Can Energy Efficiency Standards Reduce Emissions in India and China?

Transcription

1 Can Energy Efficiency Standards Reduce Emissions in India and China? Meredydd Evans GTSP Technical Review May 28, 2009, College Park, MD 1

2 Overview Why buildings are important Trends in China and India Energy efficiency standards and policies for buildings A brief history Implementation and enforcement What this means going forward: goals and projections Concluding thoughts 2

3 Trends

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5 New Building Construction in China Each year about billion m2 of new floor space completed, accounting for 50% of the global total For example: Urban Rural 5

6 Demand for Appliances in China

7 Energy Consumption by Sector in China 500 million toe Notes: Energy consumption in this figure refers to final energy use, which includes consumption of renewable and waste energy; the sector Others includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and non-specified and non-energy use. Industry Sector Residential Building Sector Transportation Commerce and Public Services Others Source: IEA,

8 Energy Consumption by Sector in India Mtoe Industry Sector Residential Building Sector Transportation Commerce and Public Services Others -.

9 Energy Efficiency Standards and Policies

10 History of Building Energy Standards AUS Commerical Residential CAN Commerical Residential CHN Commerical Residential IND Commerical JAP Commerical Residential KOR Commerical USA Commercial Residential MEC ASHRAE MEC ASHRAE

11 Snapshot of Building Energy Standards: Cold Climate (lower is more efficient) U-factor in Btu/hr-sf- F (for a 10-story commercial building in Beijing, Indian cold climate zone, U.S. 4C climate zone, Australia zone 8) U.S. China India Australia Wall Roof Windows 0.40 to to Data not compatible Power lighting density (w/sf) to

12 Roof U-factors in Hot Climate (lower is more efficient) U-factor 0.6 Roof (Low) Roof (High) Midpoint Hainan, China (Residential) Hainan, China (Commercial) Miami, U.S. New Delhi, India Darwin, Australia U-factors in metric units

13 Comparison of Building Standard Requirements: Additional Notes No single country in the Asia-Pacific region stands out with consistently strong requirements. India is very strong in envelope; Japan is very strong in windows. China tends to have less stringent requirements comparatively. Japan and Korea have point systems; other countries have prescriptive systems with options for flexibility. Not all the standards cover the same topics. For example, India s standard only covers commercial buildings. China deals with lighting in separate standard. Japan s standards cover building maintenance in addition to construction. Requirements in all countries have been getting stronger in all countries over past 10 years. 13

14 Improvements to Standard Requirements U.S. has goal of improving commercial and residential standards by 30% by 2010 and 2012, respectively AND achieving monitored compliance of 90% at state level China has goal of improving residential standard by 50%-- to be issued this year. India issued its first building energy standard 2 years ago Japan, Korea and Australia have all strengthened their standards in the last 5 years. Canada plans to do so in next few years.

15 Enforcement Rates No gold standard to assess In China: reported rates and estimates range from 10% to 80+% In India: very low enforcement rate now In Japan: 85% commercial, 36% residential Korea: about 50% Enforcement has been improving fairly rapidly in all countries over the past 10 years: Forbidding occupancy or sale in cases of non-compliance, fines, publishing names of non-compliers, financial and other incentives for compliance, plus information, software and training to support compliance

16 Building Energy Standards in China, 1986 Source: Qingqin Wang (2006) 16

17 Additional Policies and Programs: China Program to retrofit residential buildings in the North Heat reforms Green Building Evaluation Standard (like LEED) and Innovation Awards Regulations on Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings Pilot projects for renewables and energy efficiency in buildings Many city-sponsored initiatives (e.g. Shanghai)

18 Building Standard Enforcement in China Ministry of Housing, and Urban-Rural Development in charge of enforcement through its local Construction Administration Departments. 3 rd party verifiers certify building designs and actual construction. Verifiers must pass an exam, but they may have conflicts of interest. Scale makes creating enforcement systems challenging: 10,000 construction sites in Beijing alone. Enforcement stronger in the North, weak in the South. Additional challenge: existence of distinct, often weaker local and provincial standards. Not usually legal, but not uncommon. Efforts to improve: National audit system to randomly check building drawings and inspection reports in major cities. New inspection standard and penalties for non-compliance. 18

19 Enforcement in India India has a voluntary standard. Indian states must adopt it for it to become mandatory. India has a fairly well-developed system of enforcing building codes for structural issues. Similar to the U.S. with design review and inspections. Could be a model for enforcing building energy standard. India also has a very active green building program, with numerous low-energy buildings in place or under construction. A few specific issues: No local production of insulation, impact of glass buildings in hot climate Air-conditioners not designed for hot Indian climate, efficiency drops by 1/3

20 What this means going forward: goals and projections

21 China s Energy Efficiency Targets By the end of 2010, save 110 million tons of coal equivalent Improvements in new buildings: 50% by 2010 Existing buildings energy retrofits: Big city 25%, medium city 15%, small city 10%, plus measures for government facilities Renewable energy used in 25% of new buildings Improvements in district heating with heat reforms Source: MOC, 2006

22 China and India: Building Energy Demand China: Building Energy Demand Reference Scenario China: Building Energy Demand 450 Policy Trad. Biomass 25 Trad. Biomass EJ Refined liquids Electricity Gas Coal EJ Refined liquids Electricity Gas Coal 15 Biomass 10 Biomass India: Building Energy Demand Reference Scenario India: Building Energy Demand 450 Policy EJ Trad. Biomass Refined liquids Electricity Gas Coal Biomass EJ Trad. Biomass Refined liquids Electricity Gas Coal Biomass demand: 450 Policy scenario results in lower total demand, shift toward electricity

23 Scenarios for Building Energy Demand in Asia Building Energy Demand Reference Scenario EJ Australia-NZ China India Japan Korea Building Energy Demand 450 Policy Scenario EJ Australia-NZ China India Japan Korea

24 Conclusions Standards are becoming stricter everywhere; enforcement is getting stronger Growth in new buildings makes efficiency improvements harder to see, but it is still important not to ignore efficiency gains Appropriate technologies important: e.g. impact of glass buildings in hot climates Significant potential for further improvement: countries usually pick less than an optimal cost-benefit ratio in standards, and enforcement can improve