AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 On-site Domestic Wastewater Management CONTENTS COMPARISON [PART B: AS/NZS 1547:2000 LISTED ORDER]

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1 AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 On-site Domestic Wastewater Management CONTENTS COMPARISON [PART B: AS/NZS 1547:2000 LISTED ORDER] AS/NZS 1547:2012 Page AS/NZS 1547:2000 Page NOTES re 2012 CHANGES FOREWORD (i) Foreword 6 Systems are to be effective and sustainable. Focus is thus on the management of risk to public health and the environment. 1 GENERAL Part 1: General Purpose of Standard Objective changed to Purpose Systems covered Adds disinfection. Adds guidelines and design manuals used by others are OK System size Exclusions Greywater 9 Qualifications added re recycling. 1.6 Interpretation Referenced documents Application Users of this Standard Legislation Australia New Zealand New Zealand Building Code Resource Management Act Administration and management Innovative and alternative systems to be assessed Definitions Several new definitions added Inclusions Brings domestic wastewater definition into here Abbreviations Several new abbreviations added. 1.2 Scope Requirements for sustainable functioning of onsite systems Section modified to fit sustainability intent. 4 PERFORMANCE STATEMENTS Primary performance objectives Restructured section Public health Environment Community amenity Resource utilisation On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 1

2 4.3 Primary performance requirements Public health and environment Secondary performance objectives Site-and-soil evaluation Community amenity Resource utilisation Clause simplified Performance requirements for site-and-soil evaluation Wastewater treatment systems Wastewater treatment units Performance requirements for wastewater Amended. treatment units Capacity Structural design Performance criteria for wastewater treatment units Design flow Performance requirements for land application system design Land application systems Land application system design Modified. 6 CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND 58 Restructured section incorporating parts of sections 2, 3 and 4. MAINTENANCE Performance requirements Serviceable life is updated Siting Amended. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 2

3 Capacity of septic tanks Capacity requirements Capacity of septic tanks Reduced water supply changed to restricted water supply. Restricted water supply Food waste disposal units Food waste disposal units replaces garbage grinders Construction of on-site systems Wastewater treatment units Effluent quality and land application Site work Distribution system ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDANCE Construction, installation, and operation Advice and education ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Implementation 32 Roles 7.4 Reports Site-and-soil evaluation report Design report Installation and commissioning report(s) Maintenance report Loading certificate to be provided [content detailed in (d)]. 3.1 The regulatory authority Expanded significantly. 3.2 Planners/surveyors/land developers Site evaluators and soil assessors Designers To provide a loading certificate. 3.5 Installation contractors Equipment manufacturers and suppliers Maintenance and desludging/pumpout contractors Property owners Home owners changed to property owners. 3.9 Estate agents and property transfer agents On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 3

4 to Education and Training section deleted Operation, maintenance, and monitoring General Operation and maintenance procedures Appendix T: Operation and maintenance guidelines (Informative) T2 Preparation Copy of operation and maintenance guidelines Monitoring General Monitoring frequency Community-wide schemes Individual systems T3 Content of operation and maintenance guidelines 196 3A Operation and maintenance record sheets Maintenance certificate Health T5 Typical content of operation and maintenance guidelines for 197 3A3 44 householders T5.1.4 Reserve areas 199 3A T5.1 Description of wastewater treatment and land 197 3A Wastewater treatment unit replaces septic tank. application systems T5.1.1 The wastewater treatment unit T5.1.2 Land application system 197 3A T Trenches T Beds T Evapotranspiration/absorption/seepage systems T Mound systems T Irrigation systems (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) T5.1.3 Distribution systems 198 3A On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 4

5 T5.2 Operation and maintenance requirements 200 3A T5.2.1 Advice to a property owner/occupier on use of the system T5.2.2 Advice on maintenance 201 3A T5.2.3 Advice on operating problems 202 3A T5.3.4 Consequences of failure 202 3A T5.2.5 Advice on property owner/occupier 202 3A responsibilities T5.2.6 Advice on alternative on-site systems 202 3A Site-and-soil evaluation Land application system design criteria Minimum design requirements Site-and-soil evaluation General methodology Adds requirement re risk reduction measures Types of site-and-soil evaluation Site-and-soil evaluation procedure Summary Reporting Extent and intensity of site-and-soil evaluation Sewerage system option to be evaluated Timing of site-and-soil evaluation Results of site-and-soil evaluation Determination of soil category Design loading/irrigation rate Design process List of systems covered is expanded. 4.2A1 4.2A2 4.2A Design output Adds requirement for risk management assessment Siting considerations Refers designer to Appendix R on setback distances Reserve area Distribution system A Stormwater control Land use activity Nutrients Refers designer to Appendix S on nutrients. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 5

6 5.5.7 Reporting Holding tanks Solids management Alternative toilet systems Wastewater treatment units other than septic tanks CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE 58 Restructured section incorporating parts of sections 2, 3 and Scope Construction and installation Land application systems Refers to Appendices L to N Installation of on-site systems Pumpout Soil Surface water Drainage lines Installation instructions Instructions Repairs Commissioning and inspections Installation and validation Commissioning of pump systems Installation and commissioning report(s) Manuals APPENDICES Appendix B: Site-and-soil evaluation procedures 83 Appendix 4.1A 74 (Normative) B1 Scope A1 74 B2 Desktop study B2.1 Objective B2.2 Groundwater B2.3 Site plans A2 74 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 6

7 B3 Site-and-soil check (SSC) A3 75 B3.1 Matters to be considered B3.2 Reporting B4 Soil assessment B4.1 General A4 77 Note: 4.1A5 on nutrient loading considerations has now been replaced by a new Appendix S. B4.2 Soil inspection procedures B4.3 Assessment of soil properties B4.4 Reporting B5 Dispersive soils A6 79 B5.1 General B5.2 Reclassification of dispersive soils B6 Soil permeability measurement A7 79 B7 Reporting A8 79 Appendix C: Site-and-soil evaluation for planning, 90 Appendix 4.1B 81 rezoning, and subdivision of land (Normative) C1 Scope B1 81 C2 General B2 81 C3 Site-and-soil evaluation C3.1 Terrain-soil combinations C3.2 Land surface shape C3.3 Gradient C3.4 Water C3.5 Soil inspection C3.5.1 Personnel C3.5.2 Soil survey C3.5.3 Favourable land C3.5.4 Soil sampling and inspection C3.6 Unfavourable land C3.7 Low environmental risk C3.8 Final plan C3.9 Final plan report B3 81 Appendix D: Site-and-soil evaluation for individual lots 96 Appendix 4.1C 87 (Normative) D1 Scope C1 87 D2 Site assessment D2.1 General D2.2 Preliminary interpretation C2 87 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 7

8 D3 Soil assessment for individual lots C3 89 Expanded commentary on soil boreholes and observation pits. D3.1 Soil data collection procedures D3.1.1 Standard procedure D3.1.2 Modified procedure D3.2 Inspection record or log D4 Reserve land application area C4 90 D5 Unfavourable results C5 90 D6 Site report C6 90 Appendix E: Site-and-soil properties (Normative) 104 Appendix 4.1D 95 E1 Scope D1 95 E2 Assessment of site exposure D2 95 E3 Assessment of soil colour D3 95 E4 Assessment of soil texture E4.1 Field assessment E4.2 Laboratory assessment E5 Assessment of course fragments E5.1 General E5.2 Abundance E5.3 Size D4 96 Table E1 (replacing Table 4.1D1) now includes Soil Category numbers D5 98 E5.4 Relevance and impact E6 Assessment of soil structure D6 99 E7 Assessment of soil dispersion D7 100 Appendix F: Dispersive soil and sodicity (Informative) 111 Appendix 4.1E 101 F1 Scope E1 101 F2 Discussion E2 101 Appendix G: Soil permeability measurement Constant 112 Appendix 4.1F 102 head test (Normative) G1 Scope F1 102 G2 Principle F2 102 G3 Apparatus F3 102 Stopwatch included to enable set time interval to be determined. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 8

9 G4 Test procedure F4 103 G4.1 Single test holes G4.2 Multiple test holes G5 Test results F5 106 G6 Test calculation F6 106 Correct equation now provided. Clarification provided on depth to impermeable layer. G7 Test records F Considerations for land application system design A System selection considerations A Limiting site-and-soil factors A Site A Soil A Soils and LTAR/DLR/DIR values A Soil category/dlr/dir values A5.1 to These sections moved to commentary C New summary Table 5.1 of DLR/DIR values added Restrictive soil conditions A Improving LTAR A These sections moved to commentary C Design flow A Evapotranspiration A Appendix L: Land application methods Trenches, beds A7 115 and ETA/ETS systems (Normative) L1 General A A L2 Selection of DLR values A A L4 Design area sizing A L4.1 General L4.2 Sizing L5 Construction and installation A A L3 Plants A Appendix N: Land application methods Mounds A9 120 (Normative) N1 General A Emphasises mounds are not raised sand filters. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 9

10 N2 Design N2.1 Sizing N2.2 Application rates A Sand loading rate (which sizes distribution bed) reduced from 50mm/day to 40mm/day. Appendix M: Land application methods Irrigation A systems (Normative) M1 General A10.1 and M3 Drip irrigation (secondary effluent) A M3.1 Shallow subsurface drip irrigation M3.2 Covered surface drip irrigation A M4 Spray irrigation (disinfected secondary effluent) A M6 Irrigation system design A Section expanded. M6.1 General M6.2 Design irrigation rate A M7 Irrigation area A M7.1 General A Use of good quality topsoil discussed. M7.2 Designated area A M8 Spray irrigation A M2 Effluent quality requirements A M2.1 Covered surface drip and shallow subsurface drip A irrigation M2.2 Spray irrigation A M2.4 E.coli A Thermotolerant coliforms replaced by E.coli. Appendix K Land application systems Guidance on 128 Appendix 4.2B 127 selection (Informative) K1 Scope B1 127 K2 Application B2 127 K3 Limitations due to site, soil, and climatic factors B3 127 K3.1 General K3.2 Salinisation K3.3 Modifications to systems K3.4 System options K3.5 Setback distances K4 Selecting the land application system to fit the site and the soil B4 127 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 10

11 Appendix Q: Water balance and land application systems 180 Appendix 4.2C 137 (Informative) Q1 Scope C1 137 Q2 General C2 137 Q3 Land application water-balance C3 138 Q4 Water-balance and primary treated effluent C4 138 Q4.1 General Q4.2 Trenches and beds Q4.3 Evapotranspiration/absorption/seepage systems Q4.4 Mounds Q5 Water-balance and secondary effluent Q5.1 Secondary effluent quality Q5.2 Subsurface drip irrigation Q5.3 Covered surface drip and spray irrigation C5 139 Appendix H: Typical domestic wastewater flow design allowances (Informative) 121 Appendix 4.2D 141 Appendix J: Recommended capacities for septic tanks 125 Appendix 4.3A 143 (Informative) J1 Scope A1 143 J2 Context of use A2 143 J3 Septic tank capacities J3.1 Service time J3.2 All-waste septic tank capacities J3.3 Greywater septic tank capacities J3.4 Blackwater septic tank capacities A3 143 Expanded explanatory information provided re settling volume allowance. J4 Pumpout frequency A4 144 Notes that septic tanks with outlet filters can have a reduced pumpout frequency. L5.1 General A L5.2 Dimensions A A L5.3 Construction details A A L5.4 Surface water A On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 11

12 L6 Effluent loading A4 151 L6.1 Gravity loading L6.1.1 Trench or bed length L6.1.2 Distribution pipe L6.1.3 Arches A A4.1.4 boxed trenches (p. 150) has apparently been omitted. Their advantage is their capacity to store large volume, intermittent daily flows of effluent. The diagram for boxed trenches remains as Fig. L3. L6.2 Discharge control trench effluent loading method for category 1 soil A Expanded details on sand media specification is provided [after 2000 version mistakenly indicated distribution aggregate in Fig 4.5A4 (p. 150)]. L6.3 Dose loading of effluent A Recommends use of LPED dose lines and automatic L7 Construction techniques A5 153 L7.1 Good construction technique L7.2 Dispersive soil L7.3 Filling trenches and beds L8 Installation pipe laying A6 154 L9 Inspection A7 154 L10 Pre-commissioning tests A8 155 L11 Commissioning A9 155 L12 Marking A L13 Reporting A N3 Construction and installation N3.1 Site protection N3.2 Construction preparation N3.3 Construction of the mound N3.3.1 Delivery pipe N3.3.2 Sand-fill media N3.3.3 Distribution bed N3.3.4 Effluent distribution network N3.3.5 Pre-commissioning tests N3.3.6 Finish of distribution bed N4 Commissioning B4 159 N5 Reporting B5 159 sequencing valves B3 156 The distribution manifold in N3.3.4 is to be placed so it drains between doses. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 12

13 C2 and D2 164 consolidated M9 Construction M9.1 General M9.2 Setbacks M9.3 Sloping sites M9.4 Distribution systems M9.4.1 LPED irrigation M9.4.2 Covered surface drip M9.4.3 Spray M10 Installation M10.1 Pump system M10.2 Pipework M10.3 Solids, soil and water M11 Pre-commissioning tests M11.1 Drip irrigation C3 and 4.5D3 consolidated C4 and 4.5D4 consolidated M12 Commissioning C5 4.5D5 M13 Marking C6 4.5D6 M14 Reporting C7 4.5D Soil category/dlr/dir values A5.1 to Complete revision of this section to incorporate new information on sloping sites and on LPED primary effluent irrigation. New figures are provided for drip, spray and LPED irrigation (with old Figures 4.5C1 and 4.5D1 deleted). Sub-surface and surface drip consolidated. Sub-surface and surface drip consolidated. These sections moved to commentary C New summary Table 5.1 of DLR/DIR values added. TABLES 3.1 Implementation processes and persons involved Essential stages 24 Table Determination of soil category 39 Table B1 Summary of investigation procedures 86 Table 4.1A1 77 B2 Soil properties 87 Table 4.1A2 78 D1 Site assessment factors Individual lot 97 Table4.1C1 88 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 13

14 E1 Assessment of soil textures 106 Table 4.1D1 97 E2 Abundance of coarse fragments 107 Table 4.1D2 98 E3 Size of coarse fragments 107 Table 4.1D3 98 E4 Structure 108 Table 4.1D4 99 L1 Recommended design loading rates for trenches and beds 145 Tables 4.2A1 and 4.2A ETA/ETS systems consolidated with trenches and beds. N1 Recommended mound design loading rates 172 Table 4.2A3 121 M1 Recommended design irrigation rate (DIR) for irrigation systems K1 Land application systems Limitations due to site, soil, and climatic factors K2 Selecting the land application system to fit the site and the soil 160 Table 4.2A4 125 Expanded to include DIR values for drip, spray and LPED irrigation Table 4.2B Table4.2B2 132 J1 All-waste septic tank operational capacities 127 Table 4.3A1 143 J2 Greywater septic tank operational capacities 127 Table4.3A2 144 J3 Blackwater septic tank operational capacities 127 Table4.3A3 144 L2 Typical dimensions of conventional trenches and beds 146 Table 4.5A1 147 FIGURES 6.1 Example record sheet Septic tank and trench system 65 Figure T1 The septic tank and land application system 199 Figure 3A1 45 T2 Traditional septic 200 Figure 3A2 47 B1 Site-and-soil evaluation form: Excavation log Example 89 Figure 4.1A1 80 C1 Site-and-soil evaluation process for subdivisions 91 Figure 4.1B1 82 C2 Slope configuration and surface drainage 93 Figure 4.1B2 84 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 14

15 D1 Site plan Individual lot Example 100 Figure 4.1C1 91 D2 Site information sheet Example 101 Figure 4.1C2 92 D3 Site-and-soil evaluation form Individual lot Example 102 Figure 4.1C3 93 G1 Permeameter assembly 115 Figure 4.1F1 104 G2 Anti-scouring device 116 Figure 4.1F2 105 G3 Soil permeability field record sheet Example 120 Figure 4.1F3 108 Q1 The natural water balance of land 180 Figure 4.2C1 137 L1 Conventional piped trench 151 Figure 4.5A1 148 L2 Self-supporting arch trench 151 Figure 4.5A2 148 L3 Boxed trench 152 Figure 4.5A3 149 L4 Discharge control trench 153 Figure 4.5A4 150 Sand fill media replaces distribution aggregate. L5 Conventional bed 153 Figure 4.5A5 150 L6 ETA/ETS bed details 154 Figure 4.5A6 152 L7 ETA/ETS trenches 154 Figure 4.5A7 152 N1 Wisconsin mound system 174 Figure 4.5B1 157 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 15

16 PROVISIONS 1 GENERAL 1.4 Risk management framework Structure of this Standard Conversion of per cent grade, slope, and gradient 19 2 RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS 2.1 Scope Performance requirement The risk management process Implementing risk management Protection of public health and the environment Organisational performance Review and evaluation Secondary performance objectives Construction and installation Operation and maintenance 32 5 DESIGN OF ON-SITE SYSTEMS 5.1 Scope Overview Includes NOTE from Disinfection Performance criteria for 46 disinfection Contaminants Pathogens Replaces Note 2 to Table 4.2B Other equipment Operation, maintenance and monitoring Performance requirements for operation, maintenance, and monitoring Incidents and emergencies 64 Contingency plan and troubleshooting guide required. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 16

17 APPENDICES Appendix A: Risk management process guidelines (Informative) A1 Scope 71 A2 Context 71 A3 Risk management process 72 A3.1 Introduction 72 A3.2 Steps in the risk management process 72 A3.2.1 Communicate and consult 73 A3.2.2 Establish the context 74 A3.3.3 Identify risks 74 A3.2.4 Analyse risks 75 A3.2.5 Evaluate risks 75 A3.2.6 Reduce risks 76 A3.2.7 Monitor and review 76 A4 Risk management examples 76 Appendix E: Site-and-soil properties E8 Assessment of areal porosity 109 Appendix H: Typical domestic wastewater flow design allowances H1 Scope 121 H2 Design flow and peak occupancy 121 Fully revised and split into Australia and New Zealand design flow allowance Tables. Appendix M: Land application methods Irrigation systems M2.3 LPED irrigation 156 M5 LPED irrigation (primary and secondary effluent) 158 M11.2 LPED Irrigation 166 Appendix P: Disinfection (Informative) P1 Chlorination P1.1 Disinfection apparatus P1.2 Chlorine dosing P1.3 Monitoring and maintenance P2 Ultraviolet P2.1 Disinfection apparatus P2.2 Maintenance On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 17

18 Appendix Q: Water balance and land application systems Q4.5 LPED irrigation Appendix R: Recommended setback distances for land application systems (Informative) R1 Scope 184 R2 Application 184 R3 References/guidelines used in the development of these 190 setback distances Appendix S: Nutrients (Informative) S1 Scope 191 S2 Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus 191 S3 Harmful effects 192 S4 Natural removal mechanisms 192 S4.1 Phosphorus S4.2 Nitrogen S5 Guidelines 194 S6 Nutrient databases 194 S7 Removal in treatment facility 195 Appendix T: Operation and maintenance guidelines T1 Scope 196 T4 On-site system incidents and emergencies 197 Appendix U:Monitoring records for on-site systems (Informative) U1 Scope 203 U2 Purpose of records 203 U3 Sources of data 203 U4 Monitoring forms 203 Appendix V: Comparison of sections between AS/NZS 1547:2000 and AS/NZS 1547:2012 (Informative) 207 TABLES 1.1 Slope conversion table 19 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 18

19 5.2 Soil categories and recommended design irrigation/loading rates (DIR/DLR) for land application systems 55 Summarises DLR and DIR values for all systems, but notes that information and detail in Tables L1, M1 and N1 take precedence over Table 5.2. A1 Examples of design risk reduction measures 77 A2 Examples of operation and maintenance risk reduction 79 measures A3 Examples of administrative risk reduction measures 81 H1 Typical domestic wastewater design flow allowance Australia H2 Typical domestic wastewater design flow allowances for each fixture Australia H3 Typical domestic wastewater design flow allowances Domestic wastewater from households New Zealand H4 Typical domestic wastewater design flow allowances Domestic wastewater from commercial premises New Zealand Replaces Appendix 4.2D (p. 141). M2 Recommended reductions in DIR according to slope 163 R1 Guidelines for horizontal and vertical setback distances 185 R2 Site constraint scale for development of setback distances 187 S1 Typical nutrient contributions for residential dwellings 191 FIGURES 1.1 Management framework for on-site systems Example record sheet AWTS and irrigation system Emergency flow chart 67 A1 The risk management process 73 E1 Example of pore charts with an areal percentage of M1 Drip irrigation system Example layout of components 167 M2 Spray irrigation system Example layout of components 168 M3 Shallow subsurface LPED irrigation Example system 169 Figures 4.5C1 and 4.5D1 (p. 161 and 167) replaced. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 19

20 R1 Example of design and compliance boundaries for application of setback distances for a soil absorption system R2 Example of wastewater pathways and site constraints for application of setback distances for a soil absorption system U1 Monitoring form Site information 204 U2 Monitoring form On-site 205 U3 Monitoring form Soil investigation 206 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part B [7 September 2012] 20