Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets

Transcription

1 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets Here we present the Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets which later on will be available on HELCOM web pages: Nitrogen emissions Nitrogen depositions Heavy metals emissions Heavy metals depositions PCDD/F emissions PCDD/F depositions

2 158 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Nitrogen emissions to the air in the Baltic Sea area Authors: Jerzy Bartnicki, Michael Gauss, Jan Eiof Jonson, EMEP MSC-W Key message In all HELCOM Contracting Parties, nitrogen oxides emissions are lower in 2015 than in 1995 with the most significant drop of nitrogen oxides emissions in Denmark (60%) followed by Sweden (47%) and then Germany and Finland both (45%). For all HELCOM Contracting Parties except Russia, reductions of total nitrogen emissions can be observed in the period , ranging from 12% in Estonia to 47% in Denmark. Total nitrogen emissions from Russia increased by 12% from 1995 to For ammonia, annual emissions increased in three out of nine HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period These are: Russia (+31%), Germany (+12%) and Latvia (+6%). In the remaining countries a decline of ammonia emissions can be noticed, with the most significant declines in Lithuania (39%) and Denmark (34%). Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends of annual nitrogen oxides and ammonia emissions from anthropogenic sources in HELCOM Contracting Parties into the air. The emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia represent the pressure of emission sources on the atmosphere above the Baltic Sea basin and catchment. Policy relevance and policy reference The HELCOM Ministerial Declaration of 1988 called for a 50% reduction in discharges of nutrients to air and water by 1995 with 1987 as a base year. The 1992 Helsinki Convention and the 1998 Ministerial Declaration reaffirmed the need to further reduce discharges; leading to the adoption of several relevant Recommendations concerning measures to reduce emissions from point sources and diffuse sources. In 1990 HELCOM adopted its first Recommendation on Monitoring of Airborne Pollution Load (HELCOM Recommendation 11/1), which was later superseded by the Recommendations 14/1 and 24/1. On the European level the relevant policy to the control of emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia to the atmosphere is being taken in the framework of UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and in the EU NEC Directive. The Executive Body of CLRTAP adopted the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Gothenburg (Sweden) on 30 November The 1999 Protocol set emission ceilings for 2010 for four pollutants: sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). These ceilings were negotiated on the basis of scientific assessments of pollution effects and abatement options. Parties whose emissions had a more severe environmental or health impact and whose emissions were relatively cheap to reduce had to make the biggest cuts. The original 1999 Protocol was amended in 2012 to include national emission reduction commitments to be achieved in 2020 and beyond. Following the revised Gothenburg Protocol, nitrogen oxides emissions in 2020 will be reduced between 18% and 56% in 31 countries, compared to 2005 annual emissions. The largest relative reductions will be in Denmark (56%), United Kingdom (55%) and France (50%). Ammonia emissions will be also reduced in the same 31 countries, but in the lower range 1-24%. The largest relative reductions of ammonia emissions will be in Denmark (24%), Finland (20%) and Sweden (15%). Assessment Here we show and discuss nitrogen emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in 2017 and presented to the Third Joint session of the Working Group on Effects and the Steering Body to EMEP which took place September 2017 in Geneva. The emissions for 2015 have been derived from the 2017 official data submissions to

3 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 159 UNECE CLRTAP as of May 2017 The gridded distributions of the 2015 emissions have been provided by the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP). The emission data reported in 2017 by all HELCOM Contracted Parties except Russia seemed to be complete and plausible. Therefore no gap-filling was performed for these countries. In the case of Russia, the most recent reported data includes only the year 2013 and the gap-filling procedure was necessary (Tista et al., 2017c). For NOx emissions, national total data was calculated by the extrapolation of TNO data (Kuenen et al. 2014). National totals of ammonia emissions were calculated by extrapolation of reported data. The gridded emission data used in the model calculations this year are available on WebDab at: Time series of nitrogen oxides, ammonia and total nitrogen annual emissions in the period are shown, for all HELCOM Contracting Parties, in Figure 1. Time series of nitrogen oxides, ammonia and total nitrogen annual emissions for the same period, in percent of 1995 emissions, are shown in Figure 2. Figure 1. Map of annual atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides, ammonia and total nitrogen from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period Units: ktonnes N/yr. Note: Different scales have been used for the various

4 160 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM countries. The data cover emissions from all countries, except for Russia, where only emissions from the area covered by EMEP are included. These emission data have been used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in Figure 2. Map of annual atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides, ammonia and total nitrogen from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period , in percent of 1995 emissions. Note: The data cover emissions from all countries, except for Russia, where only emissions from the area covered by EMEP are included. These emission data have been used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in For most of the countries, a decline in nitrogen emissions can be seen in the period An increase can only be noticed for ammonia emissions from Russia, Germany and Latvia. The reduction of emissions from the Baltic Sea region in the years is more significant for nitrogen oxides than for ammonia. Concerning nitrogen oxides emissions from international shipping on the Baltic Sea (not shown here), for the first time this year, MSC-W has used data from the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) in the model calculations. Compared to 2014 emissions, they are 20% higher in 2015, and compared to 1995, ship emissions in 2015 are 24% higher. In all HELCOM Contracting Parties, nitrogen oxides emissions are 2-60% lower in 2015 than in 1995 with the most significant drop of nitrogen oxides emissions in Denmark (60%) followed by Sweden (47%) and then Germany and Finland (both 45%). Large reductions, in the considered period, can also be noticed in Poland (33%) and Latvia (30%), smaller in Estonia (21%) and Lithuania (11%). In Russia nitrogen oxides emissions are 2% lower in 2015 than in For ammonia, emissions in six out of nine HELCOM Contracting Parties are lower in 2015 than in 1995, with the largest reduction in Lithuania (39%), followed by Denmark (34%), Poland (16%), Finland (12%), Sweden (6%) and Estonia (2%). Compared to 1995, ammonia emissions in 2015 are higher in Russia (31%), Germany (12%) and Latvia (6%).

5 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 161 In all HELCOM Contracting Parties except Russia the reductions of total nitrogen emissions can be observed in the period , ranging from 12% in Estonia to 47% in Denmark. In Russia emissions of total nitrogen increased by 12% between 1995 and Data Table 1. National total emissions of nitrogen oxides from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period Units: kt N/yr. Emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in Year Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM

6 162 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 2. National total emissions of ammonia from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period Units: kt N/yr. Emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in Year Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM

7 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 163 Table 3. National total emissions of total nitrogen from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period Units: kt N/yr. Emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in Year Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM

8 164 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Meta data Technical information 1. Source: EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP). 2. Description of data: The gridded distributions of the 2015 emissions have been provided by CEIP. The emissions for 2015 have been derived from the 2017 official data submissions to UNECE CLRTAP as of May The gridded distributions of the 2015 emissions have been provided by the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP). 3. Geographical coverage: EMEP domain covering Europe, a part of Asia and a part of Atlantic Ocean. 4. Temporal coverage: Data on nitrogen oxides and ammonia emissions are presented here for the period Methodology and frequency of data collection: National data on emissions are annually submitted by countries Parties to CLRTAP Convention to the UN ECE Secretariat; the methodology is based on combination of emission measurements and emission estimates based on activity data and emission factors. Submitted data are passing through QA/QC procedure and stored in the the EMEP Centre for Emission inventories and Projections CEIP in Vienna, Austria. Quality information 6. Strength and weakness: Strength: data on emissions are annually submitted, checked and stored in the database; Weakness: gaps in time series of national emissions which have to be corrected by experts. Delays in updating historical emission data submitted by the EMEP Contracting Parties. 7. Uncertainty. No official information about the uncertainty of provided nitrogen emission data is available from CEIP, however in general the emission data calculated in the gap-filling procedure are less certain than those submitted by the countries. 8. Further work required: Further work on emission uncertainty is required. References Kuenen J.J.P., Visschedijk A.J.H., Jozwicka M., Denier van der Gon H.A.C. 2014: TNO-MACC_II emission inventory; A multi-year ( ) consistent high-resolution European emission inventory for air quality modelling. Supplementary material. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, Tista, M., Wankmueller, R., and K. Mareckova (2017c) Methodologies applied to the CEIP GNFR gap-filling Part III: Main pollutants and Particulate Matter (NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, CO, PM2.5, PM10, PMcoarse). Technical report CEIP 03-3/2017. Last updated:

9 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 165 Atmospheric nitrogen depositions to the Baltic Sea in the period Authors: Jerzy Bartnicki, Michael Gauss and Jan Eiof Jonson, EMEP MSC-W Key message Depositions of oxidised nitrogen and total nitrogen are, respectively, 33% and 18% lower in 2015 than in 1995, while the reduced nitrogen deposition is 5% higher in There is a clear decreasing trend in normalised annual total deposition of nitrogen which is consistent with the decreasing trend in nitrogen emissions from the HELCOM area of interest. Compared to 1995, normalised depositions of oxidised and reduced nitrogen in 2015 are lower: by 35% and 12%, respectively. Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in oxidised reduced and total atmospheric nitrogen depositions to the Baltic Sea. The deposition of nitrogen compounds represents the pressure of emission sources on the Baltic Sea basin and catchment. Policy relevance and policy reference The HELCOM Ministerial Declaration of 1988 called for a 50 % reduction in discharges of nutrients to air and water by 1995 with 1987 as a base year. The 1992 Helsinki Convention and the 1998 Ministerial Declaration reaffirmed the need to further reduce discharges, leading to the adoption of several relevant Recommendations concerning measures to reduce emissions from point sources and diffuse sources. In 1990 HELCOM adopted its first Recommendation on Monitoring of Airborne Pollution Load (HELCOM Recommendation 11/1) which was later superseded by the Recommendations 14/1 and 24/1. Assessment Atmospheric deposition of oxidised and reduced nitrogen was computed with the latest version of the EMEP/MSC-W model. The latest available emission data for the HELCOM countries and all other EMEP sources have been used in the model calculations presented here. Calculated annual oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen depositions to the entire Baltic Sea basin in the period are shown in Figure 1.

10 166 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 1. Atmospheric deposition of oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen to the entire Baltic Sea basin for the period , in per cent of the respective 1995 values. No significant trends could be detected in annual deposition of reduced nitrogen to the Baltic Sea basin in the considered period. However, a decreasing tendency is clearly visible in depositions of both oxidised and total nitrogen. Depositions of oxidised nitrogen and total nitrogen are, respectively, 33% and 18% lower in 2015 than in 1995, while the reduced nitrogen deposition is 5% higher in Mainly because of inter-annual changes in meteorological conditions, annual nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea and its sub-basins varies significantly from one year to another in the entire period The annual depositions of oxidised nitrogen (190 kt N), reduced nitrogen (119 kt N) and total nitrogen (309) to the Baltic Sea all peaked in year Annual depositions were a minium in the years 2013 and 1997 for oxidised nitrogen (124 kt N) and reduced nitrogen (94 kt N), respectively. The minimum in total nitrogen deposition (220 kt N) occurred in the same year as the minimum in oxidised nitrogen deposition To reduce the influence of inter-annual meteorological variability on annual nitrogen deposition, the so called normalised nitrogen deposition was calculated in the way described in Appendix D of the EMEP report for HELCOM. The calculated normalised annual deposition of total nitrogen in the period is shown in Figure 2.

11 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 167 Figure 2. Normalised deposition of total nitrogen for the period Minimum, maximum and actual annual values of the deposition are also shown. The minimum and maximum annual values are determined by the meteorological conditions for each particular year. A quick inspection of Figure 2 indicates a clearly decreasing pattern in normalised annual total deposition of nitrogen which corresponds to the decreasing trend in nitrogen emissions from the HELCOM area of interest. Compared to 1995, normalised depositions of oxidised and reduced nitrogen in 2015 are lower: 35% and 12%, respectively. Calculated annual total nitrogen depositions to the nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea in the period are presented in Figure 3.

12 168 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 3. Atmospheric deposition of oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen to the nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea for the period Units: ktonnes N/year. Note: the scales for the sea regions are different! Subbasins: ARC=Archipelago Sea; BAP=Baltic Proper; BOB=Bothnian Bay; BOS=Bothnian Sea; GUF=Gulf of Finland; GUR=Gulf of Riga; KAT=Kattegat; SOU=The Sound; WEB=Western Baltic. Deposition of oxidised nitrogen yellow, reduced nitrogen blue. Annual depositions of oxidised nitrogen are clearly lower (18-43%) in 2015 than in 1995 in all sub-basins. It is especially lower in the northern sub-basins: BOS (43%), BOB (41%), ARC and GUR (36%). Also depositions of total nitrogen are lower in 2015 compared to 1995 in the range of 1-35%. Annual depositions of reduced nitrogen are higher in 2015 than in 1995 in four out of nine sub-basins located to the west of Baltic Proper: WEB (17%), KAT (13%), SOU (9%) and BAP (9%). They are lower (6-18%) in the remaining five sub-basins. There is a significant inter-annual variability in annual nitrogen depositions to individual sub-basins.

13 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 169 Data Table 1. Annual depositions of oxidised nitrogen to the sub-basins and the entire basin of the Baltic Sea in the period Units: kt N per year and basin. YEAR Sub-basin ARC BAP BOB BOS GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS

14 170 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 2. Annual depositions of reduced nitrogen to the sub-basins and the entire basin of the Baltic Sea in the period Units: kt N per year and basin. YEAR Sub-basin ARC BAP BOB BOS GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS

15 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 171 Table 3. Annual depositions of total nitrogen to the sub-basins and the entire basin of the Baltic Sea in the period Units: kt N per year and basin. YEAR Sub-basin ARC BAP BOB BOS GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS

16 172 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 4. Normalized depositions of oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen to the Baltic Sea basin in the period Units: kt N per year. Year Oxidised Reduced Total

17 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 173 Metadata Technical information 1. Source: EMEP/MSC-W. 2. Description of data: The atmospheric depositions of oxidised and reduced nitrogen were calculated with the latest version of EMEP/MSC-W model in Oslo. The latest available official emission data for the HELCOM countries have been used in the model computations. Emissions of two nitrogen compounds for each year of this period were officially reported to the UN ECE Secretariat by the HELCOM Contracting Parties. Missing information was estimated by experts. Both official data and expert estimates were used for modeling atmospheric transport and deposition of nitrogen compounds to the Baltic Sea Geographical coverage: Atmospheric depositions of oxidised and reduced nitrogen were computed for the entire EMEP domain, which includes Baltic Sea basin and catchment. 4. Temporal coverage: Time series of annual atmospheric depositions are available for the period Methodology and frequency of data collection: Atmospheric input and source allocation budgets of nitrogen (oxidised, reduced and total) to the Baltic Sea basins and catchments were computed using the latest version of EMEP/MSC-W model. EMEP/MSC-W model is a multi pollutant, three-dimensional Eulerian model which takes into account processes of emission, advection, turbulent diffusion, chemical transformations, wet and dry depositions and inflow of pollutants into the model domain. Complete description of the model and its applications is available on the web Calculations of atmospheric transport and depositions of nitrogen compounds are performed annually two years in arrears on the basis of emission data officially submitted by Parties to CLRTAP Convention and expert estimates. Quality information 6. Strength and weakness: Strength: annually updated information on atmospheric input of oxidised and reduced nitrogen to the Baltic Sea and its sub-basins. Weakness: gaps and uncertainties in officially submitted by countries time series of nitrogen emissions to air increase the uncertainty of computed depositions. 7. Uncertainty: The results of the EMEP/MSC-W model are routinely compared with available measurements at EMEP and HELCOM stations. The comparison of calculated versus measured data indicates that the model predicts the observed air concentrations of nitrogen within the accuracy of approximately 30%. 8. Further work required: Further work is required on reducing uncertainties in emission data and better parameterization of physical processes in the EMEP/MSC-W model. Last updated: 03 October 2017

18 174 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Atmospheric emissions of heavy metals in the Baltic Sea region Editor(s): Alexey Gusev, EMEP MSC-E Key message Annual atmospheric cadmium, mercury and lead emissions of HELCOM countries have decreased by 40%, 46% and 87% during the period from 1990 to Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in cadmium, mercury and lead emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries to the atmosphere. The emissions of heavy metals represent the pressure of emission sources on the atmosphere of the Baltic Sea region and subsequently on the Baltic Sea aquatic environment. Policy relevance and policy reference HELCOM adopted a Recommendation in May 2001 for the cessation of hazardous substance discharges/emissions by 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near to background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. On the European level the relevant policy to the control of emissions of heavy metals to the atmosphere is being taken in the framework of UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). The Executive Body of CLRTAP adopted the Protocol on Heavy Metals on 24 June 1998 in Aarhus (Denmark). It targets three particularly harmful metals: cadmium, lead and mercury. According to one of the basic obligations, Parties have to reduce their emissions for these three metals below their levels in The Protocol has been entered into force in 2003 and has been signed and/or ratified by 41 countries. Assessment Annual emissions of heavy metals from HELCOM countries have decreased during the period by 40% for cadmium, 46% for mercury, and 87% for lead (Figure 1). The most significant drop of cadmium emissions can be noted for Finland (86%) and Estonia (83%). Cadmium emission of Latvia has increased by 89% since Mercury emission most significantly declined in Denmark (91%) and Germany (74%). Higher emission of mercury in 2015 comparing to 1990 was reported by Lithuania (by 11%). For the lead emission, the highest decrease is seen for Latvia (99%) and Lithuania (97%). The reduction in heavy metal emission to the atmosphere is a consequence of increased use of cleaner production technologies as well as of industrial restructuring in some of the HELCOM countries in early 1990s. In 2015 total annual emissions of HELCOM countries amounted to 85, 39, and 1011 tonnes of cadmium,

19 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 175 mercury, and lead, respectively. Among the HELCOM countries the largest contributions to cadmium and mercury emission was made by Russia and Poland, to lead emissions by Germany and Russia. Maps with time-series of annual total cadmium, mercury, and lead emissions of HELCOM countries are shown in Figures 2-3. The diagrams also present the fractions of emissions deposited to the Baltic Sea. The largest fractions belong to Denmark and Sweden (about 20% for cadmium and lead, 10% for mercury), and the lowest one to Russia (about 0.5% for cadmium and lead, 0.2% for mercury). Emissions in % to Cd Hg Pb Figure 1. Total annual emissions of cadmium, mercury, and lead to the atmosphere from HELCOM countries in period (% of 1990).

20 176 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 2: Map of cadmium emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. Green bars indicate expert estimates. (Emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russia, where emissions from the territory of Russia within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries!

21 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 177 Figure 3: Map of mercury emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. Green bars indicate expert estimates. (Emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russia, where emissions from the territory of Russia within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries!

22 178 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 4: Map of lead emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. Green bars indicate expert estimates. (Emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russia, where emissions from the territory of Russia within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries!

23 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 179 Data Numerical data on HM anthropogenic emissions of HELCOM countries are given in the following tables that can be found in the attached Microsoft Excel file (HM_emissions_data.xls). Table 1. Cadmium emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries from 1990 to Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM Table 2. Mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries from 1990 to Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM

24 180 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 3. Lead emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries from 1990 to Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM

25 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 181 Meta data Technical information: 1. Source: EMEP/MSC-E, EMEP/CEIP. 2. Description of data: Annual total emissions of cadmium, mercury and lead were officially reported to the UN ECE Secretariat by HELCOM countries. These data are available from the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) ( 3. Geographical coverage: EMEP region 4. Temporal coverage: Data on cadmium, mercury and lead annual emission totals are available for the period for all HELCOM countries but Russia. The Russian Federation did not submit the information for 2001 and Values of HM emissions from Russia for were estimated by CEIP (Tista et al., 2017a). 5. Methodology and frequency of data collection: National data on HM emissions are annually submitted by countries Parties to LRTAP Convention to the UN ECE Secretariat. The methodology is based on combination of measurements of releases to the atmosphere and estimation of emission based on activity data and emission factors. Submitted emission data are processed using quality assurance and quality control procedure and stored in the UN ECE/EMEP emission database at EMEP/CEIP Centre. Quality information: 6. Strength and weakness: 7. Uncertainty: Strength: data on emissions are annually submitted, checked and stored in the database Weakness: gaps in time series of national emissions, uncertainties in national emissions, lack of gridded emissions, and incompleteness Among the HELCOM countries the level of uncertainty of official data on HM emission was reported by Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, and Sweden. From other EMEP countries the information

26 182 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM on uncertainties of HM official emissions is available for Belarus, Belgium, France, Croatia, Cyprus, and the United Kingdom. The uncertainty of reported data on HM emissions expressed as percentage relative to mean value of emission is as follows: Country Cd Hg Pb Finland ±29% ±19% ±29% Denmark 449% 103% 488% Estonia 134% 182% 184% Latvia 70% 68% 60% Poland 69% 68% 67% Sweden 37% 70% 23% Belarus 266% 111% 192% Belgium 81% 32% 106% France 39% 34% 163% Croatia 291% 78% 140% Cyprus 81% 13% 95% The UK -30% to >50% -30% to 50% 29% 8. Further work required: Further work of national experts on emissions of heavy metals is required to fill the gaps in the emission time-series and to reduce their uncertainties.

27 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 183 Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals on the Baltic Sea Editor: Alexey Gusev, EMEP MSC-E Key message Levels of annual total atmospheric deposition of cadmium, mercury, and lead to the Baltic Sea have decreased in period from 1990 to 2015 by 63%, 34%, and 80%. Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in cadmium, lead, and mercury atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea. The deposition of heavy metals represents the pressure of emission sources on the Baltic Sea aquatic environment. Policy relevance and policy reference HELCOM adopted a Recommendation in May 2001 for the cessation of hazardous substance discharges/emissions by 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near to background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. Assessment Annual total atmospheric deposition fluxes of heavy metals to the surface of the Baltic Sea have substantially decreased in the period from 1990 to 2015 (Figure 1). The figure illustrates relative changes of computed total annual atmospheric deposition of cadmium and mercury to the Baltic Sea along with changes of normalized deposition which reflect the effect of emission variations only without the influence of inter-annual variations of meteorological conditions. Description of the procedure applied for normalization of annual deposition is given in the Annex D of the Joint report of the EMEP Centres (Bartnicki et al., 2017). Levels of annual total atmospheric deposition of heavy metals to the Baltic Sea in 2015 were lower comparing to 1990 by 63% for cadmium, 34% for mercury, and 80% for lead. Largest decrease of HM deposition can be noted over the Bothnian Bay sub-basin for cadmium (76%) and for lead (88%), whereas for mercury over the Sound sub-basin (60%). The highest level of HM deposition fluxes over the Baltic Sea in 2015 is noted over the Belt Sea, the Kattegat, and the Sound. HELCOM countries contributed to cadmium, mercury, and lead deposition over the Baltic Sea in 2015 about 36%, 14%, and 30%, respectively, with largest contributions made by Poland, Russia, and Germany. Reduction of atmospheric input of cadmium, mercury, and lead to the Baltic Sea is a result of various activities including abatement measures as well as of economic contraction and industrial restructuring which took place in the HELCOM countries as well as other EMEP countries.

28 184 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Deposition in % to Cd Hg Pb Deposition in % to Cd Hg Pb a) b) Figure 1: Relative changes of modelled absolute (a) and normalized (b) total annual atmospheric deposition of cadmium, mercury, and lead to the Baltic Sea for the period , (in % to deposition in 1990).

29 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 185 Figure 2: Time-series of computed total annual atmospheric deposition of cadmium to nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea for the period in tonnes/year as bars (left axis) and total deposition fluxes in g/km 2 /year as lines (right axis). Note that different scales are used for total deposition in tonnes/year and the same scales for total deposition fluxes.

30 186 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 3: Time-series of computed total annual atmospheric deposition of mercury to nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea for the period in tonnes/year as bars (left axis) and total deposition fluxes in g/km 2 /year as lines (right axis). Note that different scales are used for total deposition in tonnes/year and the same scales for total deposition fluxes.

31 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 187 Figure 4: Time-series of computed total annual atmospheric deposition of lead to nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea for the period in tonnes/year as bars (left axis) and total deposition fluxes in g/km 2 /year as lines (right axis). Note that different scales are used for total deposition in tonnes/year and the same scales for total deposition fluxes.

32 188 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Data Numerical data on computed HM depositions to the Baltic Sea are given in the following tables and can be found in the attached Microsoft Excel file (HM_deposition_data.xls). Table 1. Computed total annual deposition of cadmium to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins, the whole Baltic Sea (BAS) and normalized deposition to the Baltic Sea (Norm) for the period ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS Norm Table 2. Computed annual total deposition of mercury to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins, the whole Baltic Sea (BAS) and normalized deposition to the Baltic Sea (Norm) for the period ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS Norm

33 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets Table 3. Computed annual total deposition of lead to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins, the whole Baltic Sea (BAS) and normalized deposition to the Baltic Sea (Norm) for the period ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS Norm

34 190 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 4. Computed contributions by country to annual total deposition of cadmium to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins for the year Country ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS DK 1.3E E E E E E E E E E-01 EE 2.3E E E E E E E E E E-02 FI 6.6E E E E E E E E E E-02 DE 4.6E E E E E E E E E E-01 LV 2.4E E E E E E E E E E-02 LT 2.0E E E E E E E E E E-02 PL 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-01 RU 7.5E E E E E E E E E E-01 SE 3.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 AL 8.6E E E E E E E E E E-04 AT 2.3E E E E E E E E E E-02 BE 8.3E E E E E E E E E E-02 BG 7.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 BA 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 BY 8.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 CH 2.1E E E E E E E E E E-02 CY 2.9E E E E E E E E E E-06 CZ 2.7E E E E E E E E E E-02 ES 6.2E E E E E E E E E E-02 FR 6.0E E E E E E E E E E-02 GB 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-02 GR 5.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 HR 6.0E E E E E E E E E E-03 HU 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-02 IE 6.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 IS 2.5E E E E E E E E E E-05 IT 4.2E E E E E E E E E E-02 MD 2.8E E E E E E E E E E-03 MK 6.8E E E E E E E E E E-04 NL 3.8E E E E E E E E E E-02 NO 5.5E E E E E E E E E E-02 PT 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-03 RO 3.2E E E E E E E E E E-02 SK 2.4E E E E E E E E E E-02 SI 5.9E E E E E E E E E E-03 UA 1.4E E E E E E E E E E-03 RS 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-03 AM 2.6E E E E E E E E E E-05 AZ 2.0E E E E E E E E E E-05 KZ 2.1E E E E E E E E E E-04 GE 8.9E E E E E E E E E E-05 TR 6.9E E E E E E E E E E-03 LU 3.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 MC 9.9E E E E E E E E E E-06 KY 5.7E E E E E E E E E E-06 UZ 1.3E E E E E E E E E E-05 TU 7.0E E E E E E E E E E-06 TJ 3.1E E E E E E E E E E-07 MT 4.0E E E E E E E E E E-06 ME 4.9E E E E E E E E E E-04 AF 4.9E E E E E E E E E E-03 AS 6.9E E E E E E E E E E-04 NSR EMEP HELCOM Total

35 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 191 Table 5. Computed contributions by country to annual total deposition of mercury to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins for the year Country ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS DK 2.1E E E E E E E E E E-02 EE 5.1E E E E E E E E E E-02 FI 1.3E E E E E E E E E E-02 DE 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-01 LV 6.9E E E E E E E E E E-03 LT 2.8E E E E E E E E E E-02 PL 2.3E E E E E E E E E E-01 RU 3.4E E E E E E E E E E-03 SE 8.6E E E E E E E E E E-02 AL 2.3E E E E E E E E E E-05 AT 4.4E E E E E E E E E E-03 BE 1.2E E E E E E E E E E-03 BG 1.2E E E E E E E E E E-04 BA 4.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 BY 6.0E E E E E E E E E E-03 CH 3.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 CY 7.9E E E E E E E E E E-06 CZ 2.7E E E E E E E E E E-02 ES 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 FR 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-03 GB 6.5E E E E E E E E E E-02 GR 5.2E E E E E E E E E E-03 HR 9.0E E E E E E E E E E-04 HU 3.5E E E E E E E E E E-03 IE 2.3E E E E E E E E E E-03 IS 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-05 IT 1.5E E E E E E E E E E-03 MD 3.4E E E E E E E E E E-04 MK 4.4E E E E E E E E E E-04 NL 8.4E E E E E E E E E E-03 NO 6.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 PT 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-04 RO 6.8E E E E E E E E E E-03 SK 6.2E E E E E E E E E E-03 SI 5.6E E E E E E E E E E-04 UA 1.0E E E E E E E E E E-03 RS 4.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 AM 3.9E E E E E E E E E E-05 AZ 3.3E E E E E E E E E E-05 KZ 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-04 GE 3.9E E E E E E E E E E-05 TR 3.2E E E E E E E E E E-04 LU 7.0E E E E E E E E E E-04 MC 3.1E E E E E E E E E E-06 KY 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-06 UZ 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-05 TM 1.4E E E E E E E E E E-06 TJ 1.0E E E E E E E E E E-06 MT 1.3E E E E E E E E E E-07 ME 2.2E E E E E E E E E E-05 AF 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-04 AS 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-04 NSR EMEP HELCOM Total

36 192 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 6. Computed contributions by country to annual total deposition of lead to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins for the year Country ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS DK 2.3E E E E E E E E E E+00 EE 6.2E E E E E E E E E E+00 FI 1.4E E E E E E E E E E+00 DE 1.7E E E E E E E E E E+01 LV 1.2E E E E E E E E E E-01 LT 9.6E E E E E E E E E E-01 PL 4.3E E E E E E E E E E+01 RU 2.7E E E E E E E E E E-01 SE 6.4E E E E E E E E E E+00 AL 2.8E E E E E E E E E E-02 AT 3.3E E E E E E E E E E-01 BE 1.7E E E E E E E E E E+00 BG 6.3E E E E E E E E E E-01 BA 3.1E E E E E E E E E E-01 BY 3.3E E E E E E E E E E+00 CH 3.6E E E E E E E E E E-01 CY 1.7E E E E E E E E E E-04 CZ 8.4E E E E E E E E E E-01 ES 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-01 FR 2.8E E E E E E E E E E+00 GB 3.2E E E E E E E E E E+00 GR 2.7E E E E E E E E E E-02 HR 5.8E E E E E E E E E E-02 HU 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-02 IE 3.4E E E E E E E E E E-01 IS 1.0E E E E E E E E E E-03 IT 1.9E E E E E E E E E E-01 MD 4.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 MK 2.7E E E E E E E E E E-02 NL 6.1E E E E E E E E E E-01 NO 7.2E E E E E E E E E E-01 PT 1.7E E E E E E E E E E-02 RO 4.6E E E E E E E E E E-01 SK 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-01 SI 8.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 UA 5.5E E E E E E E E E E-01 RS 3.6E E E E E E E E E E-01 AM 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-04 AZ 3.7E E E E E E E E E E-04 KZ 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-02 GE 9.9E E E E E E E E E E-04 TR 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-02 LU 7.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 MC 1.3E E E E E E E E E E-05 KY 1.5E E E E E E E E E E-05 UZ 7.2E E E E E E E E E E-03 TM 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 TJ 2.7E E E E E E E E E E-05 MT 5.4E E E E E E E E E E-04 ME 2.8E E E E E E E E E E-02 AF 4.9E E E E E E E E E E-01 AS 3.4E E E E E E E E E E-02 NSR EMEP HELCOM Total

37 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 193 Metadata Technical information: 1. Source: EMEP/MSC-E 2. Description of data: Levels of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals over the Baltic Sea were obtained using the latest version of MSCE-HM model developed at EMEP/MSC-E (Travnikov and Ilyin, 2005). The latest available official emission data for the HELCOM countries have been used in the model computations. Emissions of cadmium, mercury, and lead for each year of this period were officially reported by most of HELCOM countries. These data are available from the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) ( The information on the HM emission data used for modelling is presented in the indicator on the HM emission to the air. 3. Geographical coverage: Atmospheric deposition of cadmium, mercury, and lead were obtained for the European region and surrounding areas covered by the EMEP modelling domain. 4. Temporal coverage: Time-series of annual atmospheric deposition of HMs are available for the period Methodology and frequency of data collection: Atmospheric input and source allocation budgets of heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead) to the Baltic Sea and its catchment area were computed using the latest version of MSCE-HM model. MSCE-HM is the regional-scale model operating within the EMEP region. This is a three-dimensional Eulerian model which includes processes of emission, advection, turbulent diffusion, chemical transformations of mercury, wet and dry deposition, and inflow of pollutant into the model domain. Horizontal grid of the model is defined using stereographic projection with spatial resolution 50 km at 60º latitude. The description of EMEP grid system can be found in the internet ( Vertical structure of the model consists of 15 non-uniform layers defined in the terrain-following -coordinates and covers almost the whole troposphere. Detailed description of the model can be found in EMEP reports (Travnikov and Ilyin, 2005) and in the Internet on EMEP web page under the link to information on Heavy Metals. Meteorological data used in the calculations for were obtained using MM5 meteorological data pre-processor on the basis of meteorological analysis of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Calculations of atmospheric transport and deposition of cadmium, mercury, and lead are provided on the regular basis annually two years in arrears on the basis of emission data officially submitted by Parties to LRTAP Convention.

38 194 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Quality information: 6. Strength and weakness: 7. Uncertainty: Strength: annually updated information on atmospheric input of cadmium, mercury, and lead to the Baltic Sea and its sub-basins. Weakness: uncertainties in officially submitted data on emissions of heavy metals. The MSCE-HM model has been verified in a number of intercomparison campaigns with other regional HM transport models (Sofiev et al., 1996; Gusev et al., 2000; Ryaboshapko et al., 2001,2005) and has been qualified by means of sensitivity and uncertainty studies (Travnikov, 2000). It was concluded in these publications that the results of heavy metal airborne transport modelling were in satisfactory agreement with the available measurements and the discrepancies did not exceed on average a factor of two. The comparison of calculated versus measured data indicates that the model predicts the observed air concentrations of lead and cadmium within the accuracy of 30%. For concentrations in precipitation the difference between calculated and measured values may reach two times. Computed mercury concentrations deviate from measured values within a factor of two. The model was thoroughly reviewed at the workshop held in October, 2005 under supervision of the EMEP Task Force of Measurements and Modelling (TFMM). It was concluded that MSC-E model is suitable for the evaluation of long-range transboundary transport and deposition of HMs in Europe [ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2006/4]. 8. Further work required: Further work is required to reduce uncertainties in HM modelling approaches applied in the EMEP MSCE-HM model.

39 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 195 Atmospheric emissions of PCDD/Fs in the Baltic Sea region Editor: Alexey Gusev, EMEP MSC-E Key message Annual emissions of dioxins and furans in HELCOM countries have decreased during the period from 1990 to 2015 by 31%. Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in emissions of dioxins and furans from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries to the atmosphere. These emissions represent the pressure of emission sources on the atmosphere of the Baltic Sea region and subsequently on the Baltic Sea aquatic environment. Policy relevance and policy reference HELCOM adopted a Recommendation in May 2001 for the cessation of hazardous substance discharges/emissions by 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near to background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. On the European level the relevant policy to the control of emissions of PCDD/Fs to the atmosphere is being taken in the framework of UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). The Executive Body of CLRTAP adopted the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants on 24 June 1998 in Aarhus (Denmark). According to one of the basic obligations, Parties to the Convention shall reduce their emissions of PCDD/Fs below their levels in The Protocol has been entered into force in 2003 and has been signed and/or ratified by 36 countries. Assessment Annual emissions of dioxins and furans have decreased in HELCOM countries during the period from 1990 to 2015 by 31% (Figure 1). The most significant drop of PCDD/F emissions can be noted for Germany (92%) and Denmark (64%) (Figure 2). In 2015 total annual PCDD/F emissions of HELCOM countries amounted to 1.87 kg TEQ. Among the HELCOM countries the largest contributions to total annual PCDD/F emission of HELCOM countries belong to Russia (75%) and Poland (16%). Maps with time-series of annual total PCDD/F emissions of HELCOM countries are shown in Figure 2. The diagrams on the map also show the fractions of emissions deposited to the Baltic Sea. The highest fractions

40 196 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM belong to Denmark and Sweden (18% and 10%, respectively), and the lowest one to the Russian Federation (about 0.4%). 100% Emissions in % to % 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 1. Total annual emissions of PCDD/Fs to air from HELCOM countries in period (% of 1990).

41 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 197 Figure 2: Map of PCDD/F emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. Green bars indicate expert estimates. (Emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russia, where emissions from the territory of Russia within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries!

42 198 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Data Numerical data on PCDD/F anthropogenic emissions of HELCOM countries are given in the following table that can be found in the attached Microsoft Excel file (PCDDF_emissions_data.xls). Table 1. Total annual PCDD/F emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries in period from 1990 to Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM Meta data Technical information: 1. Source: EMEP/MSC-E UN ECE Secretariat 2. Description of data: Annual total emissions of dioxins and furans were officially reported to the UN ECE Secretariat by HELCOM countries. These data can be obtained from the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) ( 3. Geographical coverage: European region 4. Temporal coverage: Data on PCDD/F annual emission totals are available for the period for all HELCOM countries but Russia. The Russian Federation did not submit the information on emissions. Values of

43 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 199 PCDD/F emissions from Russia were estimated by CEIP (Tista et al., 2017b). 5. Methodology and frequency of data collection: National data on PCDD/F emissions are annually submitted by countries Parties to CLRTAP Convention to the UN ECE Secretariat. The methodology is based on combination of emission measurements and emission estimates based on activity data and emission factors. Submitted data are processed using quality assurance and quality control procedure and stored in the UN ECE/EMEP emission database at EMEP/CEIP Centre. Quality information: 6. Strength and weakness: Strength: data on emissions are annually submitted, checked and stored in the database Weakness: gaps in time series of national emissions, uncertainties in national emissions, lack of gridded emissions, and incompleteness 7. Uncertainty: Among the HELCOM countries the level of uncertainty of official data on PCDD/F emission was reported by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Poland, and Sweden. From the other EMEP countries the information on uncertainties of PCDD/F official emissions is available for Belarus, Belgium, France, Croatia, Cyprus, and the United Kingdom. The uncertainty of reported data on PCDD/F emissions expressed as percentage relative to mean value of emission is as follows: Country Uncertainty of emissions Finland ±40 53% Denmark 296% Estonia 89% Latvia 73% Poland 66% Sweden 133% Belarus 144% Belgium 237% France 36% Croatia 314% Cyprus 211% The UK ±>50% 8. Further work required: Further work of national experts on emissions of dioxins and furans is required to fill the gaps in the emission time-series and to reduce their uncertainties.

44 200 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs on the Baltic Sea Editor: Alexey Gusev, EMEP MSC-E Key message Annual atmospheric deposition fluxes of PCDD/Fs over the Baltic Sea have decreased in period from 1990 to 2015 by 67%. Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in PCDD/F atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea. Levels of atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs represent the pressure of emission sources on the Baltic Sea aquatic environment. Policy relevance and policy reference HELCOM adopted a Recommendation in May 2001 for the cessation of hazardous substance discharges/emissions by 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near to background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. Assessment Annual atmospheric deposition fluxes of PCDD/Fs over the surface of the Baltic Sea have decreased in period by 67% (Figure 1). The figure illustrates relative changes of computed total annual PCDD/F atmospheric deposition on to the Baltic Sea. Along with that the changes of normalized deposition are presented, which reflect the effect of emission variations without taking into account the influence of interannual variations of meteorological conditions. Description of the procedure applied for normalization of annual deposition is given in the Annex D of the Joint report of the EMEP Centres (Bartnicki et al., 2017). The most significant decrease of PCDD/F atmospheric deposition can be noted for the Sound (76%) and the Western Baltic (74%) sub-basins. For other sub-basins the decline of deposition varies from about 50% to 72% (Table 1). Evaluation of PCDD/F contamination of the Baltic Sea region is performed using two scenarios of emission data, namely, officially submitted PCDD/F emissions and scenario of PCDD/F emissions prepared by EMEP/MSC-E. Model simulations based on official emission data underestimate observed levels of PCDD/F concentrations. The use of emission scenario obtained on the basis of inverse modelling approach and available measurements permit to obtain reasonable agreement of modelling results with observed PCDD/F pollution levels. Description of this approach and prepared scenario of PCDD/F emissions for the EMEP domain can be found in the EMEP Status Report (Shatalov et al., 2012). According to modelling results with scenario emissions the highest level of PCDD/F atmospheric deposition fluxes in 2015 is estimated for the Sound subbasin (2.1 ng TEQ/m 2 /y), while the lowest one for the Bothnian Sea sub-basin (0.2 ng TEQ/m 2 /y). In other subbasins the level of deposition fluxes varies from about 0.3 to 1.0 ng TEQ/m 2 /y. Among the HELCOM countries the most significant contributions to deposition over the Baltic Sea belong to Russia and Poland.

45 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets Deposition in % to Deposition in % to a) b) Figure 1: Relative changes of modelled absolute (a) and normalized (b) total annual atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs to the Baltic Sea for the period , (in % to deposition in 1990).

46 202 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 2: Time-series of computed annual atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs over the six sub-basins of the Baltic Sea for the period in g TEQ/year as bars (left axis) and deposition fluxes in ng TEQ/m 2 /year as lines (right axis). Note that different scales are used for deposition in g TEQ/year and the same scales for deposition fluxes.