Energy & Society Toolkit Appendices Toolkit Appendices 1

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2 Table of Contents 1. Orders of Magnitude 3 2. Units and Conversion Factors Distance Area Volume Mass Pressure Temperature Force Energy Power 5 3. Energy Reference Numbers Approximate Values of the Most Common Measures of Energy Approximate Values of the Most Common Energy Flows Energy Content of Select Substances 7 4. Power Reference Numbers Examples of Power Use and Requirements 8 5. Energy Resources, Emissions, and Data Global Exergy Flux, Reservoirs, and Destruction Fossil Energy Resources Renewable Energy Resources Emissions Factors References 15 2

3 1. ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE Table 1 Orders of Magnitude & Metric Unit Conversions Multiple Prefix Symbol atto a femto p pico p nano n micro milli m centi c deci d deka da hecto h ,000 kilo k ,000,000 Mega M ,000,000,000 Giga G ,000,000,000,000 Tera T ,000,000,000,000,000 Peta P ,000,000,000,000,000,000 Exa E 3

4 2. UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2.1. Distance 1 meter (m) = feet (ft) = inches (in) 1 mile (mi) = 5280 ft = kilometers (km) 1 micron (µ) = 10-6 m 1 angstrom (Å ) = m 2.2. Area 1 square meter (m 2 ) = (100 cm) 2 = 10 4 square centimeters (cm 2 ) 1 square meter (m 2 ) = (3.281 ft) 2 = 10.8 square feet (ft 2 ) 1 square kilometer (km 2 ) = (1000 m) 2 = 10 6 m 2 = 0.4 square miles (mi 2 ) 1 hectare (ha) = (100 m) 2 = 10 4 m 2 = 2.47 acres 1 acre = ft 2 1 barn (b) = cm Volume 1 cubic meter (m 3 ) = 1000 liters (l) = US gallons (gal) = cubic feet (ft 3 ) 1 liter (l) = 10 3 cubic centimeters (cm 3 ) = 10 3 ml = US quarts 1 acre foot = m 3 1 cord = 128 ft 3 1 board foot = m 3 1 cubic mile = 4.17 cubic kilometers (km 3 ) 1 barrel of petroleum (bbl) = 42 US gallons = m Mass 1 kilogram (kg) = pounds (lb) 1 metric ton (tonne) = 10 3 kg = short tons = long tons 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces avoirdupois (oz) = grams (g) 2.5. Pressure 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m 2 1 bar = 10 5 Pa = atmospheres (atm) 1 atmosphere (atm) = 76 cm of mercury = lb/in 2 = 760 torr 2.6. Temperature Degrees Celsius ( C) = [degrees Fahrenheit ( F) 32] Degrees Fahrenheit ( F) = [degrees Celsius ( C)] +32 Kelvins (K) = degrees Celsius ( C) Force 1 Newton (N) = 1 kg m s Energy 1 joule (J) = 1 Newton-meter (N m) = 1 kg m 2 s 2 1 joule (J) = 10 7 ergs 1 joule (J) = calories (cal) 1 joule (J) = British thermal units (Btu) 4

5 1 joule (J) = 1 watt second (Ws) 1 joule (J) = electron volts (ev) 1 kilowatt-hour (kwh) = J = 3414 Btu 1 quad = Btu = J 1 therm = 10 5 Btu 1 foot pound = J 1 kiloton of TNT (KT) = J 1 calorie (cal) = J 1 Calorie = 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 10 3 calories (cal) 1 tonne of oil equivalent (toe) = GJ 2.9. Power 1 Watt (W) = 1 joule/second (J s) = 3.6 kj/hour = 31.5 MJ/year 1 horsepower (hp) = kilowatts (kw) 5

6 3. ENERGY REFERENCE NUMBERS 3.1. Approximate Values of the Most Common Measures of Energy Reference energy measure: joule (J) 1 British thermal unit (Btu) 1 kilojoule (kj) 1 million Btu 1 gigajoule (GJ) 1 GJ 8 gallons of gasoline 1000 cubic feet of natural gas 33 kg of coal 4 GJ 1 ton of TNT 6 GJ 1 barrel of oil (bbl) 15 GJ 1 ton of wood 30 GJ 1 ton of coal 1,000,000,000 GJ = 1 exajoule = 1 quad Reference energy measure: watt (W) 70 gigawatts (GW) 1 million bbl of oil per day 2 exajoules per year 1 terawatt (TW) 1 billion tons of coal per year 30 exajoules per year Reference energy measure: 1 British thermal unit (Btu) i 1,028 Btu 1 cubic foot of natural gas 3,412 Btu 1 kilowatt-hour electricity (kwh) 3,500,000 Btu 1 barrel of fuel ethanol 5,200,000 Btu 1 barrel of gasoline 5,800,000 Btu 1 barrel of crude oil 22,230,000 Btu 1 tonne coal 3.2. Approximate Values of the Most Common Energy Flows Flow Value in Terawatts(10 12 W) Energy radiated by sun into space Solar radiation incident on top of Earth s atmosphere 175,000 Solar radiation reflected back to space from Earth 53,000 Solar radiation reflected back to space from Earth s atmosphere 46,000 Solar radiation absorbed in atmosphere 44,000 Rate at which latent heat flows from Earth s surface to atmosphere 42,000 Rate at which infrared radiation leaving Earth s surface flows directly to space 10,200 Rate at which convective heat flows from Earth s surface to atmosphere 8,600 Wind, waves, ocean currents 500-2,000 Net primary productivity on earth Energy conducted from Earth s interior to its surface World energy consumption (1980) 10 U.S. energy consumption (1980) 2.5 Energy content of food consumed by world s human population (1980) 0.55 World electricity production (1980) 0.87 U.S. electricity production (1980)

7 3.3. Approximate Energy Content of Select Substances Substance Energy Content (10 6 J/kg unless otherwise noted) Natural gas J/m 3 Gasoline 48 Petroleum (crude) 43 ( J/bbl) Typical animal fat 38 Coal 29.3 Charcoal 29 Paper 20 Dry biomass 16 Air-dried wood or dung 15 Crop wastes (20% moisture) 13 Bread 12 Milk 3 Beer 1.8 7

8 4. POWER REFERENCE NUMBERS 4.1. Examples of Power Use and Requirements Power (Production and Use) Lift a mosquito at a rate of 1 cm/sec Pumping human heart Combusting a match Human working hard Draft horse working Compact car, moving Boeing 747 jetliner, cruising One large coal fired power plant All power plants worldwide All cars in the US, on at the same time Total human energy use (7 billion people) Power Requirements (with units) 1 erg/sec = 10-7 W = kw 1.5 W = kw 10 W = 10-2 kw 0.1 kw 1 kw 100 kw 250,000 kw kw = 1 GW of electricity kw = 2,000 GW kw = 15,000 GW kw = GQ = 400 Quads/year From, Tester, et al., (2005). 8

9 5. ENERGY RESOURCES, EMISSIONS, AND DATA 5.1. Global Exergy Flux, Reservoirs, and Destruction For more information, see Weston A., Hermann. Quantifying global exergy resources. Energy 31, no. 12 (September 2006):

10 5.2. Fossil Energy Resources Table 2 Global Fossil Energy Reserves, Resources, and Occurrences, in EJ Table from Nakicenovic N, et al. (1997), pg 87, Table B-3. 10

11 5.3. Renewable Energy Resources Table 3 Global Renewable Energy Potentials by , maximum technical potential, and annual natural flows, in EJ thermal equivalent a Table from Nakicenovic N, et al. (1997), pg 88, Table B Emissions Factors Table 4 Carbon-emissions factors for some primary energy sources (kg C/GJ) Fuel IPCC 1996 IPCC 2006 Default Lower Upper LIQUID FOSSIL FUELS Primary Fuels Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids Secondary Fuels / Products Gasoline 18.9 Motor Gasoline Aviation Gasoline Jet Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil

12 Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Liquefied Petroleum Gases Ethane Naptha (20.0) a Bitumen Lubricants (20.0) a Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks (20.0) a Refinery Gas 18.2 b Paraffin Waxes White Spirit & SBP Other Petroleum Products Other Oil (20.0) a SOLID FOSSIL FUELS Primary Fuels Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub-bituminous Coal Lignite Oil Shale (& Tar Sands c ) Peat Secondary Fuels / Products BKB & Patent Fuel 25.8 a Coke Oven / Gas Coke Coke Oven Gas 25.8 b Blast Furnace Gas Gas Works Gas Oxygen Steel Furnace Gas GASEOUS FOSSIL FUELS Natural Gas (Dry) BIOMASS Solid Biomass 29.9 Municipal Waste Biomass Fraction Municipal Waste Non-biomass Fraction Industrial Wastes Charcoal Wood / Wood Waste Sulphite Ives (black liquor) Other Primary Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass (20.0) a Biogasoline Biodiesels

13 Other Liquid Biofuels Gas Biomass (30.6) a Landfill Gas Sludge Gas Other Biogas a This value is a default value until a fuel specific carbon emissions factor (CEF) is determined. For gas biomass, the CEF is based on the assumption that 50% of the carbon in the biomass is converted to methane and 50% is emitted as CO2. The CO2 emissions from biogas should not be included in national inventories. If biogas is released and not combusted, 50% of the carbon content should be included as methane. (IPCC 1996) b For use in the sectoral calculations. (IPCC 1996) c Tar sands added in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories The table below combines data from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Units are in kg C/GJ 13

14 Table from Nakicenovic N, et al. (1997), pg 80, Table B-2. 14

15 6. REFERENCES Nakicenovic N, Grübler A, Ishitani H, Johansson T, Marland G, et al Energy primer. In Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses, ed. RT Watson, MC Zinyouera, RH Moss, pp Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change, Geneva. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Tester, Jefferson W., Drake, Elisabeth, M., Driscoll, Michael J., Golay, Michael W., Peters, William A. Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options (MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 2005). i Committee on America s Energy Future Appendix D in America s Energy Future: Technology and Transformation. National Academies Press: Washington, DC. 15