Resource efficiency data to support green development policy in Mongolia

Transcription

1 (c) Janet Salem 2016 Resource efficiency data to support green development policy in Mongolia Janet Salem Sustainable Consumption and Production, Resource Efficiency UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

2 Summary of my talk! We encourage the inclusion of the following indicators to support Mongolia s green development policy

3 Summary of my talk! We encourage the inclusion of the following indicators amongst others - to support Mongolia s green development policy: SDG 8.4/12.2/17.11; SO3.1, 3.8: Domestic Material Consumption (Biomass, FF, Minerals, Metals) Domestic Extraction (Biomass, FF, Minerals, Metals, $) Material Imports (Biomass, FF, Minerals, Metals, $) Material Exports (Biomass, FF, Minerals, Metals, $) Per capita, per dollar, per sector SDG 8.4/12.2: Material footprint (Biomass, FF, Minerals, Metals) Material Footprint of Imports (Biomass, FF, Minerals, Metals) Material Footprint of Exports (Biomass, FF, Minerals, Metals) Per capita, per dollar, per sector

4 Resouce use in Asia Pacific dominates global use...

5 Material use per capita in t/cap: Rate at which we would have to stop consuming to halt current levels of resource extraction 15 t/cap: Rate at which current socioeconomic models correlate with material standard of living

6 What about material footprint per capita in 2015

7 Increasing intensity of resouce use in Asia Pacific

8 Resource use indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals

9 The SDGs

10 SCP is Transversal Access to natural resources for energy, food, water Sustainable food systems Chemicals in air/water pollution Education for sustainable lifestyles Reduce water pollution Water efficiency Renewables Energy efficiency Resource efficiency Sustainable Tourism Sustainable infrastructure, industry Environmentally sound technologies Sustainable urbanisation, transport Resource efficient cities Climate change mitigation Sustainable fisheries, tourism Need to apply SCP to trade

11 SDG: measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement GDP, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries a b c d UNEP Resource use database Data available UNEP support available for data collection Green Economy Indicators SDG target related to environment SDG target or MoI not meeting other criteria

12 Let s look at these indicators a b c d

13 8.4.2/ Domestic material consumption Variable 1: Extraction (tonnes) Agriculture, Fishing, Forestry: BIOMASS Mining: Metal ores, construction minerals, Fossil fuels Biomass 12,232,503 Fossil fuels 9,499, Extraction Metal ores 31,251,700 Nonmetallic minerals 3,160,500 Extraction (Total) 56,143,703

14 8.4.2/ Domestic material consumption Variable 2: : Imports (tonnes) 2. Imports Products and raw materials Biomass 572,502 Fossil fuels 822, Extraction Extraction Metal ores 207,434 Nonmetallic minerals 633,962 Imports (Total) 2,236,362

15 8.4.2/ Domestic material consumption Variable 3: : Exports (tonnes) 2. Imports Products and raw materials 3. Exports Products and raw materials Biomass 51,539 Fossil fuels 3,383, Extraction 1. Extraction Metal ores 1,001,000 Nonmetallic minerals 364,537 Imports (Total) 4,800,955

16 8.4.2/ Domestic material consumption = Extraction + Imports - Exports 2. Imports Products and raw materials 3. Exports Products and raw materials Biomass 12,753,466 Fossil fuels 6,937, Extraction 1. Extraction Metal ores 30,458,134 Nonmetallic minerals 3,429,925 DMC (Total) 53,579,110

17 8.4.1/ Material Footprint Variable 2: Import Footprint (tonnes) = Raw materials needed to make the imports 2. Import Footprint Biomass 1,030,000 Fossil fuels 504, Extraction Extraction Metal ores 926,000 Nonmetallic minerals 4,880,000 Imports (Total) 7,340,000

18 8.4.1/ Material Footprint Variable 3: Export footprint (tonnes) = Raw materials needed to make the exports 2. Import footprint 3. Export footprint Biomass 8,890,000 Fossil fuels 7,210, Extraction 1. Extraction Metal ores 29,600,000 Nonmetallic minerals 2,150,000 Exports (Total) 47,850,000

19 8.4.1/ Material Footprint = Extraction + Import footprint Export footprint 2. Import footprint 3. Export footprint Biomass 4,379,018 Fossil fuels 2,795, Extraction 1. Extraction Metal ores 2,603,509 Nonmetallic minerals 5,893,872 MF (Total) 15,671,640

20 8.4.2/ Domestic material consumption

21 8.4.2/ Domestic material consumption per capita

22 8.4.1/ and 8.4.2/ Domestic material consumption and Material Footprint per capita

23 8.4.2/ Resource Intensity: Domestic material consumption per dollar

24 8.4.1/ Resource Intensity: Material Footprint per dollar

25 Increasing intensity of resouce use in Asia Pacific 8.4.2/ Resource Intensity

26 Indicators for a Resource Efficient and Green Asia and the Pacific SDG Target renewable energy SDG indicators Renewable energy % of total (%) Indicators * Total Primary Energy Supply (Total) Domestic Energy Production Total Primary Energy Supply (Coal) Total Primary Energy Supply (Electricity) Total Primary Energy Supply (Hydro-Electricity) Total Primary Energy Supply (Natural Gas) Total Primary Energy Supply (Renewables) Total Primary Energy Supply (Nuclear) Total Primary Energy Supply (Petroleum) Total Primary Energy Supply (Total) per capita Total Primary Energy Supply (Coal) per capita Total Primary Energy Supply (Electricity) per capita Total Primary Energy Supply (Hydro-Electricity) per capita Total Primary Energy Supply (Natural Gas) per capita Total Primary Energy Supply (Renewables) per capita Total Primary Energy Supply (Nuclear) per capita Total Primary Energy Supply (Petroleum) per capita Total Primary Energy Supply (Total) Units PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ GJ/cap GJ/cap GJ/cap GJ/cap GJ/cap GJ/cap GJ/cap GJ/cap PJ *Indicators where UNEP can support with datasets ( or depending on the indicator)

27 7.2.1 Renewable Energy as a % of the total

28 7.2.1 Renewable Energy as a % of the total

29 7.2.1 Renewable Energy as a % of the total

30 Indicators for a Resource Efficient and Green Asia and the Pacific SDG Target energy efficiency SDG indicators Energy intensity (MJ/$) Indicators * Energy Intensity GHG Intensity Energy Footprint (Total) Energy Footprint (Total) per capita Energy Footprint (Agriculture) Energy Footprint (Mining and Energy) Energy Footprint (Manufacturing) Energy Footprint (Construction) Energy Footprint (Transport) Energy Footprint (Services) GHG Footprint (Total) GHG Footprint (Total) per capita GHG Footprint (Agriculture) GHG Footprint (Mining and Energy) GHG Footprint (Manufacturing) GHG Footprint (Construction) GHG Footprint (Transport) GHG Footprint (Services) Energy Footprint Intensity GHG Footprint Intensity Units MJ/$ kg/$ PJ GJ/cap PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ kt CO2-eq t CO2-eq/cap kt CO2-eq kt CO2-eq kt CO2-eq kt CO2-eq kt CO2-eq kt CO2-eq MJ/$ kg CO2-eq/$ *Indicators where UNEP can support with datasets ( or depending on the indicator)

31 7.3.1 Energy efficiency

32 Indicators for a Resource Efficient and Green Asia and the Pacific SDG Target water-use efficiency SDG indicators Indicators * Change Water withdrawal (Total) in water use efficiency over time Water withdrawal (Agriculture) Water withdrawal (Industry) Water withdrawal (Municipal) Water withdrawal (Total) per capita Water Efficiency Water Footprint (Total) Water Footprint (Total) per capita Water Footprint (Agriculture) Water Footprint (Mining and Energy) Water Footprint (Manufacturing) Water Footprint (Construction) Water Footprint (Transport) Water Footprint (Services) Water Footprint Intensity Tl Tl Tl Tl kl/cap l/$ Tl kl/cap Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl l/$ Units *Indicators where UNEP can support with datasets ( or depending on the indicator)

33 6.4.1 Water efficiency

34 Indicators for a Resource Efficient and Green Asia and the Pacific SDG Target increase significantly the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the LDC share of global exports by 2020 Proposed SDG indicators Developing country + LDC share of global exports Indicators * Unit Price of Imports Unit Price of Exports Material Imports (Total) Material Imports (Biomass) Material Imports (Fossil Fuels) Material Imports (Metal Ores) Material Imports (Construction Minerals) Material Exports (Total) Material Exports (Biomass) Material Exports (Fossil Fuels) Material Exports (Metal Ores) Material Exports (Construction Minerals) Physical Trade Balance (Total) Physical Trade Balance (Biomass) Physical Trade Balance (Fossil Fuels) Physical Trade Balance (Metal Ores) Physical Trade Balance (Construction Minerals) Material Footprint of Imports (Total) Material Footprint of Imports (Biomass) Material Footprint of Imports (Fossil Fuels) Material Footprint of Imports (Metal Ores) Material Footprint of Imports (Non-metalic Minerals) Material Footprint of Exports (Total) Material Footprint of Exports (Biomass) Material Footprint of Exports (Fossil Fuels) Material Footprint of Exports (Metal Ores) Material Footprint of Exports (Non-metalic Minerals) Energy Imports Energy Exports $/kg $/kg t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t kt kt kt kt kt kt kt kt kt kt PJ PJ Units *Indicators where UNEP can support with datasets ( or depending on the indicator)

35 Key policy-relevant findings

36 Key policy-relevant findings Imports: small compared to resource use, but significant for biomass and petroleum products. Imports+ extraction, by four material categories, , thousand tonnes Imports + extraction: Chinese demand for minerals and energy saw Mongolia's domestic extraction of fossil fuels in particular increase strongly. China's estimated share of exports hit 95% by Biomass' share of material use decreased the most, more than halving from 31% in 1985 to 15% by The respective shares of fossil fuels, metal ores, and non-metallic minerals changed by 168%, 14%, and 9% respectively.

37 Key policy-relevant findings Mongolia's material footprint is much lower than its resource use. 4 Material footprint of consumption of Mongolia by four material categories, , thousand tonnes Material footprint in both nonmetallic minerals and fossil fuels is much higher, consistent with the major increase in capital investment.

38 Key policy-relevant findings The material inputs to Mongolia's economy, at over 37 tonnes per capita, are more than three times the SWITCH-Asia average of 11.8 tonnes per capita. Mongolia's 14 tonnes per capita Material footprint comes in at just over 40% higher than the regional average Per capita material input and material footprint Mongolia and SWITCH-Asia, , tonnes

39 Key policy-relevant findings At 17kg/$, The economy of Mongolia was much less efficient at converting materials to GDP than the SWITCH-Asia group average for the entire period 1970 to Material intensity of production and consumption in Mongolia and SWITCH-Asia, , kg per US$

40 Key policy-relevant findings Tonnes of traded goods per capita for Mongolia and Developing Asia, , US$ per kg Unit prices of traded goods for Mongolia and Developing Asia, , US$ per kg

41 Key policy-relevant findings Mongolia s socio-economic development path is unique in this region, therefore the extent to which Mongolia can learn from the experiences and strategies of other nations in the region will be limited, certainly with regard to adopting any "off the shelf" blueprint for development. Development planning in Mongolia would benefit from a strong focus on the principles of sustainable consumption and production to guide investments into institutions, policies and strategies to manage the country s transition to a middle income economy in a way commensurate with the SDGs. Mongolia's materials consumption is high but only attained a medium level HDI. This indicates that Mongolia may not be using its relative abundance of natural resources in a manner which most efficiently benefits its average citizen. Public policy in Mongolia can support secondary industries and for institutions that support gain sharing and avoid an unequitable development pathway. Mongolia's high per capita material and energy consumption does not translate to high average environmental loadings on a spatial basis. Rapid urbanization and concentration of a formerly nomadic population in Ulaanbaatar has led to major localized problems with both air and water pollution, which need to be addressed.

42 Key policy-relevant findings Mongolia's development in the new millennium has been oriented towards becoming a high volume exporter of relatively low unit value commodities. While the income from extractive industries can provide much needed income for development, the earlier options for moving up value adding chains are considered, the better. Physical, social and institutional infrastructure appropriate for primary industries will be different to that required by secondary and tertiary sectors. If this was achieved, the Mongolian Government s budget would be less vulnerable to price fluctuations on global commodity markets. It will be very important to pay attention to governance issues directed at maximizing the benefits of the resultant income for the society as a whole. Major extractive industries in the modern setting tend to be very capitalintensive, while providing only limited direct employment opportunities, usually for highly skilled workers.

43 UNEP offer on support on data for resource use?

44 12.a support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacities to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production Indicator: 12.a.1 Amount of support to developing countries on R&D for sustainable consumption and production (SCP) and environmental sound technologies Options: Resource use database development Resource use indicators analyses what are policy implications

45 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data Indicator: Proportion of sustainable development indicators produced at the national level Options for implementation: SWITCH-Asia database includes 150 metrics per country with data for and projections to Identifying appropriate data for policies and SDGs Training of National Statistics Offices

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