Module 1: Production, present scenario and consumption pattern of fuels. Lecture 3: Production, present scenario and consumption pattern of fuels

Transcription

1 1 P age Module 1: Production, present scenario and consumption pattern of fuels Lecture 3: Production, present scenario and consumption pattern of fuels

2 2 P age Keywords: mining of coal; exploration of petroleum, drilling of petroleum, consumption Coal Coal mining Coal mining is the process which involves activities such as removing the coal from earth and preparing it for the market. The basic system of production techniques mainly consists of, 1) Extraction methods and techniques to break-out or win the coal. 2) Transport of coal and waste products away from the active production location. 3) Ventilation with proper air distribution to provide sufficient air circulation to meet the statutory regulations. 4) The control of the behavior of underground and surface opening required for coal extraction. Two main types of mining are a) Surface mining and b) Underground mining Current scenario and consumption of coal GSI, CMPDI, SCCL, MECL etc. made a survey up to the maximum depth of 1200 metre to estimate the reserve of coal in India and the report says that there is a cumulative total of 2,93,497 million tonnes of geological resources of coal in the country as on Two major coal fields in India are Gondwana formation and Tertiary formation, where the first one is the largest reserve with a total of 2,92,000 million tones.

3 3 P age About 75% of the coal in India is consumed in the power sector. In addition, other industries like steel, cement, fertilizers, chemicals, paper and thousands of medium and small-scale industries are also dependent on coal for their process and energy requirements. Petroleum and natural gas Exploration Three conditions must be present for an oil or gas field to exist 1) A source rock, such as shale, that is rich in organic material 2) Reservoir rock, such as, porous and permeable limestone, dolomite or sandstone 3) A trapping mechanism, such as, anticline, faulted strata or any of the different kinds of traps. Petroleum geologists must do everything possible to search for areas, where all of these conditions are met. One must gather as many clues as possible, the clues must be studied and interpreted individually and then with a great deal of data compilation and imagination, a recommendation to explore can be made. Drilling of petroleum and natural gas Drilling oil and gas well is a complicated and expensive operation which needs versatile knowledge of engineering and geosciences. Selection of drill site is an important criterion which is highly based on geological evidence indicating the possible accumulation of petroleum. Surface condition must be suitable for drilling purpose. After completion of survey and selection, the site will be cleared and leveled. All drilling equipments and necessary components are moved to the location. The derrick is raised over the substructure where main bore hole will be

4 4 P age made, and other equipments such as, engines, pumps, rotating and hoisting equipments are aligned and connected. Drilling fluid is stored in the location. After all these arrangements, the drilling operation begins. For oil and gas to flow into the drill casing or well bore from the porous rock, the required force can be supplied in different forms, which are, 1) Dissolve gas drive, which is the result of expansion of gas dissolved in oil, 2) Gas cap drive, which is done by the expansion of gas contained in the reservoir above the oil, and 3) Water drive, where the force is exerted by the upward pressure of water as it expands and moves into the regions of lower pressure as oil is produced. All these three types are shown in Figure 1. (a) (b) (c) Fig 1. Reservoir drive mechanisms (a) Dissolved gas drive (b) Gas cap drive (c) Water drive Current scenario and consumption of petroleum and natural gas The availability of crude oil in the country increased from million tonnes during to million tonnes during During this period crude oil production increased from

5 5 P age 6.82 to million tonnes. The availability of natural gas has steadily increased from a mere 0.65 BCMs during to BCMs during (BCM=Billion cubic metre) High speed diesel oil accounted for 38% of total consumption of all types of petroleum products in This was followed by LPG (9.1%), petrol (9%), fuel oil (7%) and refinery fuel (10.1%). Low sulphur oil consumption was highest (52%) in industrial sector. Natural gas has been used both for energy (69 %) and non-energy (31%) purposes and the maximum use of natural gas is in power generation (46%) followed by fertilizers industry (28%) and 11.7% natural gas is used for captive use/lpg shrinkage.

6 6 P age Reference: 1. Modern Petroleum Technology, Vol 1, Upstream, Ed. by Richard A. Dawe, IP, 6 th edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd McGraw Hill Encylopedia of Science & Technology, no. 4, 9 th edition, McGraw Hill, Fuels and combustion, S. Sarkar, 2 nd edition, Orient Longman Ltd., Energy Statistics 2012, Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India., 5. Ministry of coal, Govt. of India,