World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013

Transcription

1 World Small Hydropower Development Report HUNGARY

2 Disclaimer Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) UNIDO and ICSHP All rights reserved This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and ICSHP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as developed, industrialized and developing are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process: Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO or its partners. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its partners. While every care has been taken to ensure that the content is useful and accurate, UNIDO and ICSHP and any contributing third parties shall have no legal liability or responsibility for the content or the accuracy of the information so provided, or for any loss or damage caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with reliance on the use of such information. Copyright: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint. Recommended citation: Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from

3 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe SHP installed capacity SHP potential 14 MW 28 MW Hungary European Small Hydropower Association, Stream Map Key facts Population 9,958,453 1 Area 93,028 km 2 Climate Topography Rain pattern Temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers Mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the border with Slovakia The total mean annual precipitation is approximately 600 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview Hungary had a total installed capacity of 10,108.8 MW and a domestic gross electricity production of 35,984 GWh in Nuclear energy and natural gas dominate electricity generation (figure 1). Electricity exchange occurs with its neighbours particularly Slovakia, Ukraine and Austria but also Romania, Serbia and Croatia. In 2011, Hungary imported a total of 6,650 GWh electricity. 3 Liquid Fuel Hydro Waste / Other RE Wind Biomass Coal Imported Natural Gas Nuclear 0.34% 0.52% 1.15% 1.47% 3.57% 15.28% 15.60% 25.28% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Hungary Source: Hungarian Energy Office % 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Small hydropower sector overview and potential Hungary is one of the less mountainous countries in Eastern Europe. Therefore it has limited hydropower potential and since the 1970s there have been only a few small hydropower developments. In 2010, Hungary had 36 small hydropower plants and a total installed capacity of 14 MW (generating 67 GWh per year). By 2020, the aim is to have 42 plants with a total installed capacity of 28 MW (generating 80 GWh) Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Hungary Source: Stream Map 4 Note: Potential is based on planned capacity by Hungary s hydro resource potential is located on the Danube basin (66 per cent), the Tisza (10 per cent) and other rivers (24 per cent). It is estimated that only 5-6 per cent of the potential hydro energy can be developed. New hydropower projects consist primarily of small plants, with the possibility of re-using water from existing hydropower plants. Hungary s rivers exhibit a theoretical power of 990 MW, of which 7,446 GWh/year could be generated. On the small streams the theoretical production is 308 GWh/year. In the Renewable Energy Action Plan, Hungary supports smaller size plants (below 10 MW) mainly in the kw range. Renewable energy policy The approved 2009/28/EC Directive on Renewable Energy sets binding targets on the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. Hungary s renewable energy target is set at 13 per cent by 2020 (according to the EU), but the Hungarian Government is aiming for per cent. There is no green certificate system in Hungary, the Government plans to introduce it in the long-term. Legislation on small hydropower Hungary has introduced a sustainable (non-centralbudget-based) feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme guaranteed until The system was modified in favour of smaller hydropower plants and those providing remote heating in Tariffsare to be adjusted yearly in line with the inflation rate. There is a peak and off-peak FIT with the average tariff at around 9 euro cents/kwh x k (k = inflation rate). 4 Barriers to small hydropower development Hydropower has long been a much debated topic in Hungary. Plans to construct such facilities on a larger scale have been opposed by the incumbent coalition in the past. The Government still does not consider highcapacity hydropower a real option compared to other sources of energy. It claims that the topographic conditions of Hungary do not allow for favourable and economic utilization of hydropower. 4 A large part of the country is on flat land, although there are some low hills. Rivers with high water output do not

4 have marked drops in elevation either. In the Government s view, instead of constructing large dams, it is more feasible to establish small-scale hydropower generators (of which there are dozens). Mini hydropower plants with an output of less than 10 MW and turbines installed in river beds could provide energy-efficient solutions for smaller towns and rural areas. According to the Government, the establishment of only such smaller plants is in the national interest. The development of hydropower plants in protected natural sites are of national importance; based on Annexes 1 and 2 to the Government Decree No 314/2005 (XII. 25), small hydropower development in these areas is conditional depending on outcome of environmental impact assessment and uniform environmental use authorization procedures. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from 2. European Small Hydropower Association (2008). Small Hydropower Energy Efficiency Campaign Action Strategic Study for the Development of Small Hydro Power in the European Union. 3. Hungarian Energy Office (2012). Statistical data of the Hungarian power system Available from 4. European Small Hydropower Association (2012). Stream Map Small Hydropower Roadmap. Available from

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