERGY SUPPLY SYSTEMS Dynamc method Desel generator PV-system (ndcator) system Lfe cycle cost ($) Cost of kwh producton ($) Pay-back perod (year) VII. EVALUATIO RESULTS, COCLUSIOS AD POLICY RECOMMEDATIOS A. Evaluaton Results Table II llustrates the above three dynamc economc methods on the two energy supply systems of the rural 206 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy 40

5 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy, Vol. 4, o. 2, June 206 zone famly house, and the obtaned evaluaton results for the three dynamc methods. VIII. COCLUSIOS The avalablty of energy s an mportant precondton for developng the natonal economy and mprovng people s lvng standards. From an economcal pont of vew usng PV systems n feedng rural zones s very mportant, especally when ther lfe cycle costs are compettve wth the other types of conventonal energy sources. The study has shown that, for rural areas of Jordan, the domestc load demand for lght-duty applcatons represents 3.22kWh/day or 75kWh/year. The results shows that the best choce of a famly remote house n Jordan Bada s the stand-alone photovoltac system as compared wth the desel generator, where, the three dynamc ndctors for comparson (the lfe cycle cost, the cost of energy producton and the pay-back perod) for the photovoltac system s better than for desel generator as a power supply n Jordan Bada. The lfe cycle cost s US$ and 2945US$ for the photovoltac system and desel generator respectvely. Whle, the cost of energy for the two systems are: 0.236US$/kWh and 0.44US$/kWh respectvely. Meanwhle, the payback perod for the two systems are: 5.4 and 0. year respectvely. Therefore, utlzng of photovoltac systems s more economc feasble for electrfcaton of remote vllages of geographc, clmate and load condtons smlar to Rawthat Al-Bandan vllage n Jordan. Also, PV-systems do not pollute the envronment as the case of usng desel generator systems. Ths study could serve as a gude to buldng an approprate PV-based rural home electrfcaton project n Jordan and also assst government n ts Rural Electrfcaton Project. A. Polcy Recommendatons It s recommended that rural PV-based home electrfcaton applcaton should be encouraged by government, by commttng addtonal poltcal and fnancal support, and establshng plot projects n each of the remote areas of Jordan to assst n household adopton and dffuson. It s a known fact that the applcaton of PV-systems wll offer a quck, economc and relable answer to the remote household's need for power, especally for those of lght-duty applances. Also, the applcaton and dffuson of PV-systems n rural and remote areas wll enhance the qualty of lfe n those areas, whch wll n turn, help to reduce the pressure caused by the unsustanable use of rural and remotebased natural resources and also reduce rural and remoteurban mgraton. REFERECES [] G. E. Ahmed, Photovoltac-Powered rural zone famly house n Egypt, Renewable Energy, vol. 26, pp , [2] A. Al-Mehadat, Szng and desgnng of a PV power system to operate electrcal load, Internal report, atonal Energy Research Center, Amman, Jordan, [3] M. A. Elhaddy and S. M. Shaahd, Parametrc study of hybrd (wnd+solar+desel) power generatng systems, Renewable Energy, vol. 2, pp , [4] M. A. Elhaddy, Performance evaluaton of hybrd (wnd/solar/desel) power systems, Renewable Energy, vol. 26, pp , [5]. Toshhko, K. 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6 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy, Vol. 4, o. 2, June 206 [26] D. Yang. Local photovoltac (PV)-wnd hybrd systems wth battery storage or grd connecton. [Onlne]. Avalable: Yang.pdf [27] J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan, and A. L. Rogers, Wnd Energy Explaned, Theory, Desgn and Applcaton, Baffns Lane, Chchester: John Wley & Sons Ltd., [28] M. J. Khan and M. T. Iqbal, Pre-Feasblty study of stand-alone hybrd energy systems for applcatons n ewfoundland, Renewable Energy, vol. 30, no. 6, pp , Mohammad H. Al-Smaran: Mafraq, 964, was graduated wth Ph.D. n Mechancal Engneerng (Renewable Energy) durng 2006 from Coventry Unversty, UK. Also, Al- Smaran has the B.Sc. n mechancal engneerng durng 993 from Al-Balqa Unversty, Jordan. Mohammad s the head of the Renewable and Sustanable Energy Department, Faculty of Engneerng, Al al-bayt Unversty, Jordan, and he was the Drector and researcher at Energy Research Center for 5 years. Before that he was a researcher at Jordan Bada Research and Development Center for 3 years. Mohammad publshed many paper dealng wth renewable energy ssues. 206 Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Energy 42