World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013

Transcription

1 World Small Hydropower Development Report ITALY

2 Disclaimer Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) UNIDO and ICSHP All rights reserved This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and ICSHP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as developed, industrialized and developing are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process: Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO or its partners. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its partners. While every care has been taken to ensure that the content is useful and accurate, UNIDO and ICSHP and any contributing third parties shall have no legal liability or responsibility for the content or the accuracy of the information so provided, or for any loss or damage caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with reliance on the use of such information. Copyright: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint. Recommended citation: Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from

3 4 Europe 4.3 Southern Europe Italy European Small Hydropower Association, Stream Map Key facts Population 61,261,254 Area 301,340 km 2 Climate Topography Rain pattern Predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south Mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowland Mean annual rainfall varies from about 500 mm on the southeast coast and in Sicily and Sardinia, to over 2,000 mm, in the Alps and on some westerly slopes of the Apennines. 1 Electricity sector overview In 2011, more than 86 per cent of electricity consumed in Italy was produced in the country (288,900 GWh) and 13.7 per cent (45,700 GWh) were imported (figure 1). 2 Geothermal Wind PV Imported Electricity Hydro Thermal 1.57% 2.89% 3.16% 13.54% 14.13% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Italy Source: Terna % 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% The Authority for Electricity and Gas (AEEG) in Italy promotes the development of competition in the power market (Law n. 481/1995). Terna was created in 1999 as a separate company to own, develop and maintain more than 90 per cent of the National Electricity Transmission Network. Meanwhile management of the grid was entrusted to a public operator controlled by the Ministry of Finance called GRTN or Gestore della Rete di Trasmissione Nazionale (Independent System Operator Model). The electricity market was fully liberalized in Small hydropower sector overview and potential In 2010, Italy had 2,427 small hydropower plants with a total installed capacity of 2,735 MW (10,958 GWh) in operation (figure 2). By 2020, the aim is to have 2,250 plants with a total installed capacity of 3,900 MW (12,077 GWh). 4 Small hydropower plants up to 1 MW, in particular, are growing more than large hydropower plants thanks to the incentive system enforced at present which provides a comprehensive tariff of 220/MWh (about US$293) for the first 15 years. Due to the delay in the transposition and implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive, its effects on the production of small hydropower are not yet clear. The river basin management plans were adopted only at the end of February SHP installed capacity SHP potential 2735 MW 7066 MW Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Italy Source: European Small Hydropower Association 4, Giudici 5 Renewable energy policy According to the Italian National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), its renewable energy target by 2020 is 17 per cent). 6 The Legislative Decree No. 387/2003 (implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive) has introduced single permit, a one-stop shop system for all renewable energy sources project developers. The licence for the use of water is not generally integrated in the authorization process. Legislation on small hydropower The Italian Environmental Law 152/06 identifies the fields of application of reserved flow and the allocation of competences. The River Basin Authorities have to first identify the general criteria for reserved flow definition (within the specific competence of water balance planning). The Italian regions have the regulatory competence; they introduce the reserved flow regulation in the Water Protection Plans. There are very different residual flow values, as there is a wide range of methods of calculation suggested by the River Basin Authorities (e.g. based on hydrological and morphological parameters or environmental conditions) and adopted by the Italian regions, so residual flow values can be very different along the same water body, going from one region to another. Prior to 2013, hydro plants under 1 MW were guaranteed a minimum tariff for their electricity production, while plants 1-10 MW sold their energy at the hourly zonal price. Starting January 2008, a comprehensive feed-in tariff (electricity price plus incentive), which has been set to 22 euro cents/kwh applies to hydropower plants under 1 MW. This can be chosen for 15 years instead of Green Certificates. A new support scheme will come into force in January

4 Barriers to small hydropower development Recommendations by Stream Map are as follows: 4 Stabilization of the incentive scheme: the incentive system should be clearly set out and all changes should be scheduled and timed, so that producers can properly plan their investments. In fact, hydropower developers need to know the rules at an early stage: how and under which conditions their projects will be sustained. Simplification of administrative procedure: at least for small hydropower plants located on irrigation channels, on water supply systems, integrated in existing dams or wastewater treatment facilities, and for the rehabilitation of old schemes. Suitable incentive support for the rehabilitation and upgrading of old plants, to avoid future losses in energy production and, in many cases, to get a chance to improve the schemes performances also from an environmental point of view. Improvement of synergies between small hydropower and smart grids: hydropower has a role in supporting transmission and distribution grids by its capability to regulate frequency and to integrate other discontinuous renewable sources such as solar and wind. Besides large hydropower, small hydropower can also play a role, especially where it is possible to combine it with small basins and integrate it in hybrid systems. More research should be promoted on these aspects and a dedicated regulatory framework should be enforced. Energy Centre of the Netherlands. Available from References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from 2. Terna (2012). Statistical Data on electricity in Italy Available from 3d&tabid= Cariello, F. (2008). The Italian Electricity Market. Presentation by Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas. Available from Italian_market.pdf. 4. European Small Hydropower Association and Intelligent Energy Europe (2012). Stream Map for Small Hydropower in the EU-27 in the view of the 2020 targets. Available from 5. Giancarlo Giudici, Politecnico di Milano (2011). International Centre on Small Hydro Power Survey, answered in October. 6. Beurskens, L.W.M., Hekkenberg, M., Vethman, P. (2011). Renewable Energy Projections as Published in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States. 2

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