인도네시아찌다룸강유역거주자의수질관리인식도조사

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1 KCID Vol. 22 No. 2 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) 인도네시아찌다룸강유역거주자의수질관리인식도조사 장정렬 * Survey on the Attitude of the Residents for Water Quality Management in the Citarum River Watershed, Indonesia Jang Jeongryeol * 근래인도네시아에서는급격한경제성장에따른수질오염이사회적관심사로급격히부각되고있다. 특히, 최악의수질악화현상을보이고있는찌다룸강 (Citarum River Watershed) 의수질문제는인도네시아전국민적관심을받고있고, 이에따라수질개선대책마련이시급하다. 본연구는찌따룸강통합유역관리종합대책수립을위한일련의과제중한부분으로진행되었다. 찌따룸강의지속가능한수질관리성공을위해서는주민참여가매우중요한요소이다. 본연구의목적은찌따룸강유역거주민들의참여잠재역량을평가하는것이다. 이를위해서찌따룸강유역거주민들을대상으로찌따룸강물환경에대한설문조사를실시하였다. 설문결과, 주민들은자신들의참여가찌다룸강의수질개선에미치는효과에대해서의구심을가지고있었다. 또한, 찌다룸강의수질관리는행정기관의책임이라는인식이강했다. 이러한인식은주민들의하수처리비용부담에대한강한거부감으로나타났다. 이러한취약점은찌다룸강의수질개선을위한정책추진을위해서인도네시아정부가앞으로극복해야할과제이다. 본연구결과는향후찌다룸강유역수질관리대책수립마련을위한정책기초자료로유용하게이용될수있을것이다. Keywords: water pollution; Citarum river; awareness of environment Ⅰ. Introduction In recent years, Indonesia is suffering several social and economic problems due to the rapid economic growth. One of the emerging issues is environment degradations especially on water quality pollution. The Citarum River is of vital importance for water supply to both the Bandung metropolitan area, where almost 10 million people reside, and the greater Jakarta region, which houses 25 million people. The Citarum River Basin (CRB) measures over 11,000 km2 and the Citarum river is 270 km in length. Three large multi purpose dams in the Citarum river, namely * Rural Research Institute of Korea Rural Community Corporation (wgiang@ekr.or.kr) Copyright c 2015, Korean National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 장정렬 Saguling, Cirata and Jatiluhur reservoirs, to regulate the flow (fig.1). River water resources and ground water system in the Citarum are critical to social and economic development of Indonesia. However, over the past 20 years, water quality of the Citarum River has been decreasing dramatically (ADB and WB, 2013; Anshori, ; Chella 2013; KRC and MTP, 2014). In the upper basin, the polluted river flows into Saguling reservoir. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at the Saguling Reservoir inlet reaches as high as 130 milligrams per liter (mg/ l) during the dry season. In recent years, BOD in the Cikapundung River a major tributary of the Saguling River, which flows through Bandung city was reported to reach as high as 100 mg/l (ADB and WB, 2013). Environmental degradation of the Citarum River has reached a level that compromises public health and livelihood and other impact as incurs additional economic and financial costs related to the source of bulk water supply and its treatment. The combination of untreated domestic sewage, solid waste disposal and industrial effluents has significantly increased pollution loads in the Citarum River system. Inadequate sanitation and solid waste management are problems in urban, peri-urban, and rural communities. These problems degrade not only the environment but also community health and living standards in the CRB (KRC and MTP, 2014). The pollution load is expected to almost double by year Provision of dilution water for effluent will not solve the problem of pollutants at their production source. Therefore it is important to develop a management program which encourages reduction in their production. Strategy investment plan has been prepared for basin wide integrated water resources management based on vision of basin stakeholder for government and community working together for clean, healthy, and productive catchment and river, bringing sustainable benefits to all people of the Citarum River Basin (Cavelle, 2013). Preliminary master planning has been conducted by the State Ministry of Environment of Indonesia in order to classify the river in terms of water quality level and define main line for proper institutional arrangements among the river basin stake holders (KRC and MTP, 2014). This study was conducted to obtain basic information regarding residents awareness against water quality of the CRB as well as to give useful lessons for preparing education program for human capacity building to address pollutant source management in the CRB. Ⅱ. Materials and methods 2.1 Characteristics of the CRB Fig. 1 shows the study sites of this study. 74

3 인도네시아찌다룸강유역거주자의수질관리인식도조사 Citarum River Basin is located at the west part of the Java island. And that is located in the Jawa province and covers 8 districts and 2 cities. The total area of CRB amount to 705,408ha. The agricultural area accounts for about 70% including paddy and upland. Upland, taking 39% of the total area, was converted from hilly mountain area and those change of land surface is accelerating sediment erosion on the mountain region. Generally the CRB is divided into three parts; upstream region, middle stream region and down stream region. The districts/cities in the upstream region are Bandung District, Bandung Barat District, Sumedang District, Bandung City and Cimahi City. Two districts, Purwakarta and Cianjur district are located in the mid-stream. And three districts, Bogor, Karawang and Bogor districts are in the down-stream. The population living in CRB amounts to 12.8 million capita. Almost half of the people lives in Bandung city (25%) and Bandung distict (20%). The CRB is nearby area of capital city, the greater Jakarta and its satellite cities. That is why lots of livestock has been raised and its excretion has become one of main pollution load in this area. Especially, chicken heads are raised over 30 million in the CRB (KRC and MTP, 2014). The untreated domestic wastewater is a dominant main pollutant source as showing 68% of the total discharge pollutant load. An half of the households did not have septic tank. People conducts open feces at water ways or streams around communities. 2.2 Surveying villages It is very important to identify current status regarding awareness of citizen against seriousness of water pollution in CRB because the main driving force to improve water pollution will come from citizen participation. For this, Fig Districts boundaries and location of the surveyed 24 villages in the Citarum River Watershed Korean National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage 75

4 장정렬 Table 1. Numbers of the questionnaires Personal Awareness of Citarum River Intention to polluter payment Responsibility of river management Intention to participation Attitude on community culture Attitude Attitude on Attitude on on citizen river pollution sanitation participation management Sum questionnaire survey was conducted for 24 villages in 10 districts through cooperation by community facilitators who hired for this study project. Figure 1 shows the location sites of 24 villages in the CRB. Questionnaire was composed of 16 questions including general information on respondent (4 questions) and 8 questions regarding awareness of Citarum river water environment which was consisted of 58 items (Table 1). Total 138 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The survey period was from August 24 to September 25, Ⅲ. Results and discussions 3.1 Personal characteristics and awareness trends of the Citarum River The averaged age of the respondents was 38.7 years old. The average reside duration in their village was 31.2 years long. The oldest age of respondent was 70 years old and the youngest age was 13 years old, respectively. Male charged sixty-seven percent. Occupation distribution of the respondents showed that 60% was others, 26% was employee, 10% was NGO, business was 3% and agriculture was 1%. Others means that they did not have a permanent job. 97 percent of the respondents replied that they knew well on Citarum River. 94 percent acknowledges that Citarum River is polluted or seriously polluted. For question on pollution source (Fig. 2), in accordance with our expectation, 24% said industry, 21% for domestic waste water and 20% for waste, respectively. Of 16% respondents pointed out open defecation as one of the big pollutant sources. Based on the pollutant loads calculation (KRC and MTP, 2015; Suharyanto and Matsushita, ), main pollutant source is domestic wastewater like showing 68.2% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 17.2% comes from livestock and 7.7% comes from industry. Domestic wastewater took a dominant charge of pollutant source by calculation method. This result showed well match trend according to the survey results that 16% said open defecation as a main pollutant source. In really almost half 76

5 인도네시아찌다룸강유역거주자의수질관리인식도조사 of the households (over 15 millions lives in the Citarum river watershed) did not have a basic septic tank (KRC and MTP, 2015). Question for usage of Citarum River (Fig. 3), the highest usage was irrigation as showing 23% while 20% did not use Citarum River directly. Industry water, domestic water, fishing and stroll showed similar as approximately 10%, respectively. According to Public Work Data (BBWSC, 2011), 87% of the water resource is utilized for agricultural irrigation. 3.2 Thought on intention of polluter payment principal In Fig. 4, regarding question on intention to pay waste water discharge tariff, only 21 % of respondents said positive answer (yes or absolutely) but 65% showed negative response. While question on concept of polluter payment principle, 63% said positively, 30% showed moderate, and only 7% answered No. This result shows ambivalent attitude. Thus this ambivalent attitude is needed to change through education or promotion program. 3.3 Results of the basic human capacity analysis towards environment management Fig. 2. Thoughts of pollutant source Fig. 5 explains regarding feeling, intention and Fig. 3. Usage of the Citarum river Fig. 4. Intention on polluter pay principle Korean National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage 77

6 장정렬 action against 4 questions. Generally speaking, feeling on four questions shows relatively a little higher value than intention or action elements. Question on Citizen Participations shows the lowest score regarding 3 evaluation indexes among the four questions. This means that people were still vulnerable to aware importance of citizen participation to address environment issues on the CRB. Therefore, continuing education and promotion programs on the necessity of as well as on the importance of citizen participation are strongly required to improve this week points in the CRB. For this, community facilitators having both special knowledge and capacity are to be recruited and cultivated continuously, too. Jang et al(2012) studied similar questionnaire survey against 2 small villages in the Saemangeum watershed. The results showed very similar trend as shown in this study. The weak awareness of citizen participation, a big results in difference between feeling and intention/action. Even though people shows high affection and interest in their community, finally the intention/action to implement their affection was appeared very low relatively. In Fig. 6, people shows relatively low concern on citizen participatory programs. Four activities are suggested: participating education program; field campaign activity; information dissemination; and attending meeting or workshop. Field campaign activity showed the lowest score among the four participatory activities while information dissemination and attending educational program marked high value relatively. From this result, firstly, it is needed to encourage participation capacity. People seems to want various kind of information about environmental issues like water quality, Fig. 5. Results of the basic capacity analysis Fig. 6. Preference of citizen participatory programs 78

7 인도네시아찌다룸강유역거주자의수질관리인식도조사 success stories, etc. Thus government has to prepare various educational programs including both theory and experience as well as to make information transfer mechanism among people. For this, systemic program for nurturing qualified community facilitators is strongly established to disseminate environment information and to encourage citizen participation capacity. Fig. 7 shows the results of diagnosis of citizen participation capacity. Affection of community, willingness of participatory activity, and importance of citizen participation shows high score. This means that potential capacity of participation is high. But people are wondering about the effect of their participation to improve water quality of Citarum River. This is the very weak point that government needs to overcome not only by making various success stories on citizen participations but also by disseminating these success stories into communities through the prepared educational programs and community facilitators. Fig. 8 shows the results of diagnosis on the responsibility awareness on river environment management. People agrees polluter pay principle but they think that they are not a polluter. This thought leads that they do not have an intention to share cost of waste water treatment construction and O&M. While they feel somewhat responsibility for Citarum River water quality management, they strongly think that water quality management of Citarum River surely belongs to government s responsibility. So this thought derives that they need not to pay waste water discharge tariff. A similar survey on responsibility of river environment management was conducted in Korea. The answer was very similar with Fig. 7. Diagnosis of citizen participation capacity Fig. 8. Diagnosis of responsibility awareness Korean National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage 79

8 장정렬 Citarum s results. So Korean government is trying to change this mind into positive by various educational and promotional programs. In conclusion, it is needed to prepare institutional program cooperating with NGOs to guarantee sustainable water environment management in the Citarum River Basin. Ⅳ. Conclusions Environmental condition of the Citarum River Basin has been dramatically degraded by rapid urbanization and industrialization in recent years. This study was conducted to obtain a basic information regarding environment awareness of residents in the Citarum River Basin. 118 questionnaires from 24 communities in the CRB were analyzed. The dominant pollutant source of Citarum watershed by the calculation method is well matched with questionnaire survey results that showing 21% for domestic wastewater and 16% for open defecation as a main pollutant source. Base on the results of this study, Indonesia government needs to try to overcome several weak points toward resident s awareness of environmental conditions. At first, residents should be recognized importance of citizen participant for improving Citarum River water quality. Further more resident should be recognized that responsibility of watershed management belong to themself. For improving awareness of residents it is strongly recommended that indonesia government prepares various success stories by citizen participatory and then disseminate those stories into communities through qualified facilitators. Further more, system for nurturing facilitators should be established to disseminate environment information and to encourage citizen participation capacity. These process will make it possible to overcome the weak points that wondering about effects of citizen participation to improve water quality of Citarum River. This study does not represent whole the characteristics of the residents in the CRB because survey data are limited. The other hand this result could be useful to develope strategies and action plans for improving water quality of Citarum River watershed. Also this result could be used to compare the effects of community action plan implementation before and after in a future. REFERENCES 1. ADB and WB, 2013, Downstream Impacts of Water Pollution in the Upper Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia: Economic Assessment of Interventions to Improve Water Quality, Technical paper: Water and Sanitaion Program. 2. Anshori, Imam,, Basin Water 80

9 인도네시아찌다룸강유역거주자의수질관리인식도조사 Resources Management and Organization in Indonesia,, Ministry of Public Works of Indonesia, pp BBWSC, 2011, Basin Sstatus Map Citarun 2011, Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Citarum. 4. Cavelle, Jenna, 2013, A Political Ecology of the Citarum River Basin: Exploring Integrated Water Resources Management in West Java, Indonesia, Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, 26(1), pp KRC and MTP, 2015, Quarterly Report: ICWRMIP Sub Component 4.1 Development of a Basin River Quality Improvement Strategy and Action Plans. Ministry of Environment, Indonesia. 6. Jang, J. et al, 2012, Report on Development of Agricultural NPS Reduction Measures on the Saemangeum Watershed, RRI of KRC, Korea. 7. Suharyanto and Matsushita, Jun,, Basin- Based Wastewater Management System in Japan, the Netherlands and Indonesia: A Comparative study for Surface water Quality Improvement in Upper Citarum Basin,, pp Tjokrokusumo, S. W., 2007, Integrated Management of Citarum River Basin: A Case Study toward Sustainable development and Community Participation, J. Hidrosfir, 1(2), pp Water and Sanitation Problems: From Minimal Facility until Peopl s Awareness, 2015, en.citarum.org/node/291. The author wishes to express their gratitude for the assistance provided by the consulting service of KRC and MTP. Korean National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage 81