Changes. National Science Resources Center. Smithsonian Institution. Science and Technology Concepts

Transcription

1 Changes Science and Technology Concepts Smithsonian Institution

2 Changes Science and Technology Concepts Smithsonian Institution

3 The (NSRC) was established in 1985 by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academies to improve the learning and teaching of science for all students in the United States and throughout the world. The prestige and credibility of these two world-renowned institutions provide the NSRC with access to research, scientific expertise, and resources to inform our work, as well as an opportunity to engage and catalyze educators, business people, and scientists in all aspects of science education reform. The Smithsonian Institution was established in 1846 with a mission of increasing and diffusing knowledge. For over 160 years, the Smithsonian has used its unique, publicly accessible collections, research, and staff to inform, educate, and inspire a diverse public. In doing this, it has become one of the most widely recognized institutions in the world for both its contributions to science and its unparalleled ability to make its research and collections accessible to people of all ages. The National Academies are comprised of three academies the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine and their operating arm, the National Research Council. These institutions work outside the framework of government to ensure independent advice to the nation on matters of science, technology, and medicine. The NSRC advances the missions of its parent institutions by expanding and extending their important work in the following ways: n Making their work accessible by translating research into products and services for education leaders. n Building leadership capacity, especially within the science and engineering communities, to leverage change at the school district and state levels. n Educating a broad constituency of practitioners about the important work of both institutions in science education. This book is one of a series designed to be an integral component of the Science and Technology Concepts Elementary (STC ) curriculum, a research-based, inquiry-centered science program for students. Designer Nadine Johnson Summerville, South Carolina SAMPLE 2011 The National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution ISBN All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any other storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the National Science Resources Center, except for the purposes of official use by the U.S. government. Contact for further information.

4 Science and Technology Concepts Changes Change Is All around You...2 Where Has All the Water Gone?...4 Mixing and Separating Solids...8 Mixing Solids and Liquids Separating Solids and Liquids Table of Contents Chemical Reactions...22 What Do You Know about Changes?...30 Glossary...34 Fun Facts...36 SAMPLE Photo Credits...37 Mixing and Separating Liquids Acknowledgements...38

5 4Where Has All the Water Gone? Pouring juice in a glass A kettle on a stove Glasses filled with ice cubes The Three Forms of Water Water changes its form at different temperatures. Which picture shows very cold water? Which picture shows a liquid? Which picture shows very hot water? How do you know?

6 Water changes to a solid at a certain temperature (32 F). A glacier is made of layers of icy, packed snow. Glaciers move very slowly. A glacier at the edge of a lake An iceberg floating in a lake When a glacier reaches the water, pieces can break off. A stream filled with melting snow These pieces of floating ice are called icebergs. 5Where Has All the Water Gone?

7 6Where Has All the Water Gone? A drying pond Blow drying hair Rain puddle Lakes and ponds get smaller when it s hot and dry. The water seems to disappear. The water in a liquid form changes to water in a gas form. The gas goes into the air. This is called evaporation. Where does the water go when you dry your hair?

8 E 4 C hemical Reaction: A change that happens when substances interact with each other to make one or more new substances. L 4 Chromatography: A way to separate colors by using paper and a liquid. M 4 Crystal: A solid with a regular shape that can form when a liquid solution evaporates. 4 Dissolve: To make a solid become part of a liquid mixture, such as powder in water to make a fruit drink. A Glossar y P 4 Condensation: When a gas cools and changes into a liquid, such as water droplets on a cold glass. 4 Evaporation: When a liquid changes to a gas. S 4 Experiment: A step by step process to study questions in science F ilter: An object that has tiny holes in it to catch small solids and let liquids go through.

9 4 Gas: A substance with no shape that fills the space it is in. Most gases have no color and cannot be seen. 4 Liquid: A substance that takes the shape of the container it is in. 4 Mixture: A combination of two or more different solids and/or liquids. 4 Recycle: To reuse objects in a new way. 4 Solid: A substance that has or keeps its own shape. 4 Solution: When a solid or liquid is dissolved into a liquid. 4 Substance: The main part of the material from which something is made. SAMPLE 4 Temperature: A measure of the hotness or coldness of an object or a space. Glossar y 35

10 Fun Facts 1 A plastic milk bottle can be recycled into new plastic lumber for decks and floors. 2 Once, there were no telephones. Then there were phones just in our homes. Now many people use cell phones that they can carry with them. 3 The gold and silver that is mined can be changed into beautiful jewelry. 4 Weather can be wet, dry, hot, or cold. These change every day. 5 For all organisms, change is a part of life. For example, a tree grows from a seed and birds hatch from eggs. 6 Change can be fast or slow. An ice cube will melt quickly on a sunny day. It takes a year for a puppy to grow into an adult dog. 7 Seasons can change over a year from spring to summer to fall to winter. 8 Summer in Antarctica and Australia happens from November until February. Summer in North America happens from June to September. 9 Your hair grows faster in warm weather. Changes Fun Facts SAMPLE 10 Chameleons are lizards that can change their color in as fast as 20 seconds. 11 Giant tortoises keep growing for their whole lives. 36

11 Acknowledgements 38 The (NSRC) produces and disseminates research-based science education curricula that are used by school districts to construct effective K 12 science programs. All curricula developed or recommended by the NSRC are informed by research studies from the National Research Council of the National Academies about how students learn, and are produced using a rigorous research and development process. The NSRC has produced the Science and Technology Concepts (STC ) curricula, which is a research-based, inquiry-centered science program. The Changes book is part of a series of eight books for grades 1 2. This series is an integral component of the STC curricula and has been developed to enhance children s literacy skills in the context of science and extending the lessons beyond the classroom. The book has undergone rigorous review by experts in the field to ensure that all the information is current and accurate. A nationally recognized reading specialist has worked with the NSRC to create copy at a reading level that is appropriate for students in primary grades. The NSRC greatly appreciates the efforts of all the individuals who were part of this project. Each contributed his or her expertise to ensure that the book is of the highest quality. Project Administration Sally Goetz Shuler Executive Director Timothy Alt, Jr. Financial and Administrative Specialist Project Management Claudia Campbell Managing Editor Project Management Consultants Ian MacGregor Senior Scientist (Consultant) Napa, California Barbara Thomas Production Manager (Consultant) West Palm Beach, Florida Research and Development Consultants Terry Jennings Writer (Consultant) Reston, Virginia Gina McNeely Photo Researcher (Consultant) Broadlands, Virginia Ashley Almon Researcher Washington, District of Columbia Science Literacy Expert Annemarie Sullivan Palincsar Jean and Charles Walgreen Professor of Reading and Literacy School of Education University of Michigan at Ann Arbor Scientific and Educational Contributors David Marsland Director, Professional Development Center Maria Varelas Professor of Science Education Department of Curriculum and Instruction University of Illinois at Chicago Sharon Shaffer Director, Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center Washington, District of Columbia Jeffrey E. Post National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution SAMPLE

12 Changes Content Theme Page Number STC Lesson Number Change Is All around You Where Has All the Water Gone? Mixing and Separating Solids Mixing Solids and Liquids Separating Solids and Liquids and 8 Mixing and Separating Liquids Chemical Reactions What Do You Know about Changes? SAMPLE

13 SAMPLE STC ELEMENTARY CONTENT EXTENSIONS CHANGES The Changes book helps to expand children s understanding of solids, liquids, and gases by exploring changes of state; they investigate freezing, melting, evaporation, and condensation of water. They also explore the results of mixing different solids and mixing solids with liquids and how to separate mixtures through sieving, filtration, evaporation, and chromatography methods. These investigations help the children to begin to recognize the characteristics of chemical reactions. The content and amazing full-color photography and illustrations help bring the subject to life. Questions provided throughout the book encourage critical thinking to allow children to get engaged and personally participate in the learning process. To Order: Online: or Online: Phone: D Street, SW Suite 704-B Washington, DC Smithsonian Institution