Advanced biofuels. Francisco Gírio Head of Bioenergy Unit LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia Lisboa, Portugal

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1 Advanced biofuels Francisco Gírio Head of Bioenergy Unit LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia Lisboa, Portugal Curnavaca, MX, Nov 13rd, 2017

2 LNEG location: Lisboa, Portugal

3 INDICE 1. Setting the scene 2. Renewables in Portugal 3. Advanced (Bio)Fuels 4. Status of Advanced Biofuels in Europe 5. Concluding Remarks

4 1. SETTING THE SCENE 84% 14% 49% World Energy demand will increase 49% before 2035 and much more before 2050 (1990 comparison) World Population will increase 34% before 2050 (2010 comparison) 4

5 1. SETTING THE SCENE Climate Change Global Warming Norway

6 2. Renewables Sources 2 MWe WindFloat project in the North coast of Portugal. A 2.2 MWe PV power plant in Estremoz. First without FIT. Floating PV system in a dam in the North of Portugal 9 MWe Biomass-based power plant in Mortágua.

7 2. Renewables for Electricity The Portugal share*: *However, still strongly dependent of the Big Hydro. Source: REN (Portuguese TSO)

8 2. Renewables for Transports Portugal: -Current share of biofuels in transport in 2017 is 7% (energy content) -This means: 93% oil-dependent! European Union: -About half of crude oil is consumed at the transportaion sector -The transport sector is responsible for about 1/3 of GHG emmissions Oil consumption per sector Fuel/Biofuel types in transports 2% 1% 3% 1% 0% EU % 14% 22% 55% Gas/ Diesel oil Gasoline Aviation kerosene Electricity LPG Natural gas Biodiesel Biogasoline Biogas 352 Mtoe

9 3. Advanced (Bio)Fuels 9

10 3. Advanced (Bio)Fuels 3.1 Renewable fuels of non-biological origin (e.g., H2 production and non-biogenic CO2 uptake to fuels- gaseous or/liquids) 3.2 Biogenic CO2 uptake to biofuels 3.3 Low carbon (fossil) fuels 3.4 Advanced biofuels 10

11 3. Advanced (Bio)Fuels 3.1 Renewable fuels of non-biological origin (e.g., H2 production and non-biogenic CO2 uptake to fuels- gaseous or/liquids) 3.2 Biogenic CO2 uptake to biofuels 3.3 Low carbon (fossil) fuels 3.4 Advanced biofuels Alternative/Complementary hot issue: The future short-medium-long term role of E- mobility for transports 11

12 3.1 - Renewable fuels of non-biological origin Power-to-Gas & Power-to-Liquids

13 3.1 - Renewable fuels of non-biological origin Two steps: 1. H2O eletrolysis using the RE surplus for H2 production 2. CO2 as carbon source for Fuel synthesis (Methane) or (Methanol/DME) If 100% RE

14 3.2 Biogenic CO2 uptake to biofuels Ex. 1 CO2 from syngas Biomethane production from CO2 (syngas) + renewable H2. Source: Gotz et al (2016) Renewable Energy, 85,

15 3.2 Biogenic CO2 uptake to biofuels Ex. 1 CO2 from syngas Biomethane production from CO2 (syngas) + renewable H2. Source: Gotz et al (2016) Renewable Energy, 85,

16 3.2 Biogenic CO2 uptake to biofuels Ex. 2 CO2 sequestration by algae Bio-H2 production from CO2 uptake (microalgae cultivation) - Bio-LBioNG (from biogas) - DME, Methanol, Bio-jetfuel, Hydrogen, Microbial fuel cells, Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Novel Biofuels - FCV (H2, Ethanol, Methanol)

17 3.3 Low carbon (fossil) fuels Low Carbon Fossil Fuels are liquid and gaseous fuels produced by the conversion of exhaust or waste streams of fossil fuel industrial applications via catalytic, chemical, biological or biochemical processes. Source: SGAB report (2017) 17

18 3.3 Low carbon (fossil) fuels Low Carbon Fossil Fuels are liquid and gaseous fuels produced by the conversion of exhaust or waste streams of fossil fuel industrial applications via catalytic, chemical, biological or biochemical processes. Source: SGAB report (2017) Ex. 1: Non-Biogenic CO2 sequestration & uptake to fuels Flue gases from Petrochemicals, Cementeries and others fossil fuelbased industries Ex. 2: W-t-E technologies (e.g., pyrolysis) Polyethylene (PE) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Used Tyres RDF (non-organic) 18

19 3.4 Advanced biofuels (definition) Advanced Biofuels are those produced from biomass 1 other than food/feed crops while meeting the EU sustainability regime 2 under the legislation in force 3. 1 Biomass as defined under RED or any amendment to it. 2 Sustainability regime as defined under EU Legislation 3 Existing legislation in force at the time of consideration. Source: SGAB report (2017) 19

20 3.4 Advanced biofuels (definition) Advanced Biofuels are those produced from biomass 1 other than food/feed crops while meeting the EU sustainability regime 2 under the legislation in force 3. 1 Biomass as defined under RED or any amendment to it. 2 Sustainability regime as defined under EU Legislation 3 Existing legislation in force at the time of consideration. Source: SGAB report (2017) Technology agnostic (conventional or non-conventional); Sustainability criteria shall be the main driver (e.g. >60% GHG emmission savings); All feedstocks are considered but excluding cereal and vegetable oil-based crops. 20

21 E-mobility shall be the clean energy in 2050? Mobi-E refuelling network for electric plug-in vehicles (portuguese patent) Nissan Leaf (autonomy: 160 km); available from the end of 2010 in Japan, Europe and USA. 21

22 E-mobility shall be the clean energy in 2050? 1. How important shall be the role of E-mobility in the different transport modes by 2030 and 2050? - Light road, heavy-duty road, maritime, aviation, Mobi-E refuelling network for electric plug-in vehicles (portuguese patent) Nissan Leaf (autonomy: 160 km); available from the end of 2010 in Japan, Europe and USA. 22

23 E-mobility shall be the clean energy in 2050? 1. How important shall be the role of E-mobility in the different transport modes by 2030 and 2050? - Light road, heavy-duty road, maritime, aviation, 2. Phasing-out of Advanced Biofuels from 2030 is going to occur? (similar to the EC proposal of crop-based biofuels from 2021? - Some EU countries announced that only zero emissions vehicles can be sold after 2030 Mobi-E refuelling network for electric plug-in vehicles (portuguese patent) Nissan Leaf (autonomy: 160 km); available from the end of 2010 in Japan, Europe and USA. 23

24 E-mobility shall be the clean energy in 2050? 1. How important shall be the role of E-mobility in the different transport modes by 2030 and 2050? - Light road, heavy-duty road, maritime, aviation, 2. Phasing-out of Advanced Biofuels from 2030 is going to occur? (similar to the EC proposal of crop-based biofuels from 2021? - Some EU countries announced that only zero emissions vehicles can be sold after What will be the role of BIOENERGY in the transportation sector after 2030/2050? Hip. A Bioenergy (advanced biofuels) becomes not significant in 2050 Hip. B Advanced (Bio)Fuels still play the major role in 2050 Mobi-E refuelling network for electric plug-in vehicles (portuguese patent) Nissan Leaf (autonomy: 160 km); available from the end of 2010 in Japan, Europe and USA. 24

25 E-mobility shall be the clean energy in 2050? 1. How important shall be the role of E-mobility in the different transport modes by 2030 and 2050? - Light road, heavy-duty road, maritime, aviation, 2. Phasing-out of Advanced Biofuels from 2030 is going to occur? (similar to the EC proposal of crop-based biofuels from 2021? - Some EU countries announced that only zero emissions vehicles can be sold after What will be the role of BIOENERGY in the transportation sector after 2030/2050? Hip. A Bioenergy (advanced biofuels) becomes not significant in 2050 Hip. B Advanced (Bio)Fuels still play the major role in Can we forecast that BIOENERGY has only future for Power and H&C? - Since biomass-fueled power plant is a dispatchable energy can play a significative role in all forms of energy systems (e.g., electrical grids stabilization), and also for e-mobility vehicles. - e.g. BEV, PHV Mobi-E refuelling network for electric plug-in vehicles (portuguese patent) Nissan Leaf (autonomy: 160 km); available from the end of 2010 in Japan, Europe and USA. 25

26 Scenario for Fuel Consumption per Transport Mode to 2050 (EU) Source: SGAB report, 2017) 26

27 Powertrains share for passenger and light commercial road transport in 2030 New energy carriers shall represent no more than 10-20% of total powertrains share for light vehicles 27

28 New proposed EC Policy for Renewables in Transport RED 2 Directive ( ) Energy share until 2030 for the EU transportation sector through fuel suppliers obligations The role of the advanced biofuels 1G Biofuels; phasing out? 28

29 Total Fuel Consumption in 2050 (EU) Total Renewables in 2050: 16% (50% biofuels; 50% others) Source: SGAB report (2017) 29

30 EC Policy for Transportation Sector (Directive RED II COM Proposal) Scenario for GHG savings to meet COP-21 EU targets 40% savings compared to Mtoe Mton CO 2 Mtoe Mton CO2 ton CO2/Mtoe Fossil fuels t CO 2 /toe 4 3, ,5 600 RED I RED II ,5 1 0,5 EU TARGET (2050) 40% GHG reduction compared to 1990 baseline Source: Report Building up the Future (2017) of Sub-Group of Advanced Biofuels do Sustainable Transport forum, 10 March, Compiled by: Kyriakos Maniatis, Ingvar Landalv, Lars Waldheim, Eric van den Heuvel and Stamatis Kalligeros, DG ENER, EC, Brussels 30

31 Renewables in Transport between Total Renewables: 50% (35% biofuels; 15% others) ~30% E-mobility and others RED I RED II ~70% advanced biofuels Source: Report Building up the Future (2017), Sub-Group of Advanced Biofuels do Sustainable Transport forum, 10 March, Edited por: Kyriakos Maniatis, Ingvar Landalv, Lars Waldheim, Eric van den Heuvel and Stamatis Kalligeros, DG ENER, EC, Brussels 31

32 Biorefinery for Biofuels: A Complex Factory? Source: IEA Bioenergy: Task 42- Biorefineries 32

33 Several Platforms and Multi-Products Source: IEA Bioenergy: Task 42- Biorefineries 33

34 Feedstock ADVANCED BIOFUELS BIOREFINERIES: KEY-CHALLENGES FOR NEXT DECADE Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock (at large quantities?) Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses Lignocellulosic Biomass as a world commodity

35 Technology Feedstock ADVANCED BIOFUELS BIOREFINERIES: KEY-CHALLENGES FOR NEXT DECADE Materials Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock (at large quantities?) Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses Lignocellulosic Biomass as a world commodity Lignocellulose recalcitrance How to better integrate different technologies? Multi-product Biorrefinery Balance between energetic products and bioproducts Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries Removing the economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high OpEX, high risk)

36 Technology Feedstock Market uptake ADVANCED BIOFUELS BIOREFINERIES: KEY-CHALLENGES FOR NEXT DECADE Materials Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock (at large quantities?) Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses Lignocellulosic Biomass as a world commodity Lignocellulose recalcitrance How to better integrate different technologies? Multi-product Biorrefinery Balance between energetic products and bioproducts Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries Removing the economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high OpEX, high risk) Consumer acceptance Demo and flagship Units Trade barriers (subsidies, etc) Biofuels vs. E-vehicle, FCV, Hybrids, etc

37 SET PLAN: The Seven Advanced Value Chains from Biomass for Energy (I)

38 Thermochemical Processing of Biomass Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL) BIOMASS Gasification Syngas (CO, H 2 ) Fisher-Tropsch (FT) synthesis Synthetic Diesel and Biokerosene Biomethane BIOMASS Gasification Syngas (CO, H 2 ) Upgrading Biomethane (CH 4 ) Methanol/DME BIOMASS Gasification Syngas (CO, H 2 ) Chemical Synthesis BioMethanol/DME Fuel additives, H2 BIOMASS Pyrolysis Fractionation) Liquid phase processing Fuel aditives, H2,

39 SET PLAN: The Seven Advanced Value Chains from Biomass for Energy (II)

40 (Bio)chemical Processing of Biomass Lignocellulosic materials, MSW, Other organic wastes Lignocellulosic ethanol, higher alcohols BIOMASS Pretreatment Cellulose and Hemicellulose Enzymatic Hydrolysis Glucose, Xylose, others Fermentation Ethanol, higher alcohols Hydrocarbons from sugars (biochemical) BIOMASS Pretreatment Cellulose and Hemicellulose Enzymatic Hydrolysis Glucose, Xylose, others Fermentation Alkanes or its precursors for jet and diesel engines Hydrocarbons from sugars (chemical) BIOMASS Acid Hydrolysis Sugars, HMF Algae Condensation/ Hydrogenation Alkanes for jet and diesel engines CO 2 Photosynthesis Algae biomass Extraction/ transesterification Algae Biodiesel and/or jet fuel

41 Production Costs Benchmarking of Thermochemical vs. Biochemical Conversion of Biomass for Advanced Biofuels In: IEA-RETD Report, Febr, 2016 ~1,00 /litre (2015) 0,50 /litre (2020) >4,0 /litre (2020) 41

42 Advanced biofuels for aviation Enough energy: Specific energy: > 42.3MJ/Kg Liquid fuel at high altitudes: Freezing point: < -40ºC Safety: Flash point: > 40 C Engine Specifications: Density: Kg/l Viscosity: <8mm 2 /s (-20 C) Boiling point: C Kerosene 10-15% of a crude barrel Chain length: C8-C % made of linear, iso- and cyclo-alkanes some naphthalene and alkenes 8-22% is made of aromatics Sulfur < 300 ppm 42

43 Biomass Main thermochemical & biochemical/chemical routes for advanced biofuels (bio-jetfuel) Gasification Syngas Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Hydroprocessing F-T Jet Fuel (FT-SPK) Pyrolysis Bio-oil Hydroprocessing Pyrolysis Renewable Jet Fuel (HDCJ-SPK) Oil Extraction Oils (Vegetal, Algae) Hydroprocessing Hydro-processed Esters and Fatty Acids Jet Fuel (HEFA-SPK) (HEFA-SKA) Aqueous-phase Processing, Sugar-derived Renewable Jet Fuel (HDO-SK), (HDO-SKA) Pre-treatment and Hydrolysis SUGARS Alcohols Dehydratation/ Oligomerization Alcohol-to- Jet Fuel (ATJ-SPK) (ATJ-SKA) Fermentation Hydrogenation Advanced Fermentation Jet Fuel (SIP-SPK)

44 Main Technological (Bio)Chemical Platforms from Sugars for JetFuel routes 1) Lignocellulose, MSW Cellulose & Hemicellulose Sugars Alcohols C2 C5 Jetfuel Route ATJ SPK/SKA 1 PRETREATMENT HYDROLYSIS FERMENTATION Dehydratation, Oligomerization, Hydrogenation, Fractionation 2) Lignocellulose, MSW Cellulose & Hemicellulose Sugars C15 alkene = Farnesene Jetfuel Route SIP Kerosene 2 PRETREATMENT HYDROLYSIS YEAST FERMENTATION CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION 1 ATJ-SPK blends as aviation querosene was approved in April 2016 by ASTM D limited to GEVO isobutanol. ATJ-SKA has not yet been approved by ASTM (certification work has been carried out by Swedish Biofuels). Alcohol can also come from diversified sources, eg, LANZATECH uses syngas to produce alcohol for convertion into jetfuel. 2 SIP Kerosene was approved in June 2014 by ASTM D7566-annex 3 for a maximum blend of 10%. Reason: Jetfuel is only a single cpd: Farnesane (Total/Amyris)

45 Main Technological (Bio)Chemical Platforms from Oils for JetFuel routes Energetic crops Lignocellulose, MSW Oils & fats Triglycerides C12-C24 n-paraffins C8-C16 isoand n- paraffins Jetfuel Route HEFA- SPK 1 PRE-TREATMENT, FERMENTATION Energetic crops PRETREATMENT HYDROTREATING DEOXYGENATE HYDROISOMERIZATION & HYDROCRACKING FRACTIONATION Lignocellulose, MSW Oils & fats Triglycerides, other esters or fatty acids Iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic cpds Cycloparafins, aromatics Jetfuel Route CHJ- Kerosene (or HEFA- SKA) 2 PRE- TREATMENT, FERMENTATION PRETREATMENT CATALYTIC HYDROTHERMOLYSIS MILD HYDROTREATMENT FRACTIONATION 1 HEFA-SPK (previous name: HVO) was approved in july 2011 by ASTM for blends (ASTM D7566-annex 9.2) limited to blends of 50% max. Does not contain aromatics. Currently HEFA refiners worlwide produces road biofuels. Largest operator is NESTE OIL with a total annual capacity of 2 Millions Tons of road fuels. Certification for aviation is being pursued by UOP and SkyNRG. 2 CHJ Kerosene (HEFA-SKA) is a fully synthetic querosene including aromatics. Aromatics content can be tailored between 10-20% by controlling process severity. NOT YET APPROVED BY ASTM. Certification being carried out by ARA.

46 LNEG research: Lignocellulosic sugars for two bio-jetfuel routes (using only yeast platforms):

47 Algae Biomass for Energy: Thermochemical

48 HTL-Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae GASES GASES WET ALGAL BIOMASS HTL BIO OILS H 2 O AQUEOUS PHASE SOLIDS/CHAR Experimental Conditions Range : Reaction Temperature: ºC Reaction Pressure: 5 22 MPa Reaction Time: 5 60 minutes Source: F. Pinto et al, nd ESEIA Conference, Graz, Austria 48

49 HTL is preferred than Conventional Thermochemical Processes Conventional thermal processes requires low water contents and thus intensive thermal drying processes are essential. HTL are suitable to deal with feedstocks with high water contents, generally up to 70% wt or more. Conventional Pyrolysis HTL Process Source: F. Pinto et al, nd ESEIA Conference, Graz, Austria 49

50 HTL is also preferred than AD Processes Anaerobic Digestion Processes requires 2 to 4 weeks to produce biogas. HTL only require a few minutes and much smaller equipment. Anaerobic Digestion Biogas Bio-oil HTL Source: F. Pinto et al, nd ESEIA Conference, Graz, Austria

51 4. Status of Advanced Biofuel Plants in EU

52 Number of Plants Status of Advanced Biofuel Plants in EU (1/4) Of the 51 European Relevant Projects analysed stand out those of biochemical basis conversion, particularly those of lignocellulosic ethanol The thermochemical processes from lignocellulosic biomass are more diverse in terms of final product The biochemical process from algae are mostly still conventional All chemical conversion processes are about HVO from oils Number of EU biofuel units per product and per conversion process Others Butanol Ethanol Biochemistry (lignocellulosic biomass) Others Ethanol Biodiesel Biochemistry (algaes) Jet Fuel Pyrolysis Oils DME Methanol BtL SNG Termochemistry Source: Gírio, F. (2014) Report for MCTI-Brazil Hydrocarbons/ Diesel Chemistry

53 Number of Plants Status of Advanced Biofuel Plants in EU (2/4) The biochemical and thermochemical conversion projects of lignocellulosic biomass are the most relevant in Europe Number of EU biofuel units over the years by conversion process Biochemistry (lignocellulosic biomass) Biochemistry (algaes) Termochemistry Chemistry However, in Europe begins to emerge a clear 10 interest about the development of 5 advanced industrial processes based on algae (micro and macro) Source: Gírio, F. (2014) Report for MCTI-Brazil

54 Number of Plants Status of Advanced Biofuel Plants in EU (3/4) The biochemical and thermochemical commercial conversion projects of lignocellulosic biomass are still in development and cost reduction phase The exception is the production of HVO. In Europe it begins to be competitive with Biodiesel FAME Number of EU biofuel units by type and conversion process Commercial Demo Pilot Biochemistry (lignocellulosic biomass) Commercial Demo Pilot Biochemistry (algaes) Commercial Demo Pilot Termochemistry Commercial Chemistry Source: Gírio, F. (2014) Report for MCTI-Brazil

55 Number of Plants Status of Advanced Biofuel Plants in EU (4/4) The large majority of 2G bioethanol projects have a capacity of less than 50,000 tons / year. Only one reaches the 80,000 ton / year In contrast, 26% of thermochemical facilities were designed to a capacity higher than 100,000 tons / year, being the highest value of 413,000 ton / year Number of EU biofuel units per conversion process and per nominal production capacity (in tonnes / year) > < < < <500 < 50 Biochemistry (lignocellulosic biomass) > < < < < <500 < 50 Termochemistry Production Nominal Capacity (tons/year) > Chemistry Source: Gírio, F. (2014) Report for MCTI-Brazil

56 5. Concluding Remarks Is ETOH the right building block for NextGen transportation setor? Role of higher alcohols, long-chain fatty acids (novel biofuels) Improving overall energy-efficient (eg, cane-energy, low-demand biomass pretreatments, CBP, DSP.) Biochemicals and other chemicals shall have an increasing importance in advanced biorefineries However, there are few chemical products with markets large enough to absorb the production of a large-scale biorefinery Is lignin becoming the gold component as main feedstock for conversion into high-added value products, being EtOH production a co-product of the value chain? (e.g., BALI TM from Borregard Industries) Thermochemical technologies: Who will be the winner? Algae as sustainable feedstock: still far away but research is advancing! Is Advanced Biofuel Biorefineries taken by Bioeconomy and Circular Economy for more high added-value end products in medium-term? 56

57 SIADEB Iberoamerican Society for Development of Biorefineries PRE-FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT The 4th CIAB- Congreso Iberoamericano de Biorefinerías will be in October 2018 SIADEB Members have Registration Fees discount Current Number of Associates:

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