I. Pollutants A. Harmful substances the enter the environment

Transcription

1 I. Pollutants A. Harmful substances the enter the environment II. Two Classifications A. Particulates 1. Tiny substances (liquid or solid) suspended in the atmosphere 2. Examples: Dust, Ash, and Soot 3. PM10 and PM Air Quality Index(AQI) B. Gases 1. Oxides: compounds of oxygen and another elements. a. Burning fossil fuels or organic matter 2. Photochemical Smog: sunlight reacts with chemicals from your car. a. Ozone b. yellowish brown haze 3. Hydrocarbons: compounds made of hydrogen and carbon a. methane 4. Chloroflurocarbons: compounds of carbon chlorine, and fluorine a. refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol cans, and polystyrene foam C. Types 1. Indoor Pollutants a. Examples:

2 2. Outdoor Pollutants a. Examples: III. PH A. Based on Hydrogen ion concentration B. Ph=-log[H ion concentration] C. From 3 to 2 is 10 times concentrated D. Natural rainwater is 5.6 IV. Acid Rain A. Formation 1. Wet Deposition 2. Dry Deposition B. Caused by sulfur dioxide from burning fossil fuels C. Caused by Nox from car emissions D. Caused by CO2 E. Factors creating problems 1. PH of water 2. Topography 3. Bedrock and Soil: Buffering 4. Wind Patterns 5. Equations:

3 V. Parts of an Electromagnetic Wave (Traverse ) 1. Crest a. Top of wave 2. Trough a. Bottom portion of wave 3. Wavelength a. Distance between trough to trough b. Distance between crest to crest 4. Amplitude a. Distance from rest to crest b. Distance from rest to trough 5. Frequency a. The time measurement of the number of waves that pass by a given point. b. Measured in Hertz (Hz) 6. Period a. Time it takes to complete one cycle. VI. Ozone Problem A. Found in Antarctica B C. British Antarctic Survey VII. DU: Dobson Unit A. Compressed down into a slab B. O o C and 1 atm pressure C. 1 DU=0.01 mm DU=3 mm

4 VIII. TOMS A. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer B. Measures 4 different wavelengths 1. Two are absorbed by ozone 2. Two that are not VIV. What happens? A. Ozone molecule made up 3 oxygen atoms B. Chlorofluorocarbons C. Chlorine or Bromine replaces oxygen D. Forms free oxygen E. Note: Ozone is created by the Chapman Reactions X. Steps of Ozone Depletion over Antarctica 1. Step1: Polar winter A. Cold and Dark 2. Step II: Polar Vortex A. Center of Low Pressure B. Keep air stationary C. Circulates air into area D. Forms Polar Stratospheric Clouds 3. Step III: Polar Stratospheric Clouds A. Surface of ozone depleting chemicals B. Starts a massive storage of CFC s

5 4. Step III: Spring Arrives A. UV radiation begins split the CFC s apart B. Massive Storage of CFC depletes ozone drastically C. Large loss of ozone in small amount of time. XI. Types of UV Radiation 1. UVA: 2. UVB: 3. UVC: XII. Effects of Ozone Depletion A. Effects on Humans: 1. Increase in skin cancer 2. Increase in cataracts 3 Effected by UVB B. Effects on Plants 1. Plant growth can be affected 2. Implications in plant competition 3. Affect plant diseases 4. Affect Herbivory 5. Affected by UVB C. Effects on Marine Ecosystems 1. Reduction in Phytoplankton 2. Changes to the food chain and food webs

6 D. Effects on Biogeochemical Cycles 1. Changes the sources and sinks of greenhouse and chemically important trace gases 2. Affected by UVB E. Effects on Materials 1. Break materials and limit usefulness 2. Effected by UVB XIII. Greenhouse Effect A. Trapping of infrared radiation (heat) by gases in the atmosphere. B. Gases involved 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Methane 3. Sulfur dioxide 4. Nitrogen 5. Ozone 6. Water vapor C. Evidence 1. Mauna Loa Observatory a. Current CO2 are monitored 2. Ice Core Data a. Show us that carbon dioxide has risen since the last ice age D. For 1750 to the Present 1. Rise from 280ppm to 379 ppm C. The consequences of unbalance Greenhouse Effect

7 1. Global warming A. Computer models predict a rise of 2 o C to 4 o C by the year Sea level rise because of ice caps melting A. 1 m rise in sealevel 1. New York and Los Angeles will be flooded 2. Salt water will enter groundwater 3. Climate A. Weather patterns will change