Comparative Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Management

Transcription

1 Comparative Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Management

2 Developments in Hydrobiology 77 Series editor H. J. Dumont

3 Comparative Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Management Edited by M. Straskraba, J. G. Tundisi & A. Duncan SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Comparative reservoir limnology and water quality management / edited by M. Straskraba, J.G. Tundisi, and A. Duncan. p. cm. -- (Developments in hydrobiology ; 77) Originated at the International Conference on Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Manage.ent held Aug at Cesks BudejOVice. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Reservo1r ecology. 2. L1mnology. 3. Water quality. I. Straskraba, Mi Ian. II. Tundisi, J. G. III. Duncan, A. (Annie) IV. Series. CH541.5.R4C '32--dc ISBN Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1993 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owners.

5 Contents Introduction vii Comparative Reservoir Limnology Chapter I. A test of hypotheses relating to the comparative limnology and assessment of eutrophication in semi-arid man-made lakes by 1. A. Thornton & W. Rast.... Chapter II. Limnology and management of reservoirs in Brazil by 1. G. Tundisi, T. Matsumura-Tundisi & M. C. Calijuri Chapter III. Problems in reservoir trophic-state classification and implications for reservoir management by O. T. Lind, T. T. Terrell & B. L. Kimmel Chapter IV. Limnology of a subalpine pump-storage reservoir by B. Kiefer, F. Schanz & D. Imboden Mathematical Models and New Techniques Chapter V. A hierarchy of mathematical models: towards understanding the physical processes in reservoirs by B. Henderson-Sellers Chapter VI. Modelling of physical, chemical and biological processes in Polish lakes and reservoirs by 1. Uchmanski, W. Szeligiewicz & M. Loga Chapter VII. Sedimentation and mineralization of seston in a eutrophic reservoir, with a tentative sedimentation model by 1. A. Galvez & F. X. Niell Chapter VIII. Impacts of growth factors on competitive ability of blue-green algae analyzed with whole-lake simulation by O. Varis Chapter IX. Design of Iimnological observations for detecting processes in lakes and reservoirs by 1. Kettunen Chapter X. Remote sensing estimation of total chlorophyll pigment distribution in Barra Bonita Reservoir, Brazil by E. M. L. M. Novo, C. Z. F. Braga & 1. G. Tundisi Reservoir Water Quality Management Chapter XI. Succession of fish communities in reservoirs of Central and Eastern Europe byl.kubecka Chapter XII. Framework for investigation and evaluation of reservoir water quality in Czechoslovakia bym. Straskraba, P. Blazka, Z. Brandl, P. Hejzlar, 1. Komarkova, 1. Kubecka, I. Nesmerak, L. Prochazkova, V. Straskrabova & V. Vyhnalek Conclusions Chapter XIII. State-of-the-art of reservoir limnology and water quality management by M. Straskraba, 1. G. Tundisi & A. Duncan Index

6 M. Straskraba, J. G. Tundisi & A. Duncan (eds.), Comparative Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Management, vii-ix, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Introduction At ever increasing rates, reservoirs are providing the main source for water supply, in developed and developing countries of the world. This is because the ever increasing demand for water can no longer be satisfied from the usual sources of ground water, lakes and rivers. Building dam reservoirs for water storage for various uses is complicated enough to warrant the use of innovative scientific and engineering approaches such as mathematical modelling, systems engineering and large systems methodology. However, but efficient management of scarce water resources for an ever expanding human population needs insight into and understanding of the biology of the situation - how living organisms interact within reservoir ecosystems to process freely cycling chemicals into their basic elements. Biological management is better as it produces fewer unpleasant chemical surprises. Quite a detailed knowledge of the underlying physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions is necessary for such a purpose. Reservoirs are, at present, one of the main anthropogenic impacts on the hydrological cycle and their construction produced also several direct and indirect effects in the aquatic and terrestrial systems. The total reservoir surface is now estimated as km 2 (or of all continents) and their maximum volume by regulation of rivers attains km 3 (Lvovich et al. 1990). Figure 1 shows how these values were growing in the past and how they are distributed over the globe. Furthermore, the study of such dynamic systems as reservoirs is contributing and will contribute to a better understanding of basic problems in ecology - such as the succession of communities in fast changing systems, the colonization patterns and the pulse effects. An important scientific background for water quality management of reservoirs, lakes and rivers is also obtained. The scientific understanding of reservoirs as near-natural systems manipulated by man, their interactions with the watershed and upstream/downstream regions is adding new dimensions to the systems approach in ecosystem functioning and management. The idea of this book originated at the International Conference on Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Management at Ceske Budejovice in August 1987, where, unusually, limnologists and water quality engineers met together to discuss theoretical and applied aspects of the mutual inter-dependence of their disciplines. The Proceedings of the Conference (Straskrabova et al. 1989) could not cover all the scientific knowledge disclosed at the Conference. Moreover, some contributions needed further elaboration and some reservoir investigations were not presented at the Conference so that this book was prepared with the intention of furthering our understanding of the inter-relationships between theoretical limnology and management of water quality. Basic limnological properties or reservoirs are determined by geographical location, size, shape, water depth, throughflow, outflow depth and so on but decided upon by man for society's needs. Man too is responsible for deteriorating water quality of reservoir source water but it will be by management of limnological processes that improvements can be made. The book is divided into four parts. The first part is devoted to a comparison of reservoirs from different geographical regions, with different trophic states and having different functions. The coverage is not exhaustive and covers only some regions and some kinds of usages. This part shows that regional differences are rather profound and further theoretical analysis of these differences would enable us to make more effective use of the knowledge accumulated.

7 viii NUMBER o total - 41 Prior to.900 Australia and Oceania o VOLUME(km3) total- f4 Australia and Oceania North """'LX)(r-Asio Africa Nort" \oa::ltl2:.1-- Asia Africa totol total -528 Australia and Oceania Australia and Oceania South Allterlca Norlh America Africa total - f, total Fig. 1. The number and volume of large reservoirs during the period prior to 1900 up to Classification of reservoirs by trophic state is still complicated by other differences due to geography, hydrology and usage which need further study. Ecosystems are multi-factorial systems which, in reservoirs, include management by man for his own purposes. One Swiss pump-storage reservoir provides a good example of a highly variable system which has been described using the technique of ecosystem modelling which encompasses its physics, chemistry and biology. This modelling methodology is introduced extensively in the second part of the book, together with other new techniques of advanced statistical analysis and remote sensing. Models of individual processes are presented which include the physics of reservoirs, sedimentation of seston and competition of cyanobacteria with algae as well as whole ecosystem models. Models are used in other ways such as for planning the time and space design for sampling reservoirs in order to optimise costs and manpower. Although problems of reservoir management come up in the first two parts of the book, part three focuses specifically on how to manage improvements in water quality. Fish communities are generally recognised as good indicators of the environmental health of a water body but can themselves directly influence water quality by their activities. One chapter classifies the fish communities in reservoirs of Central and East Europe and interprets differences as stages in the ecological succession of these man-made lakes. Another chapter dealing with methods in the study of water quality which, although largely based upon Czechoslovak experience, are generally applicable to all European and most temperate reservoirs and may be beneficial to limnologists and water quality engineers from other geographical regions. The final part of the book is an attempt at summarising the present state of knowledge on reservoir

8 limnology and management of water quality. It tries to bring out shortcomings and inadequacies. It is clear that our present level of knowledge is inadequate for proper management of water quality in such dynamic systems as reservoir ecosystems which are subject to pressures from society, to management for a particular function and to natural forces. It becomes evident that the application of brute-force and expensive technology at one site is no longer feasible because it shifts environmental problems elsewhere, downstream or to different regions, and creates other problems less amenable to solution. We need deeper insight into how reservoirs function as a part of nature which involves thinking more globally in order to approach the achievement of a sustainable development of mankind on earth. This book is aimed at water quality engineers and theoreticallimnologists to an equal degree but also to all our un-named colleagues involved with reservoirs for the benefit of mankind. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the activities connected with editing this book by the following institutions: IUNU, UNEP and ICSU for financial support of trips of 1.G. Tundisi to Europe and Czechoslovakia respectively in May and September 1990 and December 1991 and British Council for financial support of a trip by M. Straskraba to England. In addition, we are thankful to Mrs. Dagmar Susterovli (Ceske Budejovice) for carefully preparing the final Word-Perfect version of all manuscripts for this book. ix M. Straskraba, 1. G. Tundisi & A. Duncan November 1991 References Straskrabova, v., Z. Brandl, B. Henderson-Sellers, O. T. Lind, V. Sladecek & J. F. Tailing, Proceedings of the International Conference on Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 33, 975pp.