Progress on Work on 3R Policy Indicators in ERIA Working Group

Transcription

1 Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research Workshop Bangkok 2012 Progress on Work on 3R Policy Indicators in ERIA Working Group Michikazu KOJIMA Institute of Developing Economies JETRO ERIA AND WORKING GROUP ON 3R POLICY FROM 2008 TO 2012

2 The Objective of ERIA Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA )is a new international organization that supports the ASEAN Secretariat by making policy recommendations at regional governmental meetings, such as the East Asia Summit (EAS), aimed at furthering East Asia s economic integration. 16 members of the EAS: Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam 3 Brief History of ERIA January 2007: The idea of ERIA was first proposed by Japan at the Second East Asia Summit in Cebu. November 2007: Establishment of ERIA was agreed by leaders of all 16 countries at the EAS in Singapore. June 2008: ERIA was formally established. The office is located in Jakarta. 4

3 Major Activities of ERIA Research: Working groups are organized for joint research. Experts are coming from various countries. WG on Energy, including WG on energy saving, biodiesel and others WG on 3R Policies Capacity Development Program The current major target of capacity development programs are government officers in CLMV countries. Members of ERIA Working Group from 2008 to 2011 Leader: Enri Damanhuri (Professor, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia) Coordinator: Michikazu Kojima (Senior Research Fellow, IDE JETRO, Japan) Core Members: Lisa C. Antonio, (Philippine Business for Environment, Philippines) Thumrongrut Mungcharoen (Expert, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, and Professor, Kasetsart University, Thailand) Ahmad Fariz Mohamed (Senior Research Fellow, Universit Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia) Peck Thian Guan (Director, Office of Safety, Health and Environment, National University of Singapore) Trung Hai Huynh (Associate Professor, Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Vietnam) Yasuhiko Hotta (Sub manager, Institute for Global Environmental Studies) Atsushi Terazono (Atsushi Terazono (Chief, International Material Cycles Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies) Vella Atienza (Research Fellow, IDE JETRO) Other Members and Contributors: Panrat Phechpakdee (Director of Industrial Environment Institute, Federation of Thai Industries, Thailand) A.A. Hezri (Institute for Environment & Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) Jung Sun woo (JSPS Research Fellow, IDE JETRO)

4 Findings from ERIA 3R Policy WG from 2008 to R policies focusing on waste generator and collectors has been conducted in various Southeast Asian Countries. Waste segregation composting 3R policies focusing on industries which use recyclable materials are still weak in most of Southeast Asian countries. Upgrading informal recycler Formulation of Recycling Industrial Park Industrial Standards on recyclable waste and goods using recycled materials Trade Policy for preventing pollution from recycling of imported recyclable waste and stimulate the development of recycling industry. Indicators for evaluating 3R NECESSITY OF INDICATORS

5 Necessity of Indicators for Waste Management and 3R To understand the current situation To evaluate the effectiveness of policies VARIOUS TARGET AND INDICATORS

6 National Targets/Indicators(1) Japan: Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material Cycle Society Resource productivity (GDP amount of natural resources, etc., invested) Cyclical use rate (cyclical use amount [cyclical use amount + amount of natural resource input]) Final disposal amount (amount of waste landfill) Philippine: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (section 20) Diversion Rate 25% of all solid waste, through re use, recycling and composting, and other resource recovery activity 25 % is target for 2004, and the target should be increased. Number of open dumpsite, controlled landfill and sanitary landfill Number of and covered baranguy of Material Recovery Facility National Targets/Indicators(2) Philippine: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (section 20) Diversion Rate 25% of all solid waste, through reuse, recycling and composting, and other resource recovery activity 25 % is target for 2004, and the target should be increased. Number of Material Recovery Facilities MRF: a kind of collection center for recyclable waste and making compost. Number of open dumping site, controlled landfill, sanitary landfill

7 National Targets/Indicators(3) Malaysia: Tenth Malaysia Plan , 2010 Increased household recovery of waste from 15% to 25% by Closure of open dump site. Singapore: A Lively and Liveable Singapore: Strategies for Sustainable Growth, 2009 Recycling rate = Total Waste Recycled Total Waste Generated (70% in 2030) 56% in 2008 National Target/Indicators(4) Vietnam Various indictors are listed in National Strategy for Integrated Management of Solid Waste up to To collect and treat up to environmental standards 100% of daily life solid waste in urban centers, 90% of which will be recycled, reused recovered energy or used of organic fertilizer production. To reducer by 85% the quantity of plastic bags used in super markets and trade centers from that of the To collect and treat up to environmental standards 100% of non hazardous and hazardous industrial solid waste.

8 Other Definition of Recycling Target(1) Collection target EPR System in South Korea: based on the sales of products in past years, collection targets is imposed. Re commercialization rate Big home appliances in Japan: Volume of sold dismantled material Volume of dismantled material (Material sent to recycling facility with treatment fee is excluded from recommercialization rate) Other Definition of Recycling Target(2) Recycling and Reuse Rate Computer monitor in South Korea: Reuse of computer monitor is counted as a part of mandatory recycling rate for producers. Recovery rate in WEEE, EU Recovery covers: use as fuel, solvent reclamation/regeneration, recycling/reclamation of organic substances and metals and metal compounds, regeneration of acids or bases, recovery of components used for pollution abatement, recovery of components from catalysts, and oil re refining,

9 Recycling Target Extraction of Resources b a Import of Recyclable Waste Export of Recyclable Waste Producer c Consumer h Disposal j d e energy j recovery k Recycling Industry Re use Cyclical Use Rate in Japan: (b+e) (a+b+e) Recycling Rate in Singapore, Waste diversion rate of Philippines: (j+f) (h+j+f) Recovery Rate : (e+k) (j+h) or (e+k) (e+k+i) f i g 17 COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS

10 Differences of indicators Increase of export of recyclable waste Recycling Rate of Singapore and Waste Diversion rate of Philippines may not be changed or may be improved. Cyclical Use Rate in Japan may be dropped, because the volume of recyclable waste used by manufacturer may be dropped. Increase of recycling rate in Singapore and Waste Diversion rate in Philippines may not imply that use of recyclable waste by manufacturer increase. Causes of differences of definition of recycling rate Numerator include energy recovery or not collection or utilization of waste include export and import or not Denominator Total input of resources or Waste generation Recyclables with positive economic value and negative economic value

11 Observations from reviewing existing target Waste generation is almost a given. It may be difficult for all country to have a target on the reduction of waste generation. There are some policy measures to reduce use of specific materials or products. The methodology of estimating indicators is not often clear. Data collection system should be designed. Who collect data? Government Aggregate existing information Conduct survey to recycling industry Local government Waste transported, disposed Waste characterization Conduct survey to collector Association of industries Conduct survey to member and/or non member Information from manifest/consignment note

12 Existing statistics (preliminary evaluation) Domestic Waste generation and disposed Industrial Waste generation, disposed Hazardous waste, waste generation, disposed Collection of recyclable, recovery Japan South Korea? China (industry) Singapore? Indonesia Malaysia Philippine Thailand Vietnam Data is collected and disclosed data is limited in specific area or items. Not disclosed Data is not collected periodically Differences of legal Approach and availability of statistics Differences of Legal approach to distinguish waste may affect availability of statistics on recycling. Japan, South Korea, Thailand: 1 st level: Household waste and Industrial Waste Other countries: 1 st level : hazardous and nonhazardous waste

13 Strategies to establish statistical system on recycling Check whether related acts request stakeholders to get approval from or report to the government. Require local government collect the data on volume of transported and disposed waste Conduct dialogue to industries, encourage formulation of association of recycling industries and the collection of statistics on recycling by recycling industries Consider the national target indicators to evaluate 3R effort Difficulties to have accurate data Unobservable data Volume of recycling by informal sector Smuggling of goods and recyclable waste Volume of Illegal dumping, open burning Cheating of data, if there are incentives to cheat the volume. To get more payment or subsidy To avoid tax

14 Approach to establish effective indicators (1) To evaluate current status What kind of indicators or targets in waste management and 3R does your government have? Does the authority release the data regularly? If not, what is the obstacles to release the data? Is definition and methodology clear? Who should do it? Is lack of coordination among stakeholder causing obstacle to collect data? Approach to establish effective indicators (2) Consider the different priorities in each country. Open dumping => Control landfill=> Sanitary landfill Coverage of waste collection service area Market basis recycling is working well, or not GHGs reduction, energy recovery Specific hazardous waste such as lead acid battery, fluorescent lamp, waste oil. Pollution form recycling industry

15 Approach to establish effective indicators (3) Although overall target is important, it may be more practical to choose some target items or waste streams for implementing 3R policy and establish good indicators to evaluate the target. Lead acid batteries Plastic bags