Introduction to Chiang Mai City (Thailand)

Transcription

1 Introduction to Chiang Mai City (Thailand) Overview Chiang Mai is located in the north of Thailand, about 720 kilometers from Bangkok at an elevation of 310 meters above mean sea level. To the North it borders Myanmar s Shan State while to the South it connects with Sam Ngao district of Tak province. Chiang Rai, Lamphun and Lampang lie to the East, and the West touches Pai, Khun Yuam and Mae Sareang districts of Mae Hong Sorn province. Geographically, Chiang Mai comprises mainly groves and mountains with a broad plain in the middle of the region on both sides of Ping River. The province covers an area of 20, sq. km., made up of 69.92% of forest, 12.82% of agricultural land and 17.25% of residential and other land. As of December 2004, Chiang Mai has a population of 1,603,220 (790,107 males and 813,113 females). The average population density is 80 person / km 2 with the total number of households of 551,696. There are 1,251 villages of highland communities scattered across many districts in Chiang Mai, making up 70,820 households or 312,447 inhabitants. The majority of them are from 13 ethnic backgrounds including Karen, Musoe, Hmong, Leesaw, Akha, Yao, Lua, Chinese, Burmese, Palong, Tai Yai and Tai Lue. Apart from increasing population, Chiang Mai is an important tourist destination of Thailand and receives high number of tourist annually. The total number of tourists to the province in 2004 was 3,898,543 people (2,101,099 Thai and 1,794,444 foreigners), worth 45,067 million Baht in tourism income. This business sectors also contribute to the generation of municipal solid waste in the area. The solid waste management of Chiang Mai is divided into three zones the three zones are Northern zone, middle zone, and southern zone. Each of the

2 zones is under the responsible of designated local government agency and look after group of local government offices. Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Office (PAO) is responsible for the middle zone and coordinates waste management system together with other 5 municipalities and 31 Sub-district Administrative Offices within Doi Saket, San Sai and San Kamphaeng Districts (Figure 1).

3 Figure 1: Map of Chiang Mai

4 Description of the Study Area The study area covers three districts: Doi Saket, San Sai and San Kamphaeng. The area covered is 1, km 2. Generally, the study area is located 300 m above mean sea level. Major land uses are forest area, agricultural area, and human settlement areas. As of year 2000, population of the three districts reached 229,115 persons with 0.55 increasing rate. Population density of the area equals person/km 2. Note that the population reported here is only the registered citizens, within the area it was estimated that unregistered population could be as high as 20% of total population. Linear regression model can be used to predict population growth in the study area (Figure 2), which will be used to forecast the quantity of waste generation in the final chapter. Figure 2: Estimation of population increase in Chiang Mai PAO

5 Baseline Data (2009) Methodology for the Data Collection Secondary data have been used to gain background information about the formal solid waste management system as well as waste generation and characterization in CMM Data discussed in this report is scope to the middle solid waste management zone or the 2 nd Waste Disposal Center (WDC). Most of the secondary data has been collected from CMM reports, reports conducted by non-governmental organizations, published research reports, articles, and books. Quantity of waste generated and disposed as well as resource recovery pattern for 2 nd WDC. Data on different type of wastes from different generation points were being discussed separately. Projection of waste generation for the specified zone is also discussed. Qualification and Quantification of Residential Waste Additionally site surveys and waste composition analysis were conducted in order to verify the accuracy of the data acquired through the literature research. Waste samples were collected from 8 waste collection points in Doi Saket and San Sai Districts. Each of the districts has four sampling points. Samples were taken for five consecutive days from May 16 20, Number report in this study is an average number for each components and parameters. Samples cover different kind of social activities; market, school, and residential areas. Waste was randomly loaded into a plastic bucket, which was then tapped on to the ground few times. If this reduces waste volume in the bucket, additional waste is added until the bucket is full. Balance was used to measure the weight of the bucket and the weight of the filled basket. Waste is then sorted according to the following items to determine waste composition:

6 Paper (recyclable) Paper (non-recyclable) Textile Bone and shell Leather and rubber Metal Plastic and foam Bottle and glass (recyclable) Ceramic and stone Yard waste Unclassified Food waste Waste Analysis There are many parameter related to waste characteristics that can help waste manager to decide proper management scheme for waste in each locality. In this report five parameters are discussed. The parameters are density of waste, moisture content, volatile solid, ash content, and calorific value. Waste samples were taken from the same sampling points with waste composition analysis. Bulk Density Analysis Waste bulk density is another important measure used to define the number and capacity of waste storage and collection facilities required. Based on waste density and the capacity of trucks, the amount of waste collected can be measured in tons (weight). The high density measured reflects the less effectiveness of compaction vehicles for waste transportation. However, waste density provides rough information of the characteristics of solid waste produced. The parameter is affected by many factors such as seasonal variation and the way that waste is put into containers. In this report, 8 samples of waste fractions were measured for bulk density of solid waste in order to verify the accuracy of data available. Samples were collected at random from waste collection points at different location in Study Area. Each sample was divided into two piles of waste; the number reported

7 here is an average from each sampling point. Waste was put into the weigh box to overflowing. Weigh the filled box and calculate the bulk density to three significant figures. Bulk Density = (W- W T )/V where: W = the weight of the box full, W T = the weight of the box empty, and V = the volume of the box determined Moisture Content (MC) The report has determined moisture content of residential waste according to the standard procedures. Samples used for bulk density analysis were used for MC analysis as well. Sample were divided into two piles; the first pile for total moisture content while component of second pile will be segregated for major components such as organic, paper, soft plastic, hard plastic, and glass. Initial weight of each category was measure, after which the samples were placed in electric oven at 90 o C for 48 hours. Dried weights were then record and calculation of moisture content was done with the following formula; Moisture Content (MC) = 100 x (W-D)/W where: W D = Wet weight of sample = Dried weight of sample Volatile Solid Volatile solids are the amount of matter that volatilizes when heated to 550 o C. After completion of the Total Solids test, the crucible containing the total solids mass is heated at 550 o C until all volatile matter has been ignited and burned. This amount is then figured as;

8 Volatile Solid (VS) = m cf m cx / V where: m cf = crucible mass after drying at 103 o C (mg) m cx = crucible mass after drying at 550 o C (mg) V = sample volume (L) A volatile solid is a useful approximation of the amount of organic matter present in sample. Ash Content Ash content indicates the mass of incombustible material remaining after burning a given waste sample as a percentage of the original mass of the waste sample. Samples used for moisture content analysis were used for ash content analysis. Weigh of samples were recorded, samples were then burned and transferred to furnace operated at 600 o C for two hours. The remaining ash was allowed to cool down before the recording of ash weight. Calculation for percentage of ash from residential wastes were done and compared with acquired documents. Calorific Value The energy potential of waste depends on the mix of materials and their moisture content. The higher the calorific value of the waste the more energy can be extracted. In this report, calorific value presents is the number reported by the existing data.

9 Plastic Waste Generation: Quantification and Characterization Chiang Mai province has long been suffered from solid waste management problem due to increasing population as well as changing of consumption pattern. Additionally, as the major tourist destination of the northern region, the province has to deal with solid waste generated by tourism activities. The report on environmental quality situation of the northern region in 2007 reported that the average waste per capita in the city of Chiang Mai can go as high as 1.2 kg/capita/day, 1.0 kg/capita/day for medium size municipality, and 0.8 kg/capita/day for small municipality. Rate of material recovery for by reuse and recycle is still low; 10-15% of waste generated. Waste Generated by Different Generators Municipal Solid Waste The quantity of waste generated depends on many factors such as population growth, economic growth, and the efficiency of the reuse and recycling system, among others. Both the growth of population and economic development has resulted in increasing municipal solid waste of Chiang Mai PAO. Change in quantity of municipal solid waste generated from year 2000 to 2008 is shown in Figure 3.

10 Figure 3: Changes in quantity of solid waste generated from In year 2000, waste generated in each district vary in quantity but not in quality. Table 1 shows waste generation per capita data as well as quantity of waste generated in each district. Table 1: Quantity of waste generated and waste per capita District Quantity of Waste Generated Waste per capita (Kg/day) (Kg/capita/day) Doi Saket San Sai San Kamphaeng Total Ave.0.50 Chiang Mai It can be observed that average waste per capita is a lot lower than that in Chiang Mai province as a whole. High waste generation rate in Chiang Mai was resulted from citizens in Chiang Mai City Municipality, which has the highest waste per capita in the province and thus influences the provincial waste generation rate.

11 Apart from variation from location, quantity of waste generated can be different following seasonal variation as well. Figure 4 shows variation in quantity of waste generated during different seasons of the year. Figure 4: Seasonal variation of waste generated. Municipal solid wastes of Chiang Mai were generated from five major sources, which are waste from service sector (i.e. hotels, restaurants), waste from government offices, health care waste, waste from market and general waste from residential areas. Waste Composition Composition of waste generated in Chiang Mai is highly biodegradable, mainly composed of an organic fraction with high moisture content. Food waste, plastic/foam, paper, metal, and glass are the common component of waste. Figure 5-8 compare waste composition of Chiang Mai province as a whole, Chiang Mai Municipality, Chiang Mai PAO, and data collected in this study.

12 Figure 5: Waste composition of Chiang Mai Province Figure 6: Waste composition of Chiang Mai Province Figure 7: Waste compositions of each district under management of Chiang Mai PAO

13 Figure 8: Waste compositions from this study It can be seen from the diagrams that the waste composition from existing study and waste composition of current study share the same trends. The main components of municipal solid waste are food waste, plastics, paper and glasses. The value may be different slightly due to variation in data collection. As for the waste composition of Chiang Mai Province, the top four components are the same. The value of each component may vary. Food waste from whole province contribute only 29.26% of the total waste while for Chiang Mai city it contributed for 54%, and % from current survey. Different district in CMPAO reported different values, thus showing different waste characteristics. Food waste can be as high as 33.42% and 47.42% respectively. Figure 9 shows general characteristics of waste sample collected from Chiang Mai PAO. Figure 9: Example of community solid waste composition collected. No waste separation can be observed.

14 Commercial Waste Waste generated from commercial sources such as hotels, shop houses, restaurants, and markets & department stores varies from household waste in term of composition of each physical component. However, main components are the same, which are biodegradable components such as food and yard wastes, recyclable waste such as paper, plastic and metals. Study conducted by Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development in 2000, indicated the differences in waste composition of different business (Table 2). Note that the availability of data in this aspect is limited. Available data may not be up to date as well as may not be able to be used as representative for the whole BMA however, it could provide overall picture of waste composition from different commercial sectors. Table 2: Composition of waste from selected business sectors. Physical Composition (% by weight) Item Market Office Restaurant Paper Cardboard Metal Glass Bottle Other Glass Plastic Bottle Non-recyclable Plastic Food Waste Yard Waste Hazardous Waste Infectious Waste Others Total Although the quantity of waste generated from commercial sectors have not been estimated properly, trends in economic activities can be used to give an overview picture of waste from this sector. Table 3 shows number of business from different service sector.

15 Table 3: Economic activities in study areas Economic activity Sale, maintenanc Wholesale Retail trade, Numb e and trade and except of er of repair of commissio Other land motor motor n trade, Renting of Recreational transport District establi vehicles and Real Computer vehicles except of Hotels and machinery and other and shmen motorcycles; estate and related Manufacturing Construction and motor restaurants and service activities of ts repair of activity activities motorcycle vehicles equipment activities travel personal and s, retail and agencies household sale of motorcycle goods automotive s fuel Chiang Mai 23,109 1, ,669 3,578 1, ,100 2,569 2, Total Doi Saket San Kamphaeng 1, San Sai 1,

16 Industrial Waste Industrial waste in Thailand is divided into two groups; general waste and hazardous waste. The local government following the normal waste management system treats most of general waste. The other type of waste, which is hazardous, is treated differently from factory to factory. Factories are supposed to follow Hazardous Substance Act and other related laws and regulation. It is required by law that factory should send its hazardous waste to licensed treatment facilities. However, there are limited numbers of treatment facilities in Thailand. The Ministry of Industry has set up three hazardous waste treatment facilities in the central region. Furthermore, all private treatment plants in the country (13 plants) are mostly located in the central region as well. Thus hazardous waste generated in the northern region has to be transported to the treatment facilities. Number of industry located in Chiang Mai province with the potential to create hazardous waste is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10: Composition of industrial sector in Chiang Mai Province

17 Number of factory located in Chiang Mai may not be that high compared to the central region. However, as Ministry of Industry has set up the Northern Region Industrial Estate (NRIE) at the border between Chiang Mai and Lampoon Provinces, quantity of waste generated in the NRIE was studied. Table 4 and 5 show the quantity of waste generated and level of hazardous waste generator in the Northern Region Industrial Estate of Thailand in Table 4: Quantity of Waste Generated in NRIE in 2004 Average Quantity Type of Waste Daily Month Year (ton/day) (ton/month) (ton/year) 1. Hazardous waste , General waste , Domestic waste , Total 23, Source: Panyaping and Okwumabua, 2006a Table 5: Level of Hazardous Waste Generator in NRIE Size of Waste Generator Quantity of Hazardous Waste Generated 1. Big size < 2, ,000 kg/month 2. Medium size < 1,000 kg/month Source: Panyaping and Okwumabua, 2006a

18 Healthcare Waste Infectious waste is managed much more effectively due to the ministerial rules and regulations, which require health care premises to separate infectious wastes for appropriate treatment to prevent any public heath threats. Size of hospital and medical institutions influences quantity of medical waste. Number of medical institution in Chiang Mai is shown in Table 6. Studied done by Panyaping and Okwumabua (2006b) stated that large hospital produced highest quantity of infectious wastes due to the fact that the hospital had to servve large population, therefore more of disposable medical care materials were produced. The quantity of infectious waste generated from different size of hospitals in Chiang Mai is at a rate of 0.17 k g/ d/ bed to kg/ d/ bed (Table 7). Most hospitals have an incinerator where medical waste is burned. The ash from the incinerator should be properly disposed in a landfill. Solid waste in hospitals is sent to a municipal landfill. In some hospital, there is a thriving recycling program. Some hazardous waste is either burned or sent to a private secured landfill. Others are collected in hospitals and stored for disposal. However, the assigned government agencies and a manual for helping them solve waste problems are needed. Table 6: Distribution of Health Facility in Chiang Mai in 2007 Administrative Level Health Facility Number Medical school hospitals Public Hospital General Hospital Specialized hospital/institution 31 Private Hospital (with inpatient beds) No. of hospital No. of beds Government Public 270 Health Centre Without Beds Health Center Clinics Modern 538 (without inpatient beds) 260 Traditional 15

19 Table 7: Quantity of Medical Waste generated in hospital of different sizes Size & Type Type of waste Quantity Generated (Kg/day) Big, Government Infectious waste 0.97 kg/day/bed ( ) Solid waste 3,000 Hazardous waste 4-5 Medium, Government Infectious waste 0.53 kg/day/bed (279) Medium, Private Solid waste 830 Hazardous waste 3-5 Infectious waste 0.17 kg/day/bed (100) Solid waste 300 Hazardous waste - Medium, Private Infectious waste - Solid waste - Hazardous waste 6.7 L/day Small, Private Infectious waste 0.17 kg/day/bed (29.89) Solid waste - Hazardous waste - Source: Panyaping and Okwumabua, 2006b

20 Construction and Demolition Waste The rapid urbanization of Thailand has generated and increased demand for housing and infrastructure, which in turn creates large quantity of construction and demolition waste. At present, increasing unregulated dumping of construction waste and the limited space in landfill has become major waste management problems. Although some materials (i.e. wood, glass, and metal) presence in municipal solid waste are perceived as building materials, it is unclear if these materials wastes were generated from construction activity as they can also be generated from other activities unrelated to construction. The main components of construction waste are steel reinforcement, wood, concrete, cement, bricks, and tiles. Nevertheless, quantity of each component varies from site to site depending on size and design of construction projects. Trend of construction and demolition waste has grown following construction permits given by government authority. Table 8 shows number of permits given to request for new construction and addition or alteration of existing buildings.

21 Table 8: Number of permits given to request for new construction and addition or alteration of existing buildings Municipal Areas Non-municipal Areas New Addition, New Addition, Construction Alteration Construction Alteration Type of Building (Person) (Person) (Person) (Person) Total 2, , Residential Building 2, , Commercial Building Industrial and Factory Building Sewerage Building Water Supply and Filter Plant Educational Building Health/Hospital Building Agricultural Building Hotel Dormitory Restaurants Entertainment Others

22 Solid Waste Generated by Sources not Receiving Collection Service As collection service in the area depends on the different policy of the local government authorities, estimation of waste uncollected could not be done. Within a district there are many sub-districts offices. It is the sub-district offices that determined the solid waste management system. Therefore quantity of waste collected and uncollected varies greatly in different subdistricts. Other Analysis Bulk Density Bulk density of solid waste reported by Chiang Mai PAO and from samples collected seems to share same characteristic. The value ranging from kg/l with an average value of 0.27 Kg/L, slightly higher than that of PAO s data. Table 9: Bulk Density of solid waste Bulk Sample Bulk Density No. Density Data from Secondary Source (Kg/L) 0.25 Data from Field Measurement During May 2009 (Kg/L) Average = 0.27

23 Moisture Content The transfer of moisture takes place in garbage bins and collector trucks, and thus the moisture contents of various components changes with time. The moisture content becomes important when the refused is processed into fuel or when it is burned. Table 10: Moisture content of mixed waste at disposal site and at collection bin Moisture content (%) Sample No. Moisture Content Data from Secondary Source Range Ave Data from Field Measurement During May 2009 (%) Average = 37.46

24 Volatile Solids Volatile solids content is often used as a measure of the biodegradability of the organic fraction of solid waste, however, it can be misleading, as some of the organic constituents of MSW are highly volatile but low in biodegradability. Table 11: Average volatile solid contents of waste in Chiang Mai Volatile Solids Sample No. Volatile Solids (%) (%) Data from Secondary Source Range Ave Data from Field Measurement During May Average = 46.79

25 Ash Content After combustion, the remaining part of solid waste is ash that is needed to be disposed, thus affect design capacity of landfill. Ash from MSW combustion also contain hazardous compounds such as metals Table 12: Ash content of solid waste Ash Content Sample No. Ash Content (%) (%) Data from Secondary Source Range Ave Data from Field Measurement During May Average = 15.29

26 Calorific Values The heat value of various components of solid waste is quite different. In this report the calorific value or heat value is described as Low Heat Value (LVH) or net calorific energy which is realistic number as it has deducted the latent heat of vaporization from the gross calorific energy. Table 13: Calorific values of solid waste Low Heat Value Secondary Source Data from (KCal/Kg) Range = Ave

27 Projection of Waste Generation Municipal Solid Waste Generation Quantity of waste discharge is generally related to number of population and income. The two factors determine level of material consumption and resulted in waste generation. The amount of waste in Chiang Mai is likely to increase gradually. The forecast of waste generation is based on the following assumptions Waste generation rate for the area with population between 2,500 10,000 persons equal kg/capita/day Waste generation rate for the area with population between 10,000 20,000 persons equal kg/capita/day Waste generation rate for the area with population higher than 20,000 persons equal kg/capita/day The forecast is based on the assumption that GDP increases 5% annually. Waste generation rate increase 3.3 % when GDP changes 10%. The projection of municipal solid waste generation was done up to the year 2020 (Figure 11).

28 Figure 11: Forecast of municipal solid waste generation from year When taking population change into consideration, relationship between population growth and change in quantity of waste generated can be found (Figure 12). Figure 12: Forecast of waste discharge and population increase

29 Conclusion The report on quantification and characterization of solid waste in Chiang Mai was carried out based on available secondary data. Various secondary sources were compiled and verified their accuracy with each other. Primary data, especially in waste property and composition were collected in order to verify the accuracy of existing data. Result of waste analysis varies slightly from that of existing data. It could be influenced by several factors such as seasonal change, economic conditions and consumption behavior of population. However, the results of both primary and secondary data do provide good insight of solid waste composition and quantity of waste generated. From the study, solid waste of Chiang Mai has high organic content and appropriate for composting process. Although trend in waste composition was not predicted, it can be observed that plastic waste will increase gradually as a result of changes in behavior and consumption patterns. Material recovery in Chiang Mai can be found in three main ways. Formal material recovery at the waste disposal center has been started; expecting to generate income as well as reduce quantity of waste to be disposed. The other two ways are informal waste recovery; school and community waste bank and material recovery at the household level. However, the quantity of material recovered is still low and there is a possibility of increasing such recovery. Informal sector in material recovery should be promoted and organized. The report was done base on current socio-economic situation. Population growth and economic growth that normally influence waste generation rate change over time, with economic recession in 2009, waste generation forecast may not be applicable and readjustment of the forecast may be necessary.

30 Reference Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Office. Final report on Municipal Solid Waste Management for Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Office. Prepared by NS Consultant Co.Ltd. & Pollutech Co. Ltd Chiang Mai Statistical Office http//chiangmai.nso.go.th/chmai/index_oldversion.htm Chiemchaisri, C., Juanga, J. P., and C. Visvanathan Municipal solid waste management in Thailand and disposal emission inventory. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Doi: /s Padungsirikul, P. Sustainable Solid Waste Landfill Management Research and Development in Thailand. Panyaping, K., and Okwumabua, B (a) Hazardous Waste Management in the Northern Region Industrial Estate of Thailand. The Journal of American Science, 2 (2), Panyaping, K., and Okwumabua, B (b) Medical Waste Management Practice in Thailand. Life Science Journal, 3 (2), World Bank. Thailand Environment Monitor 2003.