Targeting new and cleaner uses for wastes and biomass using gasification

Transcription

1 Targeting new and cleaner uses for wastes and biomass using gasification Dr Geraint Evans - Programme Manager Bioenergy 18 th May Energy Technologies Institute LLP The information in this document is the property of Energy Technologies Institute LLP and may not be copied or communicated to a third party, or used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied without the express written consent of Energy Technologies Institute LLP. This 2017 information Energy is given Technologies in good faith based Institute upon the latest LLP information - Subject available to to notes Energy on Technologies page 1Institute LLP, no warranty or representation is given concerning such information, which must not be taken as establishing any contractual or other commitment binding upon Energy Technologies Institute LLP or any of its subsidiary or associated companies.

2 Agenda Energy Technologies Institute Value of bioenergy Wastes We can already use combustion to get energy from waste - why do we need something different and why gasification? What is gasification and why is ultra-clean syngas important? What is the current UK gasification project landscape? The ETI s project work

3 The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) ETI members The ETI is a public-private partnership between global energy and engineering companies and the UK Government. Targeted development, demonstration and de-risking of new technologies for affordable and secure energy Shared risk ETI programme associate

4 ESME analysis has driven ETI s nine key technology programme areas Innovation thinking and innovation delivery New knowledge o Up to 5M / 2 years Technology development o 5-15M / 2-4 years / TRL 3-5 Technology demonstration 15-30M+ / 3-5 years / TRL 5-6+ Reduced risk 6.

5 Bioenergy A key lever particularly with CCS Requires sustainable supplies imports and indigenous Major potential for creating negative emissions via CCS Could support a range of conversion and utilisation routes - flexibility Hydrogen SNG Heat bioeconomy ETI investing in soil science, logistics and value chain models Informing decisions what do we grow? where do we grow it? how do we use it? 18.

6 Value of bioenergy in the energy system: transition and credits Negative emissions provide flexibility, headroom Clockwork Patchwork Target is 105 million tonnes of CO 2 in 2050 Bioenergy could deliver net negative GHG emissions of around -55 million tonnes of CO 2 per year in the 2050s (approximately half our emissions target in 2050), and meet around 10% of UK future energy demand (~130 TWh/yr in 2050). This extra headroom helps avoid expensive abatement actions such as in transport Provides more flexibility on transition

7 Key insights from BVCM modelling Gasification technology is a key bioenergy enabler and resilient to a number of different scenarios The sector will need a combination of feedstocks wastes, UK-grown and imported biomass Planting around 1.4 Mha of second generation bioenergy crops would make a significant contribution to the sector Location preferences for resource production are apparent (Miscanthus South/East, SRC North/West, SRF - Midlands) Deployment of BECCS makes a significant difference to the bioenergy sector: With CCS, BECCS technologies dominate, clustered around key coastal hubs Without CCS, more heat and bio-methane are produced and the sector is more spatially distributed

8 Biomass many sources, each with different strengths & weaknesses Sugars, oils starches Wheat grain, corn, rape oil, soy Forest derived long rotation forestry (LRF) Forest sourced (residues) Energy crops Miscanthus, Short Rotation Willow, Short Rotation Forestry Agricultural residues Straw, rice hulls, bagasse Wastes Waste wood (pallets), MSW, C&I

9 We can already use combustion to get energy from waste - why do we need an alternative and why gasification? Need to be able to effectively use the variety of feedstocks available to the UK at the smaller scale in the nearer term Feedstock flexibility Wastes, especially in the nearer term Steam cycle efficiencies drop sharply at smaller scales engines maintain efficiencies at smaller scales Resource efficiency Existing EFW business models focussed around waste disposal Drives low efficiency regional scale plants not easy to use waste heat Stronger focus on recycling Integration within towns Lower plant impact e.g. visual Integration with heat networks Future uncertainties resilience Wide variety of outputs, not just electricity Product compatibility It is the most efficient way to generate future negative emissions from biomass with CCS.

10 Gasification Resilience Gasification to yield an ultra-clean tar free syngas direct combustion chemical synthesis Furnace / Boiler Methane (biosng) Engine / Turbine Fuel cell Hydrogen Fischer Tropsch Ethanol (fermentation) Mixed alcohols DiMethylEther (DME) Methanol synthesis Carbon monoxide CO 2 capture CO 2 (n/a for H 2 turbine) Diesel / jet fuel n-paraffins MTO / MOGD Formaldehyde Acetyls chemicals, materials & secondary products CO 2 storage for negative emissions Fuels & secondary products Heat Power (& heat) Courtesy of NNFCC Ammonia CO 2 Fertilisers

11 What is gasification and why is ultra-clean syngas important? How to get from C x Y 1.77x O 0.49x N 0.24x to CO, H 2 and some CH 4 (synthesis gas) without any undesirables Gasification particulates Halides H CH 4 CO 2 (N H 2 O 2 ) Lower HC s Sulfur Tars CO 2

12 Partial combustion at high temperatures ( C) 0% Air/oxidant flow >100% Products mainly contain "chemical" energy plus some heat Proportion of heat energy in products increasing Pyrolysis Produces mix of gases, condensable vapours, char & ash Gasification Produces smaller mix of gases compared to pyrolysis (H 2, CO, CH 4, CO 2, N 2 if air used), minor lower hydrocarbons, some char, & ash Combustion Produces hot gaseous combustion products comprising mainly of CO 2, N 2, minor CO, minor others, ash

13 Balance heat making reactions against heat using gasification reactions Feed + air Unreacted feedstock (15 C) Drying (<100 C) e.g. Refuse Derived Fuel, wood chips Pyrolysis ( C) flows Oxidation (~1000 C) heat heat Carbon + O 2 = CO 2 + HEAT Char and gas reduction ( C) Carbon + CO 2 + heat = 2CO H 2 O + heat = H 2 + O (too) cool char and ash (<700 C) Hot raw syngas 2015 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1

14 There s a wide variety of gasifier types but, to get the value from gasification to deliver its potential, the syngas must be delivered ultra clean and tar free Downdraft Updraft ABFB atmospheric bubbling fluidised bed BC & RD PBFB pressurised BFB ACFB atmospheric circulating fluidised bed PCFB pressurised CFB Indirect CFB (Dahlman) Entrained flow Plasma gasifier Lean phase (fluidised bed) Combustor Air Flue gas Gasifier Steam Dense phase (fixed bed) Syngas Biomass Biomass Steam Biomass Ash Biomass Syngas Air/Oxygen Gas Air/Oxygen Steam Oxygen Biomass Biomass Ash Air/Oxygen Biomass Gas Syngas Air/Oxygen Steam Syngas Other Plasma torch Slag Syngas Slag 2015 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1

15 Market attractiveness (town scale, waste) Each has its own strengths and weaknesses Each may be more or less suited to a particular feedstock and/or application Market attractiveness very much depends on application and resource to be gasified For high hazard wastes, plasma becomes more desirable For fuels production from torrefied woodchips, entrained flow becomes more desirable Lack of gasification technologies for clean syngas in <10MWe scale Atmos BFB starting to emerge Pressurised BFB not far behind Downdraft not successfully delivered CFB s may be too large for town scale high Market attractiveness low ABFB Up draft strongest down draft PBFB plasma ACFB PCFB EF weakest Technology strength / readiness 2015 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1

16 Syngas applications from easiest to hardest Clean desirable tars not removed Boiler/furnace Power/heat Ultra clean AND tar free Engine Power + heat Gas turbine Power + heat Biological synthesis Ethanol Chemical synthesis Hydrogen Methane Methanol Jet fuel Etc.

17 Two pathways to remove tars High temperature treatment >1200 C for set residence time Risk of soot formation e.g. Adv. Plasma Power Controlled condensation & stripping Set of columns Tars recycled to gasifier e.g. Royal Dahlman

18 Current gasification landscape in UK Type 1 Type 2 No gas cleaning Gas cleaning but no tar removal Improved steam boiler efficiency & reliability Type 3 Gas cleaning & tar removal Allows syngas use in engines, gas turbines, chemical synthesis

19 ETI s project work CO 2 capture CO 2 storage for negative emissions Furnace / Boiler CO 2 (n/a for H 2 turbine) Gasification with no syngas upgrading Type 1 Gasification with syngas cleaning but no tar removal Type 2 Gasification with syngas tar removal & polishing Type 3 Courtesy of NNFCC Raw syngas Corrosive / erosive components removed - tars as vapours Tar free & polished syngas direct combustion direct combustion direct combustion chemical synthesis Methane (biosng) Engine / Turbine Fuel cell Hydrogen Fischer Tropsch Ethanol (fermentation) Mixed alcohols DiMethylEther (DME) Methanol synthesis Carbon monoxide Ammonia CO 2 Diesel / jet fuel n-paraffins MTO / MOGD Formaldehyde Acetyls Fertilisers chemicals, materials & secondary products Fuels & secondary products Heat Power (& heat)

20 A set of steps which must all be made to work together key risks are at the interfaces Air O 2 Waste / biomass gasifier Raw syngas Furnace / steam engine Gas turbine Cleaning / conditioning Chem synthesis Ultra clean & tar free syngas

21 Waste Gasification Programme Projects Support EFW project WG Phase 1 Appraise ( ) Select ( ) Members BP Shell Cat RR EDF E-On BEIS ETI staff Technology development External reviewers Contract shaping Define ( ) Professional DD Selected Technology WG demo project Execute ( ) Professional Services e.g. MACE OSL

22 Scope (Phase 1 to Phase 2) Commissioned three FEED (Front End Engineering Design) studies and business plans for specific sites. >25% net electrical efficiency over the whole system (from MRF to electricity production) Availability >80% Designs were tested through modelling and laboratory testing to understand how performance may change using different waste feedstocks (MSW, C&I and waste wood) and at different scales. MRF Gasifier Syngas clean up Power

23 Waste gasification demonstrator ( 5M ETI investment; 10.5M total) Construction & demonstration of a 1.5 MWe power station incorporating gasification with syngas clean up to deliver an ultra-clean tar free syngas for use in a gas engine Project announcement 25 th Apr 2017 anticipated finish Sept 2019 construction in hand Feed will be a mix of C&I and MSW based feedstocks. Uses Fluimax - pressurised fluidised bed technology with a high temperature treatment to produce a high quality, H 2 rich syngas. Power generation via a specially adapted syngas engine. Site will include a unique syngas testing facility. First use will demonstrate an innovative high yielding methanol synthesis process

24 Currently looks like

25 Going to look like

26 Conclusions and next steps Gasification offers a number of benefits in the UK setting Flexible in feedstock and outputs - resiliance Comparable/better efficiencies compared with other technologies, especially at smaller scales: cleaned syngas permits the use of higher efficiency generating processes such as engines Scalable, especially down to the town scale of around 5-10 MWe Ability to integrate with CCS to deliver negative emissions Gasification of wastes and use of syngas in an engine is technically feasible - ETI s targets are achievable Potential to be cost competitive with other sources of renewable power - scope to reduce costs as experience is gained (especially procurement costs). To build confidence in financing and delivering, UK policies should be designed as an integrated programme of stages Careful and considered approach to scale up is needed ETI s work in gasification is now culminating in its partnership with Syntech to build a 1.5 MWe gasification power project in Wednesbury, north west of Birmingham. Insights paper: Targeting new and cleaner uses for biomass and wastes using gasification - Publication Mid June from

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