GAP AND NEEDS ANALYSIS

Transcription

1 ENABLING ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF TURKEY S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION TO THE UNFCCC GAP AND NEEDS ANALYSIS Prepared by Meral Mungan Arda Reviewed by Bahar Ubay Dr. Öznur Oğuz Kuntasal ANKARA, DECEMBER 2010

2 Table of Content ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES Government Structure Demographic Profile Geographic Profile Climate Profile Economic Profile Energy Transportation Industry Waste Building Stock and Urban Structure Agriculture Forest Special Circumstances of Turkey GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY INFORMATION Summary of the GHG Inventory Emission Trends by Sectors Energy Industrial Processes Solvent and other Product Use Agriculture Land use and Land-use Change and Forestry Waste

3 3.3. Emission Trends by GHGs Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs, PFCs and SF Factors Underlying Emission Trends Comparison between Current and Previous Inventories National System Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Uncertainties POLICIES AND MEASURES Introduction Policy Development Process Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Policies and Cross-Sectoral Measures Economic Instruments Support of Research and Development Legislative Instruments Carbon registry National Climate Change Strategy Sectoral Policies and Measures Energy Transport Industry Agriculture Forestry Waste

4 4.6. Other Policies and Measures Promoting Sustainable Development Effect of Policies and Measures on the Modification of Long-term Trends Policies and Measures No Longer in Place Additional Information Required Under the Kyoto Protocol PROJECTIONS AND THE TOTAL EFFECT OF POLICIES AND MEASURES Introduction Projections by Sector with Existing Measures Energy Transport Industry Agriculture Forestry Waste Other Aviation and Maritime Bunker Fuels Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry Projections by Gas Without Measures Projections Effects of Policies and Measures Methodology Used for Projections VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION MEASURES Overview Climate Scenarios Sea-level Scenarios Expected Impacts of Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment Coastal Zone

5 Human Health Water Resources and Water Storage Biological diversity Agriculture Tourism Forests Existing Adaptation Measures Coastal Zone Management Water Resources Agriculture Progress on Future Adaptation Activities FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY Environmental Finance Policies and Implementations in Turkey National and International Agencies for Financial Implementations New and Additional Financial Resources Allocated and Planned Financial Resources International Funding Technology Need Assessment Technology Transfer RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION General Policy and Financing on Research and Systematic Observation Research Systematic Observation Atmospheric and Meteorological Observations Air Pollutant Measurements Oceanographic Observations Terrestrial Observations

6 Space-based Observation Programs Support for developing countries to establish and maintain observing systems EDUCATION, TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS General policy toward education, training and public awareness Sections Participation in international activities APPENDICES ANNEX. I ANNEX II

7 List of Tables Table 1. Summary of policies and measures by sector Table 2. Summary of key variables and assumptions in the projections analysis Table 3. Financial Contributions to the Global Environment Facility Table 4. Financial Contributions to Multilateral Institutions and Programmes Table 5. Bilateral and Regional Financial Contributions Related to the Implementation of the Convention (Millions of US$) Table 6. Description of Selected Projects or Programmes that Promoted Practicable Steps to Facilitate and/or Finance the Transfer of, or Access to, Environmentally Sound Technologies Table 7. Participation in the Global Atmospheric Observing Systems Table 8. Participation in the Global Oceanographic Observing Systems Tablo 9. Participation in the Global Terrestrial Observing Systems

8 List of Figures Figure 1. Hypothetical Party s Projection for Emissions of one gas

9 ABBREVIATIONS AECMAP CBCC ERT EU FNC GDP GHG GWP IEA IPCC GCOS GSN GUAN GAW LULUCF MDGF MoEF NC NCCAP NIR NGO SNC SME R&D PaMs PMU TURKSTAT Afforestation and Erosion Control Mobilization Action Plan Coordination Board of Climate Change Expert Review Team European Union First National Communication Gross Domestic Product Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential International Energy Agency Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Global Climate Observing System GCOS Surface Network GCOS Upper Air Network Global Atmosphere Watch Land use and Land-use Change and Forestry Millennium Development Goals Fund Ministry of Environment and Forestry National Communication National Climate Change Action Plan National Inventory Report Non-governmental Organization Second National Communication Small and Medium Enterprises Research and Development Policy and Measures Project Management Unit Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) 8

10 TUGEM UNFCCC UNDP UNIDO TTGV WM WOM WAM Directorate of Agricultural Production and Development United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Development Programme United Nations Industrial Development Organization Technology Development Foundation of Turkey With Measures Without Measures With Additional Measures 9

11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Turkey submitted the First National Communication to the UNFCCC Secretariat in This communication was comprehensive and structured; it contained very useful information in opening a new window from Turkey to the UNFCCC. It also received significant feedback from the Expert Review Team (ERT) during the in-depth review after the report submission. This report mainly contains data and information till There have been extremely important developments in Turkey on climate change issues. Parliament ratified an agreement to sign the Kyoto Protocol in Several studies on the effects of climate change, emission inventories, adaptation to adverse effects, education, public awareness and different aspects of climate change have been conducted after the submission of the First National Communication. It is important that these improvements are well reflected during the Second National Communication. It is also extremely vital to review carefully what has been already studied and reported so as to use time, financial and human resources more effectively and in order to avoid from duplication. There are hundreds of pages of reference documents on climate change issues, containing relevant and useful data for SNC preparation. It is particularly essential that the most relevant ones are screened for further review and for transfer of information to the SNC. Certain reports produced so far may contain information which are rather too detailed to provide information to SNC, may lack some data or they may be rather regional reports for a nationwide communication. Hence, it is always important to keep in mind that, even though there is a significant aggregation of information and data useful for SNC preparation, filtering, updating, refining, fine-tuning and then reflecting the most relevant information will necessitate considerable time and human resources. This study aims to lay out the requirements of UNFCCC for national communication preparation, highlight the comments of ERT team, review the reference documents and refer to the useful information to be transferred to SNC. This study also reveals the gaps between what is required and what is present and lists the needs for SNC preparation. It shall be noted that the reference list of this report contains limited reports and studies; there are many other studies that could provide input to SNC. These studies shall be further searched for during the preparation period. 10

12 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this assignment is to conduct a gap and need analysis for the project entitled Enabling Activities for the Preparation of Turkey s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC. Within the scope of this assignment, existing documents produced by the projects implemented by UNDP-ESD were used in the assessment. These projects are: Developing Turkey s National Climate Change Action Plan Project (NCCAP) MDG-F 1680: Enhancing the Capacity of Turkey to Adapt to Climate Change Capacity Building for Climate Change Management in Turkey Project The list of reports produced by these projects and used in this analysis is provided in the References part of this report. In addition to these project documents, following documents were also used in the gap and need analysis: 1) Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part II: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on national communications 2) First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change 3) Report on In-depth Review of the First National Communication of Turkey The study delivers the evaluation results of the above-mentioned documents in a compatible format to the Second National Communication (SNC) outline, the review is explained in SNC Chapter modules. Each module expresses the requirements of UNFCCC guideline on the evaluated chapter, proposed outline by the Project Management Unit (PMU) for that chapter. The UNFCCC guideline and ERT comments are quoted from the relevant documents throughout the report. Certain sections of the outline proposed in these chapters are optional in national communications. Annex I of this report demonstrates the mandatory outline required by UNFCCC. The outlines given in this report are only suggestions. Optional sections are indicated and their inclusion in the SNC is subject to the decision of government of Turkey. The structure of this report is as follows: A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline: Scope of each Chapter according to UNFCCC guideline is discussed in this part. An outline including section names is also proposed for each chapter. The proposed outline is prepared according to both requirements of UNFCCC and sample NCs of other Annex I countries. : Comments of ERT on each chapter is provided in this part. If there is no comment for that chapter or section it is also stated. : Relevant information and data in the analyzed documents that can be used to fulfill the requirements of UNFCCC guideline and ERT comments and to prepare the SNC are presented in this part referring the related document. : Considering the statements provided in the above sections, information and data need to be provided as well as need for revisions and update of the existing documents to prepare the relevant report section of the SNC are identified in this part. This report also illustrates the summary of the textual explanation in tabular format in appendices. The table in Annex II summarizes the gaps and needs. It is important to note that gap and need analysis results presented in this report are limited to the analyzed documents that are listed above and provided in the References part of this report. 11

13 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline Second National Communication (SNC) shall provide a description of the national circumstances of Turkey, how these circumstances affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, and how national circumstances and changes in national circumstances affect greenhouse gas emissions and removals over time. It should be described in the SNC that how national circumstances are relevant to factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions and removals, including disaggregated indicators, to explain the relationship between national circumstances and emissions or removals. Following outline is recommended by the UNFCCC Guideline: 2.1. Government Structure 2.2. Population Profile 2.3. Geographic Profile 2.4. Climate Profile 2.5. Economic Profile 2.6. Energy 2.7. Transportation 2.8. Industry 2.9. Waste Building stock and urban structure Agriculture Forest Other circumstances National circumstances chapter of the Communication should include the sections provided in the following parts in detail. It is proposed that ``Special Circumstance of Turkey`` should be described under the section Other Circumstances of the Communication. Certainly, information best describing the national circumstances other than the items stated below should also be included. ERT recommends that more transparent explanations should be provided in the SNC regarding the institutional arrangements on climate change Government Structure A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline SNC should clearly explain the Turkey s government structure. It should provide information on governmental bodies at different levels together with their roles and responsibilities. ERT recommends that more transparent explanations should be provided in the SNC regarding the institutional arrangements on climate change. First National Communication (FNC) (Ref: 2) provides brief information regarding the government structure of Turkey and it states that the Coordination Board of Climate Change (CBCC) is the main responsible body on climate change. 12

14 NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) provides information regarding the governmental structure on climate change, detailed explanations on CBCC and the working groups of CBCC. FNC and NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) mainly fulfill the requirements according to UNFCCC guideline. This information should be synthesized and updated to prepare the SNC. In order to answer the ERT comment on FNC, the SNC should include a detailed explanation on the governmental structure on climate change especially giving emphasis to climate units in government bodies other than Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF). Furthermore, the structure and related bodies for preparing and adopting related laws shall be explained. On the other hand, specific structures for climate change governance shall also be explained (for example; structure and governance of inventory preparation system and related laws or communiqués) Demographic Profile A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline Information regarding the total population of Turkey along with the density and distribution should be included in the SNC. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC contains information regarding the population, population density and distribution of Turkey s population. It provides the results of 2004 census including population density data. The urbanization ratio values for the year 2006 and projections for 2015 are also provided in the FNC. The population data is needed to be updated to prepare the SNC. The latest census was conducted in It is also important to provide discussions on the population data including but not limited to comparison of the population growth among selected countries (for example, Annex I and emerging economies), distribution of population in rural vs. urban, coastal vs. inland areas as well as in industrial areas. It should also be described in the SNC that how demographic profile is relevant to factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions and removals, 2.3. Geographic Profile A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline Geographical information such as area, latitude, land-use data and ecosystems should be provided in the SNC. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC provides information on area, boundaries and seas, mountains, water resources and florafauna of Turkey. This section should be revised and updated to prepare the SNC. MDGF report (Ref: 6.10) provides detailed information on Turkey s ecosystem and can be used to prepare the SNC as a reference. 13

15 Existing information in the FNC should be revised, updated and enhanced to prepare the SNC. Many other resources might also be used to prepare this part in addition to the documents analyzed in this work. The types of ecosystems present in Turkey might be demonstrated in the SNC in a brief format. It would also be useful to illustrate the land use data for Turkey Climate Profile A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline According to UNFCCC Guideline, climate profile section of the SNC should include information on temperature distribution, annual temperature variations, precipitation distribution, climate variability, extreme events, etc. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC contained information regarding the climate profile of Turkey. MDGF report (Ref: 6.8) elaborates information on extreme events in Turkey. This report might be used as a reference in preparing the SNC. It would be useful to provide temperature figures from the past and current times for comparison, besides giving brief information regarding climate projections for Turkey. SNC should also prepare brief information with regards to the extreme events in Turkey. Effect of climatic conditions on the GHG emissions shall also be briefly mentioned in this section (for instance, the effect of heating needs arising in winter causes an increase in GHG emissions) Economic Profile A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline SNC should provide information such as gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita (expressed in domestic currency and purchasing parities), GDP by sector and international trade patterns. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC presents a brief paragraph describing Turkey s economic profile. It contains detailed information on GDP, GDP per capita, GDP by sector and international trade patterns. The data in the report belong to the year 2000, 2004 and NCCAP report (Ref: 5.8) provides comparison of country data with regard to certain economic parameters. Even though, they do not exactly serve for explaining the national circumstances, they still might be used to provide information on Turkey s economic condition among the other countries. Updated GDP and GDP per capita values for the recent years (where possible including 2009 data) should be provided in the SNC. It would also be useful to update the data on GDP shares by sectors and international trade patterns for recent years, where possible including 2009 data. Relevant section of the FNC need to be updated and revised to prepare the SNC. It should also be described in the SNC that how economic profile is relevant to factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions and removals. 14

16 2.6. Energy A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline According to UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines, SNC should include information on energy resource base, production, consumption, market structure, prices, taxes, subsidies and trade. It is important to indicate them by fuel types where appropriate. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC includes the energy resource base, production and consumption data along with brief explanations regarding the energy profile of Turkey. This section reflects the fuel types as well. However, the data provided belongs mostly to the year IEA Turkey Energy Review Report (Ref: 7.2) dated 2010 might provide an important input to the preparation of relevant section of the SNC. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.10) elaborates information on resource categorization, energy consumption and production data, renewable energy utilization, market structure and economic instruments used, like subsidies for the use of renewable energy. This document would provide a significant input to the SNC document. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.9) provides discussions on the primary energy consumption per capita data for the world s average as well as Turkey in the Basic Indicators`` section of the report. That might provide an input in preparation of the SNC. Turkey s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report (Ref: 7.3) should also be addressed in the SNC especially for the fuel combustion and source categorization data. Information with regards to consumption, resource categorization, and utilization of renewable energy resources could be found in Energy chapter of the Turkey s Special Circumstances Report (Ref: 4). Updated energy indicators on energy resource base, production and consumption of Turkey should be included in the SNC document. If possible, an updated chart diagram showing the energy supply distribution by fuel types shall be inserted a comparison for different years would also be useful, which was already submitted in FNC for the year 1990 and 2004 for a clear demonstration. Data for the most recent year, where possible for the year 2009, should be used in preparing relevant section of the SNC. Explanations on the market structure should also be provided; especially the dependency on external energy resources, Turkey s indigenous energy resources, import and export conditions should be explained, by using the most recent data. SNC shall emphasize the dedication of Turkey s government on renewable energy use. The increase in the renewable energy use and initiations on renewable energy infrastructure shall be mentioned. The compatibility of the dedication with the EU s Renewable Energy Directive is also important as Turkey is candidate country for the EU. In spite of the information present in documents mentioned in existing information part that is provided above, there is still a need for information and data on market structure, prices, taxes, subsidies and trade to be included in the SNC. The national circumstances on energy profile should also be interpreted in terms of GHG emissions. 15

17 2.7. Transportation A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline SNC should provide information regarding the modes of transportation (passenger and freight), travel distances and fleet characteristics. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC provides passenger and freight data for different transportation modes, mostly for the year 2004 and NCCAP report (Ref: 5.7) mostly meets the needs to prepare the SNC. It provides information on the percentage contribution of transportation to CO 2 emissions in Turkey, increase in CO 2 emissions in time due to transportation, illustrates charts for the change in passenger and freight transportation (between ), contribution of modes of transportation of CO 2 emissions (Figure 5 in the mentioned report), and presents the number of passengers travelling by air in the year 2007, 2008 and It also explains the legal instruments in transportation sector in Turkey. Passenger and freight data according to transportation modes shall be updated in the SNC. Quantitative information regarding the number of passengers and amount of freight shall be illustrated. It is worthy to mention the legal instruments like removal of old cars from traffic and the increasing trend in the use of fuel-efficient cars. It is also needed to include information on travel distances (for instance, domestic and international travel) and fleet characteristics. The information on the impact of transportation sector to GHG emissions shall be present in the SNC Industry A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline UNFCCC Reporting Guideline does not elaborately describe the items that should be included in the national communication, but it states that the structure of industry shall be presented in the report. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC has a detailed chapter in industry in Turkey. However, the data used in this chapter belongs to the year Also, the energy section of FNC includes a table on the energy intensity of different sectors, which might be useful in interpreting industry structure of Turkey by the GHG emissions. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.8) provides share of industrial installations located at the coastal zones of Turkey (pg 12), which might help to explain the industry structure in Turkey. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.5) fully meets the needs to prepare the SNC. Chapter 2 of this report gives the ratio of industry in overall energy consumption, the composition of industry based on gross value added of main economic sectors, the percentage of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the industries, the emission percentage and amount caused by industry sector, its variation between , the indication of emission intensive industrial sectors. 16

18 NIR report (Ref: 7.3) states that iron and steel sector is the most emission intensive sector and also provides an inspection of sectors with regards to specific GHG emissions (i.e. which sector causes which GHG emission). NCCAP report (Ref:5.5) mostly fulfill the information requirements to prepare the SNC. Presentation of dominating industrial sectors might be provided as a chart in the SNC. Annual differences in share of the industries might be depicted on this chart. Hence, it could be possible to comment on the current industrial structure, the change of industrial sectors with regards to years and its effect on GHG emissions (for instance, explaining that sectors with more energy and emissions intensity contributes more to the GHG emissions). NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) also provides certain figures, but they are rather elaborative to be included in the National Circumstances Chapter of the SNC. Conclusive information regarding the contribution of industry sectors on GHG emissions could be derived from this report Waste A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline Waste sources and management practices should be present in the SNC. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC provides data on solid waste collected by municipalities for the year 1994, 2003 and Additionally, amount of solid waste generation per capita data is presented for the year NCCAP report (Ref: 5.8) provides GHG emissions data for waste sector (Table 1.11) in comparison with other countries. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.2) gives detailed information on waste management strategies providing examples of waste facilities in Turkey; GHG emissions from waste sector (i.e., GHG emission data vs. years is given in Table 1); methane emission sources in waste sector (Table 2). The report also states that waste sector has the second largest GHG emission rate after energy sector. It provides detailed information regarding solid waste composition, waste amounts, and disposal methods. NIR (Ref: 7.3) of Turkey also presents a waste chapter where detailed information on methane emission trends from waste disposal, wastewater and waste incineration sections are presented. However, wastewater and waste incineration sections do not contain sufficient information due to lack of data. In fact, NIR report is rather too detailed to provide input for the SNC. FNC data should be updated using the most recent data (where possible using the data for the year 2009) in the SNC report. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.2) mainly fulfills the needs for preparing the SNC. However, it is essential to update waste data, waste composition, the ratio of waste disposal and treatment methods to be included in the SNC. Additionally, an interpretation on effects of waste sector on GHG emissions shall be included in SNC. It would also be useful to indicate the recycled waste ratio, which is currently not present in any of the above-mentioned documents, if possible. 17

19 2.10. Building Stock and Urban Structure A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline Profile of residential and commercial buildings shall be included in the national communications according to UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC contains 1990, 2000 and 2006 data in the housing section. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.3) provides information on CO 2 emissions produced by building sector (using 2007 data) and CO 2 emission estimation for the year Numbers of households, types of households according to TURKSTAT data are also provided in this report, which gives a quite satisfactory explanation regarding the urban structure. Turkey s Special Circumstances Report (Ref: 4) also provides information regarding the building structure and pertaining energy efficiency in buildings concept. NIR (Ref: 7.3) of Turkey provides data on residential greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 and 2008 in Annex 7 and Annex 8. However, these data are too elaborative for National Circumstances section of the SNC. Relevant projects of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing might also provide input to this section. FNC report data shall be updated using the most recent data (where possible using the data for the year 2009) in the SNC report. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.3) fully meets the needs of this section in SNC. The report also forms cause-effect relations between the building sector circumstances and the GHG emissions. It suggests energy efficiency measures taken at the households and it also gives details with regards to energy resources used for heating purposes. In the SNC, the comments regarding GHG emissions could be strengthened Agriculture A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline UNFCCC Reporting Guideline requires that the national communications include information regarding the structure and management practices with regards to the agriculture. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC provides information regarding the agricultural land, products, product changes with respect to years, and share of agricultural land in Turkey. FNC also presents the amount of land to be cultivated in the year The data presented in the report are not to date and need to be updated. MDGF report (Ref: 6.14) provides detailed data on agricultural land (using the data for the year 2008) including type of agricultural products and land use information with respect to different years (Table 1). It enables the amount of agricultural land comparison and comments on the reasons for the decrease in agricultural areas in years. The report also discusses the agricultural policies along EU accession period. It explains agricultural policies, like Common Agricultural Policy and Rural Development Policy of the EU and compatible Turkish agricultural policies. 18

20 MDGF report (Ref: 6.5) provides explanation on livestock in Seyhan River Basin. Even though the information in this report is useful, it is rather regional and cannot provide a nationwide input for SNC report. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.6) provides sector description, which is rather too detailed for the National Circumstances Chapter of the SNC. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.8) presents GHG emissions data for agriculture sector (Table 1.11) in comparison with other countries. NIR (Ref: 7.3) of Turkey provides GHG emission sources from agriculture. Table 6.1 of this report gives number of animals with respect to different years from 1990 to Information needed in this section of the SNC might mainly be provided by the above mentioned reports. FNC data shall be updated, sub-sector data shall be included. It is necessary to extract total agricultural area, arable land use categories and livestock information to briefly describe agricultural structure in Turkey. The changes in agricultural land and livestock should be interpreted in terms of GHG emissions. If possible, the estimations for the near future shall be indicated and the potential effect of the expected change on GHG emissions should also be noted Forest A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline Types and management practices relevant to the forests in Turkey should be present in the SNC, according to UNFCCC Reporting Guideline. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC includes a section on forests, presenting 2004 forestry data. MDGF report (Ref: 6.14) provides information regarding the national afforestration action plan which will take place between 2008 and Table 12 gives data regarding afforestration, which would be a useful input for the SNC. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.4) presents quantitative information regarding the forestry area, tree types, forest inventory of General Directorate of Forestry (Table 1A) and the change in forest area from the year 1972 to the year There is also the forest function categories presented in chart format, which would also be a worthy data source for the SNC. Gross and net carbon stock changes between 1990 and 2007 are provided in this report as well. The report also comments as forestry sector being a good sink in Turkey. CBCCM report (Ref:7.5) presents current situation analysis of the forestry sector in Turkey which would be a useful input for the SNC. Above-mentioned reports will mostly be sufficient for preparing the SNC. The information and data provided in the FNC shall be revised and updated using the data for the most recent year where possible for the year Total forest area, types of forests, new planting data shall be extracted from the NCCAP report (Ref: 5.4). This report might also provide an overall structure for forest management in Turkey. It would be useful to insert a brief explanation on the distribution of forests, data on wood harvesting, as well. 19

21 2.13. Special Circumstances of Turkey A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline Any special circumstances specific to Turkey, which is significant in terms of explaining the national circumstances and historic trends should be explained under this heading. It is also important to note that Parties requesting flexibility or consideration, in accordance with Article 4.6 and 4.10 of the Convention, shall state the type of special consideration they are seeking and provide a full explanation of their circumstances. ERT does not have any comments on this section. FNC provides detailed information on the special circumstances of Turkey. Turkey s Special Circumstances Report (Ref: 4) explains thoroughly the special circumstances of Turkey. Basic Indicators section in the National Climate Change Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) also summarizes special circumstances of Turkey. Especially the General Evaluations and Results chapter of this report would provide significant input to the SNC. It is essential in the SNC to harmonize the special circumstances information presented in the above mentioned documents. The SNC section on special circumstances should be clear, understandable and in a logical manner. Thereby, the special circumstances of Turkey, which are recognized by all the countries at the Conference of the Parties on its Seventh Session, Held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 10 November 2001, shall be explained in the SNC of Turkey. Graphics and data used in the Turkey s Special Circumstances Report (Ref: 4) are not to date and they shall be updated with the current data from Turkey and from the World to be used in the SNC. Furthermore, some additional countries can be analyzed and included. COP decision of Turkey that is presented at COP16 held in Cancun, Mexico might also be used in this part according to success in the meeting. 20

22 3. GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY INFORMATION A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline National communication shall include a text explaining the greenhouse gas inventory along with the diagrams for the GHGs. GHGs should be reported in summary tables. It is important that parties provide a description of the factors underlying emission trends, according to UNFCCC Reporting Guideline. Following outline is proposed by the PMU to be used in the SNC: 3.1. Summary of the GHG Inventory 3.2. Emission Trends by Sectors Energy Industrial Processes Solvents and Other Products Use Agriculture Land use and Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Waste 3.3. Emission Trends by GHGs Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs, PFCs and SF Factors Underlying Emission Trends 3.5. Comparison between Current and Previous Inventories 3.6. National System Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Uncertainties ERT criticized that Turkey has provided limited overall explanations of the factors underlying GHG emission trends, with a simple comparison of the trend of total GHG emissions with the trend in economic development (GDP), primary energy source consumption and population growth. More detailed explanations are provided only for some sectors (mostly LULUCF and the road transport category). ERT recommends that Turkey carry out a more detailed analysis of the emission trends, including explanations for the evolution of per capita emissions and emissions per GDP Summary of the GHG Inventory FNC provides a summary of the GHG emission inventory, demonstrating charts, sector based emission trends information, the percentages of increase and the factors underlying the emission trends. 21

23 NIR report (Ref: 7.3) of Turkey that is published in 2010 presents GHG emission data between 1990 and Chapter 2 of this report could provide input to the SNC but need to be updated to include data for the year FNC provides GHG emission trends between 1990 and These data need to be updated to be used in the SNC. NIR report (Ref: 7.3) of Turkey might be used in preparing the SNC. Especially, the information provided in Chapter 2 of the NIR report, that provides GHG emission trends for each sector for the years between 1990 and 2008, might be used to prepare Section 3.1 of the SNC. However, it is important to prepare the SNC according to data between 1990 and UNFCC guideline (Chapter II, paragraph 10) states that the inventory data for the year two years prior to submission of the report should be included in the NC. The GHG inventory data for the year 2009 should be presented in the SNC (in textual form in the main text and as summary tables and emission trend tables in the Annex to the SNC) Even though the factors underlying the GHG emission trends are explained in the summary section of the FNC, the trends shall be reviewed and the explanation on the underlying factors for the GHG emissions shall be strengthened. Moreover, all of the subsections in the GHG Inventory Chapter of the SNC shall have a common reporting format to include more detailed analysis of the emission trends such as explanations for the evolution of per capita emissions and emissions per GDP Emission Trends by Sectors National Inventory Report contains statistics regarding the GHG emissions between 1990 and 2008, aggregated GHG emissions by sectors, contribution of sectors to the total emissions. In order to identify the underlying factors, to support National Inventory Report with additional data and information, other reports are referred to throughout Section 3.2. NIR report (Ref: 7.3) mainly fulfills the requirements of the SNC. However, it does not include 2009 data, which should be obtained from TURKSTAT to be included in the SNC. It would be better to provide tables showing GHG emissions and emission trends for each sector at the beginning of each sub-section in Section 3.2 of the SNC. Then, for each sector a paragraph discussing the underlying factors for the emission trends shall be provided Energy FNC presents emission data for energy sector for the years between 1990 and It also explains the underlying factors for the emission trends. The report provides information on the energy sources used and a useful map showing the CO 2 emissions due to fuel combustion. However, this map is rather out-dated and it would be better to update this map to be used in the SNC using the most recent data. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) provides energy demand carbon intensity data for Turkey (Table 2) and it also compares Turkey s data with the OECD and World data. These indicators might be used in the SNC. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.10) provides discussion on the effect of energy sector on climate change (Chapter 2.3). Turkey s Special Circumstances Report (Ref: 4) provides energy indicators section (Section 4.4), which would also support the preparation of explanations for the underlying factors in emission trends in SNC document. 22

24 GHG emission from the energy sector and the share of energy sector in the overall emissions should be presented under Section 3.2 of the SNC. Section shall mainly explain underlying reasons for the emission trends. Turkey s Special Circumstances Report (Ref: 4) mainly covers out-dated ( ) data, which shall be updated to be included in the SNC Industrial Processes FNC presents GHG emissions from industry sector between the years 1990 and NCCAP report (Ref: 5.5) provides detailed discussion on industry sector. Turkey s Special Circumstances Report (Ref: 4) provides energy indicators section (Section 4.4), which would also support the preparation of explanations for the underlying factors in emission trends in industrial processes. FNC does not provide any explanation with regards to the emission trends. Current Situation Analysis Document on Industry Sector Report, which gives information on the energy intensities of different sectors, does not discuss the underlying factors for the emission trends. Hence, the explanation regarding the GHG emission trends seems as a gap and it shall be fulfilled in SNC preparation Solvent and other Product Use NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) of Turkey provides data on solvent and other product use. FNC does not have any sections on solvents and other product use. This information should be included in the SNC. In the NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) of Turkey, data for the solvent and other products use is not present in the figure for GHG emissions by sector (Figure 2.2) and in the table for the contribution of sectors to total emission (Table 2.3). This figure and table of the NIR report should be updated including solvent and other products data. An explanation regarding the GHG emission trends seems as a gap in the FNC and it shall be fulfilled in the SNC Agriculture NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) of Turkey provides data on agriculture sector. MDGF report (Ref: 6.14) provides information on the changes in agricultural practices and adaptation to climate change (Chapter VI), which might provide an input to the SNC in explaining the GHG trends. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.6) provides discussion on the relationship between agricultural activities and GHG emissions. FNC does not have any sections on agriculture in the GHG emissions chapter. This section should be provided in the SNC. The change in emission trends shall be presented in the SNC. This might be partially covered by NCCAP report (Ref: 5.6) Land use and Land-use Change and Forestry 23

25 NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) provides detailed data on Land use and Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). FNC presents data on CO 2 removals in forests and also has satisfactory explanations regarding the emission trends. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.4) shall be reviewed in order to extract information in explaining the emission trends in LULUCF. CBCCM report (Ref: 7.5) presents current situation analysis of the forestry sector in Turkey which would be a useful input for the SNC. NIR data on LULUCF shall be updated using data for the year Trends in emissions shall be explained. The explanation need is mostly fulfilled by the FNC and NCCAP report (Ref: 5.4) Waste NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) provides data on waste sector. This data should be updated to be used in the SNC. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.2) provides detailed information regarding the situation of waste sector. However, even though this document might contribute to an extent, it is not satisfactory in explaining the emission trends from waste sector. FNC does not have a waste section. This section should be included in the SNC. The change in emission trends shall be presented in the SNC. This gap might be partially covered by NCCAP report (Ref: 5.2) Emission Trends by GHGs Carbon Dioxide FNC provides a discussion on the emission trends and underlying factors for these trends for carbon dioxide emissions for the year between 1990 and NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) provides the carbon dioxide emission data between 1990 and Most of the existing reports include relevant information. However, they need to be updated to include the data for the year SNC shall combine the underlying factors explained between sections to for explaining carbon dioxide emission trends. Moreover, 2009 data shall be added to carbon dioxide emission data Methane FNC provides a discussion on the emission trends and underlying factors for these trends for methane emissions for the year between 1990 and NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) provides methane emission data between 1990 and

26 SNC shall include 2009 data for methane data and it shall strengthen the explanation of underlying trends, which could partially be extracted from FNC Nitrous Oxide FNC provides a discussion on the emission trends and underlying factors for these trends for nitrous oxide emissions for the year between 1990 and NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) provides nitrous oxide emission data between 1990 and SNC shall include 2009 data for nitrous oxide data. The explanation regarding the trends could be extracted from FNC, but it needs to be updated according to the latest data HFCs, PFCs and SF6 FNC provides emission trends for fluorinated gases for the years between 1996 and NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) provides fluorinated GHG emission data between 1990 and FNC does not provide a complete data between the years 1990 and A complete set of data does not exist in the NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) either. This should be included or if not possible explained with a reason in the SNC. FNC does not provide explanation regarding the emission trends. This should be provided in the SNC. SNC shall include 2009 data for fluorinated gases and it shall explain the underlying trends. SNC shall also explain the reason for not involving a complete set of data for fluorinated gases between the years 1990 and Factors Underlying Emission Trends Factors underlying the emission trends are explained in the FNC, however the discussions are not complete. Hence ERT comments on providing a detailed explanation on factors underlying emission trends in the SNC. SNC shall explain the factors underlying emission trends in sections 3.2 and 3.3 in detail. Section 3.4 of the SNC should provide summary and main findings of these explanations Comparison between Current and Previous Inventories NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) provides a thorough discussion on the changes (e.g., methodological changes, etc.) in the national inventory. This section does not exist in the FNC and should be provided in the SNC. SNC shall provide a table which summarizes the changes (i.e., major revisions) in the national inventory and the result of the change in 2009, if possible. A textual explanation is also needed National System 25

27 FNC explains the national system and organizational structure for national greenhouse inventory system. It also describes the main responsibilities of institutions and organizations involved in preparation of the inventory. NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) also describes the national inventory system operation in its executive summary section through a chart diagram. Above-mentioned reports might mainly fulfill the needs to prepare the SNC. These reports might need to be updated if there are any changes since their publications Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) FNC does not include information relevant to the quality assurance and quality control of the inventory. NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) contains information regarding the quality assurance in Annex 3. Annex 3 of the NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) will mainly fulfill the needs to prepare the SNC. If there is any change in the structure since the publication of this report, necessary updates should be done before including in the SNC Uncertainties FNC does not include information relevant to the uncertainties. NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) provides information regarding uncertainties in Annex 7. Annex 7 of the NIR Report (Ref: 7.3) will mainly fulfill the needs to prepare the SNC. 26

28 4. POLICIES AND MEASURES 4.1. Introduction A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline In accordance with Article 12.2 of the Convention, Annex I Parties shall communicate information on policies and measures adopted to implement commitments under Article 4.2(a) and (b). It is important to give priority to policies and measures, or combinations of policies and measures, which have the most significant impact in affecting GHG emissions and removals and may also indicate those which are innovative and/or effectively replicable by other Parties. It is necessary to report policies and measures as planned, adopted and/or implemented by governments at national, state, provincial, regional and local level. Furthermore, policies and measures reported may also include those adopted in the context of regional or international efforts. Parties should report on action taken to implement commitments under Article 4.2(e)(ii) of the Convention, which requires that Parties identify and periodically update their own policies and practices which encourage activities that lead to greater levels of anthropogenic GHG emissions than would otherwise occur. Parties should also provide the rationale for such actions in the context of their national communications. SNC shall report policies and measures by sectors, subdivided by greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride). To the extent appropriate, the following sectors should be considered: energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management. Each sector shall have its own textual description of the principal policies and measures, as set out in Table 1. Table 1. Summary of policies and measures by sector 1 Following outline is proposed by the PMU to fulfill the requirements of the UNFCCC guideline: 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Policy Development Process 4.3. Monitoring and Evaluation 4.4. Framework Policies and Cross-Sectoral Measures Economic Instruments Support of Research and Development Legislative Instruments Carbon registry National Climate Change Strategy 4.5. Sectoral Policies and Measures Energy Sector Transport Sector Industry Sector 27

29 Agriculture Sector Forestry Sector Waste Sector 4.6. Other Policies and Measures Promoting Sustainable Development 4.7. Effect of Policies and Measures on the Modification of Long-term Trends 4.8. Policies and Measures No Longer in Place 4.9. Additional Information Required Under the Kyoto Protocol 4.2. Policy Development Process A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline The national communication shall include a section on policy making process, describing the overall policy context, including any national targets for greenhouse gas mitigation. Strategies for sustainable development or other relevant policy objectives may also be covered. Relevant interministerial decision-making processes or bodies may be noted. The ERT encourages Turkey to intensify cooperation among all relevant ministries and other stakeholders, including environmental NGOs, with a view to elaborating and adopting an integrated climate change mitigation strategy in the near future. FNC provided a textual explanation of policy development process in Turkey. It mentions that legal base for reducing GHG emissions, refers to the National Climate Change Action Plan and also gives a list of environment related institutions in Turkey in the Annex. MDGF report (Ref: 6.12) provides information on the stakeholder processes and the cooperation in policy development process in its Section II, Section III, Section X. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) provides information regarding the policy making process and the responsible governmental organizations in Turkey, The cooperation between all relevant stakeholders in policy development process shall be better explained in SNC. This information shall be extracted from MDGF report (Ref: 6.12) and finedtuned in SNC Monitoring and Evaluation A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline The national communication should provide a description of the way in which progress with policies and measures to mitigate GHG emissions is monitored and evaluated over time. Institutional arrangements for monitoring of GHG mitigation policy should also be reported in this context. ERT notes that monitoring of the implementation of PaMs and evaluation of their effectiveness should be done on a regular basis. National Climate Change Strategy (Ref: 5.9) includes a chapter on Monitoring and Evaluation. FNC does not provide satisfactory information regarding the monitoring and evaluation of the policies and measures implemented. 28

30 National Climate Change Strategy (Ref: 5.9) does not mention any progress reports prepared regularly in terms of climate change objectives. It is necessary that SNC shall inspect any regular progress reports towards climate change, prepared by the government of Turkey and gives information if such a report exists or if an intention towards setting up such a monitoring and evaluation system exists Framework Policies and Cross-Sectoral Measures Economic Instruments ERT does not criticize FNC on the economic instruments, however, it provides a useful table (Table 4 of the ERT in-depth review report) on framework policy and cross-sectoral measures. FNC provides information regarding energy taxation in Section and NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) provides information on economic instruments in its Chapter 3.5 and it will provide input to the SNC. Chapter 3.5 of the NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) mostly fulfills the needs. SNC shall explain the energy taxation and similar economic instruments in the SNC. It should also be explained in the SNC that these instruments are mainly affecting which sectors. Turkey s compatibility with the Energy Taxation Directive of EU shall also be discussed Support of Research and Development ERT does not criticize FNC on the support of Research and Development (R&D), however, it provides a useful table (Table 4 of the ERT in-dept review report) on framework policy and crosssectoral measures. This table briefly summarizes the support for R&D. FNC provides research and development initiations such as technology and mitigation projects. MDGF report (Ref: 6.9) discusses R&D policies in Turkey in its Chapter 8 and their relation to climate change, which might provide input to SNC. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) provides elaborate information on scientific and technological R&D in its Chapter 3.8. Brief information regarding the support provided by the government of Turkey for research and development in the field of climate change shall be provided in SNC, which might be completed though extracting information from the above-mentioned reports. Effect of these R&D efforts on mitigating GHG emissions should be briefly discussed Legislative Instruments ERT does not criticize FNC on legislative instruments, however, it provides a useful table (Table 4 of the ERT in-depth review report) on framework policy and cross-sectoral measures. FNC provides brief information on harmonization of Turkish Environmental Legislation with EU Laws. Turkey s Special Circumstances report (Ref: 4) discusses the compatibility efforts in its Section

31 There have been intense efforts to harmonize Turkish legislation to EU laws since the submission of FNC. These efforts shall be reflected in the SNC. Above-mentioned reports partially fulfill this need. SNC shall insert the directives revised in Turkey for the compatibility to the EU legislations, and the main sectors and areas affected Carbon registry ERT does not have any comment on this section. This section does not exist in the FNC and suggested to be provided in the SNC. Capacity Building for Climate Change Management in Turkey Project: Developing the capacity of Turkey to participate efficiently in the international climate change negotiations and to join the flexible mechanisms of Kyoto through better experiencing the voluntary carbon markets implemented by United Nations Development Programme specifically dealt with voluntary carbon credits in detail. A declaration has been prepared within the scope of this project on applying GHG mitigation project registry for voluntary projects within the borders of Turkey. The project documents of this project might provide significant input to this section. This important initiative towards carbon registry shall be mentioned in SNC. The abovementioned thesis may also support explanation of the recent initiatives in Turkey on carbon registry system and carbon markets National Climate Change Strategy ERT has not provided comment on this section. National Climate Change Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) explains the Turkey s climate change strategy between the years 2010 and National Climate Change Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) mainly fulfills the gap for explaining national strategy of Turkey in the SNC Sectoral Policies and Measures A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline The presentation of each policy and measure shall include information on each of the subject headings listed below. The presentation should be concise and should include information on the detail suggested after each subject heading: (a) Name and short description of the policy or measure; (b) Objectives of the policy or measure. The description of the objectives should focus on the key purposes and benefits of the policies and measures, including a description of activities and/or source and sink categories affected. Objectives should be described in quantitative terms, to the extent possible; (c) The greenhouse gas or gases affected; (d) Type or types of policy or measure. Use, to the extent possible, the following terms: economic, fiscal, voluntary/negotiated agreements, regulatory, information, education, research, other; 30

32 (e) Status of implementation. It should be noted whether the policy or measure is in the planning stage or is adopted or whether it is under implementation. For adopted and implemented measures, additional information may include the funds already provided, future budget allocated and the time-frame for implementation; (f) Implementing entity or entities. This should describe the role of national, state, provincial, regional and local government and the involvement of any other entities. In addition, the description of each policy and measure reported should include, as appropriate, a quantitative estimate of the impacts of individual policies and measures or collections of policies and measures. Such information includes estimated changes in activity levels and/or emissions and removals due to adopted and implemented policies and measures reported and a brief description of estimation methods. Information should be presented as an estimate for a particular year such as 1995, 2000 and 2005, not for a period of years. Parties may also provide information under the headings below for each policy and measure reported: (a) Information about the costs of policies and measures. Such information should be accompanied by a brief definition of the term cost in this context; (b) Information about non-ghg mitigation benefits of policies and measures. Such benefits may include, for example, reduced emissions of other pollutants or health benefits; (c) How the policy or measure interacts with other policies and measures at the national level. This may include a description of how policies complement each other in order to enhance overall greenhouse gas mitigation. Parties shall provide information on how they believe their policies and measures are modifying longer-term trends in anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals consistent with the objective of the Convention. For energy and transport sector, the textual description is supplemented by summary tables on PaMs by sector. However, the ERT noted that Turkey did not provide the following reporting elements required by the UNFCCC reporting guidelines: summary tables on PaMs for industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management (para. 17 and footnote a to table 1 of the UNFCCC reporting guidelines); information on each of the following subject headings: name and short description of the policy or measure; objectives of the policy or measure; the GHG affected; type or types of policy or measure; status of implementation (para. 22 of the UNFCCC reporting guidelines); and information on how Turkey believes its PaMs are modifying longer-term trends in anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals consistent with the objective of the Convention (para. 25 of the UNFCCC reporting guidelines) Energy Having stated the above-mentioned comments on energy sector, ERT briefly describes the PaMs related to the sector in Table 4 of the ERT report (Ref: 3). ERT noted that success towards achieving energy efficiency goal has been limited. Turkey attaches importance to the promotion of new renewable energy sources, e.g. wind, geothermal energy, biomass and small hydropower. The ERT noted that certification and a feed-in tariff system so far has shown limited effect. The ERT noted that adoption of the 2007 Energy Efficiency Law could result in considerable efficiency improvements, but it is not yet possible to determine the effectiveness of secondary legislation (e.g. Law on Energy Performance of Buildings in accordance with a related EU directive, energy efficiency promotion for small and medium-sized enterprises). The ERT did not identify any sector-specific policy or measure on energy efficiency in industries, although available data showed a reduction of CO 2 intensity or an improvement of energy 31

33 efficiency in iron and steel production (integrated steelworks) as well as in cement and clinker production. The ERT encourages the Party to improve its assessment of the environmental and economic effectiveness of its PaMs and to provide the results in its next national communication. The ERT noted with some concern that, following a clear strategic goal of energy policy in Turkey to increase energy security and decrease dependency on energy imports, power production from domestic coal is given preferential treatment. The ERT noted that this policy might lead to higher levels of GHG emissions and recommends that the Party report on actions taken to implement commitments under Article 4, paragraph 2(e)(ii) of the Convention, which requires that Parties identify and periodically update their own policies and practices which encourage activities that lead to greater levels of anthropogenic GHG emissions than would otherwise occur (para. 16 of the UNFCCC reporting guidelines). The ERT further recommends that Turkey provide the rationale for such actions in its next national communication. FNC contains a textual explanation on energy sector, which is also supported by a summary table on PaMs. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) provides a table (Table 1) including mitigation technologies and implementations for the energy demand, which might provide an input to the SNC. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.10) partially fulfills the needs of SNC. It includes updated list of PaMs on energy sector, legal arrangements, institutional structure, implemented projects, cost of these projects and financing. National Climate Change Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) includes short, medium and long terms strategy in reducing GHG emissions from energy sector. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.10) partially fulfills the needs of SNC. Above-mentioned reports shall be used for the preparation of SNC. However, additional activities are necessary to prepare the SNC. Explanation regarding the PaMs lacks the following items in textual explanation: name and short description, objective, GHG affected, type of types PaMs status of implementation how PaMs modify longer-term trends of GHG emissions Moreover, the summary table prepared according to Table 1 of the UNFCCC guideline shall be revised according to the updated policy and measures in the year NCCAP report (Ref: 5.10) shall be used for updated policies. It would be better to categorize the categories and measures (such as PaMs on renewable energy, etc.) and then reflect in the table. This table shall also indicate the status of the PaMs as adopted, planned and implemented. Emphasis shall be given to energy efficiency policy (validation of energy efficiency law and its consequence applications for instance, projects on energy efficiency in buildings and in industry), renewable energy strategy and related implementations, considering the ERT comment. It is needed to explain the financial aspect of PaMs as funds already provided; future budget allocated and time-frame for implementation shall also be indicated. Cost of each policies and measures (initiative etc.,) implemented should be provided (implemented projects, investment costs, etc.). Currently, existing documents may provide limited information regarding the cost of 32

34 PaMs, it is necessary that SNC shall seek for such a study in various governmental agencies, like State Planning Organization. SNC should state the estimated mitigation by gas with respect to years, like 1995, 2000 and Methods of estimation shall also be explained. Non-GHG emission mitigation benefits (like health effects, etc.) of PaMs on energy shall be mentioned, and the interaction of energy PaMs with other policies should also be explained. Table 4 of the ERT report (Ref: 3) that provides information in energy sector shall be strengthened in the SNC. In order to explain the estimations of energy sector developments, National Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) might provide input. SNC shall provide an assessment of the effectiveness of PaMs. Quantitative estimates of the PaM effects shall be illustrated. Also, a rational for the energy policy and the situation of using domestic coal shall also be explained. For this purpose, an expertise might be needed in SNC, to fill in the gaps in energy sector Transport Having stated the comments on transport sector in 4.6, ERT briefly describes the PaMs related to the sector in Table 4 of the ERT report (Ref: 3). The ERT noted that investments in transport infrastructure will support the strong growth in transport demand and related GHG emissions. FNC contains textual explanation on transport sector, which is also supported by a summary table on PaMs. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.7) includes updated list of PaMs on transport sector and implemented R&D projects. National Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) gives the strategy on reducing GHGs from transport sector. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.7) does not fully meet the needs of SNC. SNC shall prepare the PaMs textual explanation information such as: name and short description, objective, GHG affected, type of types PaMs status of implementation how PaMs modify longer-term trends of GHG emissions Moreover, the summary table prepared according to Table 1 of the UNFCCC guideline shall be revised according to the updated policy and measures in the year NCCAP report (Ref: 5.7) shall be used for updated policies. This table shall also indicate the status of the PaMs as adopted, planned and implemented. In order to explain the estimations of transport sector developments, National Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) might provide input. An expertise will be necessary; i) to quantify the effects of PaMs in transport sector; ii) to fulfill the above-mentioned gaps, iii) to explain the cost of PaMs as funds already provided; iv) to provide future budget allocated and time-frame for implementation. SNC should state the estimated mitigation by gas with respect to years, like 1995, 2000 and Methods of estimation shall also be explained. Non-GHG emission mitigation benefits (like 33

35 health effects, etc.) of PaMs on energy shall be mentioned, and the interaction of energy PaMs with other policies should also be explained Industry ERT indicates that inventory information on industrial processes seems to be incomplete, for example with respect to emissions from iron and steel production. ERT criticizes FNC for not providing any detailed explanations for the emission trend nor any policies or measures addressing emissions from industrial processes. ERT states that Turkey has provided limited explanations for the trend in emissions of HFCs, with reference to the phasing out of CFCs under the Montreal Protocol, while the trend in sulphur hexafluoride is not explained. NIR report (Ref: 7.3) of Turkey partially fulfills the need on industrial processes inventory information requested by UNFCCC. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and NMVOC emissions between the years 1990 and 2008 are present, however, emissions of HFCs are given for a period of and SF6s are given for a period of Carbon dioxide emissions from cement sector are expressed, but emission trends for other sectors are not present. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.5) discusses main industry sectors, like iron and steel and cement sector. It indicates the current situation of sectors and the expectations of sector development in the future. The report contains information regarding the existing PaMs and institutional arrangements. National Climate Change Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) includes short, medium and long term strategies in reducing GHG emissions from industry sector. PaMs on industry section is unsatisfactory in FNC. Textual information, supported with the summary table is needed for industry sector. SNC shall prepare the PaMs textual explanation information such as: name and short description, objective, GHG affected, type of types PaMs status of implementation how PaMs modify longer-term trends of GHG emissions NCCAP report (Ref: 5.5) shall be used for updated policies. This table shall also indicate the status of the PaMs as adopted, planned and implemented. This report could also contribute to the explanation of emission trends of industrial sectors. In explaining this, national strategy document shall be referred to. These strategies will show directions for estimations. An expertise will be necessary to quantify the effects of PaMs in industry sector, fulfill the abovementioned gaps and to explain the cost of PaMs as funds already provided; future budget allocated and time-frame for implementation shall also be indicated. SNC should state the estimated mitigation by gas with respect to years, like 1995, 2000 and Methods of estimation shall also be explained. Non-GHG emission mitigation benefits (like health effects, etc.) of PaMs on energy shall be mentioned, and the interaction of industry PaMs with other policies should also be explained. It is essential to provide explanations for the trend in emissions of HFCs NIR provides an inventory on industrial fluorinated gases emissions. However, it is not given between the years , the reason for this gap shall be explained. Explanations for fluorinated gas trends 34

36 should be included. Phasing out of CFCs under the Montreal Protocol should be emphasized, implementations towards phasing out CFCs could be included in SNC Agriculture ERT notes that the sub-sectors in agriculture category are missing in FNC and this causes an underestimation of the emissions from this sector. ERT also criticizes Turkey for providing no projections for the future evolution of GHG emissions in the agriculture sector of Turkey in the FNC. The ERT noted that PaMs in agriculture as reported in the FNC are not climate-specific, although some of them may result in positive impacts on mitigation. Team states that no information was provided in the FNC, or during the review, on the estimated GHG mitigation effect to be achieved by application of these PaMs. The ERT encourages Turkey to strengthen its capacity for producing accurate estimations and projections of emissions; and to develop climate-specific PaMs for the agriculture sector, particularly for the most relevant sources (N 2 O from soils, enteric methane) and potential sinks (soil organic carbon, farm trees). FNC provides a summary table for PaMs in agriculture sector. It also provides a detailed textual explanation. MDGF report (Ref: 6.14) provides the agriculture PaMs in its legal framework chapter. It also provides information on implemented projects and partial information regarding the cost of PaMs. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.6) discusses the development of agriculture sector in Turkey, the trends of sector development and GHG emissions and the main reasons behind these trends. It also gives information regarding the PaMs and provides their relationship to climate change. Table 7 of this report provides the decrease in energy use in agriculture sector, due to a specific measure implementation. This report also indicates the projects implemented in agriculture sector. Summary table contained in FNC is unsatisfactory in meeting the headlines requested by UNFCCC. It is also necessary to update the PaMs in the SNC. The textual explanation of FNC shall also be revised and strengthened in the SNC as it is criticized by the ERT. Textual information, supported with the summary table is needed for agriculture sector. SNC shall prepare the PaMs textual explanation information such as: name and short description, objective, GHG affected, type of types PaMs status of implementation how PaMs modify longer-term trends of GHG emissions Above-mentioned reports shall be used for updated policies; it is of utmost significance to indicate the relation of the PaMs with the climate change effects. This table shall also indicate the status of the PaMs as adopted, planned and implemented. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.6) could also contribute to the explanation of emission trends of agriculture sector. MDGF report (Ref: 6.14) might be used to emphasize the PaMs regarding the most relevant sources (N 2 O from soils, enteric methane) and potential sinks (soil organic carbon, farm trees). The underestimation in agriculture sector in FNC shall also be corrected in the SNC. National Inventory Report produced in 2010 may be used for this purpose. An expertise will be necessary to quantify the effects of PaMs in agriculture sector, to explain the cost of PaMs as funds already 35

37 provided; future budget allocated and time-frame for implementation shall also be indicated. SNC should state the estimated mitigation by gas with respect to years, like 1995, 2000 and Methods of estimation shall also be explained. Non-GHG emission mitigation benefits (like health effects, etc.) of PaMs on energy shall be mentioned, and the interaction of energy PaMs with other policies should also be explained Forestry ERT indicates that the Afforestation and Erosion Control Mobilization Action Plan (AECMAP) lacks a full evaluation of potential impacts on water resources. The ERT felt that improved coordination with other relevant institutions such as State Hydraulic Works (DSI) could help to enhance the GHG mitigation effect of this action plan. ERT criticizes that no estimates of the GHG mitigation expected to result from the implementation of the AECMAP were provided in the FNC. FNC provides a detailed textual explanation on forestry sector. ERT report (Ref: 3) indicates that the quantity of GHG emission reduction above mentioned afforestation campaign targets in the first 20 years. This value shall be used in the SNC. National Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) contains short, medium and long term strategies for the reduction of emissions from land use, agriculture and forestry. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.4) lists the PaMs on forestry sector and provides explanations. This report also indicates the projects implemented in forestry sector. FNC does not provide the summary table for forestry as requested by the UNFCCC. Also, the textual summary lacks the headlines stated below in UNFCCC Guideline. It is necessary that SNC shall provide PaMs in the requested format briefly. It is also necessary to update the PaMs in SNC. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.4) will mostly fulfill the needs. The textual explanation of FNC shall also be revised and strengthened in the SNC. SNC shall prepare the PaMs textual explanation information such as: name and short description, objective, GHG affected, type of types PaMs status of implementation how PaMs modify longer-term trends of GHG emissions Summary table shall also indicate the status of the PaMs as adopted, planned and implemented. Emission trends for forestry sector, the effects of PaMs on forestry sector emissions shall be discussed. It is necessary to quantify the effects of PaMs as GHG removals in forestry sector, to explain the cost of PaMs as funds already provided; future budget allocated and time-frame for implementation shall also be indicated. SNC should state the estimated mitigation by gas with respect to years, like 1995, 2000 and Methods of estimation shall also be explained. Non- GHG emission mitigation benefits (like health effects, etc.) of PaMs on energy shall be mentioned, and the interaction of energy PaMs with other policies should also be explained Waste 36

38 ERT does not have any comment on this section.- FNC provides textual explanation on waste sector. It also provides the investment requirement. Table 7 of FNC indicates the investment requirement on waste sector. National Climate Change Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) contains short, medium and long term waste strategies. This provides a rational in explaining the GHG emission expectations for waste sector. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.2) gives information regarding the PaMs. It also gives figures for investment requirement and the ratio that this requirement could be met. This report also indicates the projects implemented in waste sector and the financial public support figures given to R&D projects. These figures might be used in explaining the cost of PaMs in the SNC. FNC does not provide a summary table and the requested headlines in explaining the PaMs in waste sector as requested by UNFCCC. It is necessary to update the PaMs in the SNC. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.2) might be used for this purpose. Textual information, supported with the summary table is needed for waste sector. SNC shall prepare the PaMs textual explanation information such as: name and short description, objective, GHG affected, type of types PaMs status of implementation how PaMs modify longer-term trends of GHG emissions This table shall also indicate the status of the PaMs as adopted, planned and implemented. Emission trends in waste sector and quantification regarding the PaMs effects in GHG emissions shall be indicated in SNC, which seems as a gap. It is necessary to explain the cost of PaMs as funds already provided; future budget allocated and time-frame for implementation shall also be indicated. SNC should state the estimated mitigation by gas with respect to years, like 1995, 2000 and Methods of estimation shall also be explained. Non-GHG emission mitigation benefits (like health effects, etc.) of PaMs on energy shall be mentioned, and the interaction of energy PaMs with other policies should also be explained. An expertise might be needed in preparing SNC for this section Other Policies and Measures Promoting Sustainable Development ERT does not have any comment on this section. FNC provides projects implemented in Turkey in the field of sustainable development (Page 193 and 194). NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) lists the institutions and organizations responsible for sustainable development and their objectives. It also includes sustainable development policy legal bases (Page 26 and Page 27). 37

39 FNC does not contain a section on other policies and measures promoting sustainable development. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.1) could be used in this section. Also, the reports produced within the scope of Integration of Sustainable Development into Sectoral Policies Project might be used to provide a brief information in SNC regarding efforts towards sustainable development. Also, there is a value in explaining Turkey s contribution, if exists, to other developing countries in promoting sustainable development Effect of Policies and Measures on the Modification of Long-term Trends ERT does not have any comment on this section. FNC does not provide such a section on long term trends. National Climate Change Strategy Document (Ref: 5.9) presents the short, medium and long terms strategies. It is necessary that SNC estimates the trends of emissions, based on the scenarios presented in its Chapter 6, expectations of PaMs effects described in its Chapter 5 and referring to the strategies listed in the National Climate Change Strategy Document and explains the forecasted trends in overall and sector based emissions Policies and Measures No Longer in Place ERT does not have any comment on this section. There exist no documents on this section. SNC shall seek if there are any policies or measures which are no longer in place, after the submission of FNC Additional Information Required Under the Kyoto Protocol ERT does not have any comment on this section. There exist no documents on this section. SNC shall provide brief information regarding the Turkey s situation and intention on using the Kyoto Mechanisms and supplementary obligation. Progress on preparing NAMA s could be explained in this section. 38

40 5. PROJECTIONS AND THE TOTAL EFFECT OF POLICIES AND MEASURES A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline The primary objective of the projections section of the national communication is to give an indication of future trends in GHG emissions and removals, given current national circumstances and implemented and adopted policies and measures, and to give an indication of the path of emissions and removals without such policies and measures. Following outline is proposed by the PMU to fulfill the requirements of the UNFCCC: 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Projections by Sector with Existing Measure Energy Transport Industry Agriculture Forestry Waste Other Aviation and Maritime Bunker Fuels Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry 5.3. Projections by Gas 5.4. Without Measure Projections 5.5. Effects of Policies and Measures 5.6. Methodology Used for Projections 5.1. Introduction ERT does not have any comment on this section. FNC contains a brief introduction paragraph on the projections. SNC shall prepare a brief introduction paragraph which describes the with existing measures projection, with additional measures projection, without measures projection. It is also important for Turkey to decide if without measures and with additional measures projection scenarios will also be discussed in SNC or not, as they are optional according to UNFCCC Guideline Projections by Sector with Existing Measures A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline At a minimum, Parties shall report a with measures projection, may report without measures and with additional measures projections. A with measures projection shall encompass currently implemented and adopted policies and measures. If provided, a with additional measures projection also encompasses planned policies and measures. If provided, a without measures projection excludes all policies and measures implemented, adopted or planned after the year chosen as the starting point for this projection. In reporting, Parties may entitle their without measures projection as a baseline or reference projection, for example, if preferred, 39

41 but should explain the nature of this projection. Parties may report sensitivity analysis for any of the projections, but should aim to limit the number of scenarios presented. Emission projections shall be presented relative to actual inventory data for the preceding years. For the with measures and with additional measures projections, the starting point should generally be the latest year for which inventory data are available in the national communication. For the without measures projection, the starting point may be 1995, or Parties may provide a without measures projection starting from an earlier year such as 1990 or another base year, as appropriate. Parties may use normalized data in making their projections. However, Parties should present their projections relative to unadjusted inventory data for the preceding years. In addition, Parties may present their projections relative to adjusted inventory data. In this case, Parties shall explain the nature of the adjustments. Projections shall be presented on a sectoral basis, to the extent possible, using the same sectoral categories used in the policies and measures section. Projections shall be presented on a gas-by-gas basis for CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs and SF6 (treating PFCs and HFCs collectively in each case). In addition, projections shall be provided in an aggregated format for each sector as well as for a national total, using global warming potential (GWP) values agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties. To ensure consistency with inventory reporting, emissions projections related to fuel sold to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport shall, to the extent possible, be reported separately and not included in the totals. In view of the objective of the Convention and the intent to modify longer-term trends in emissions and removals, Parties should include projections on a quantitative basis for the years 2005, 2010, 2015 and Projections should be presented in a tabular format by sector and gas for each of these years, together with actual data for the period 1990 to 2000 or the latest year available. For Parties using a base year different from 1990 for their inventories, in accordance with Article 4.6 of the Convention, actual data for that year shall be given. Diagrams should illustrate unadjusted inventory data and a with measures projection, for the period 1990 (or another base year, as appropriate) to Figure 1 illustrates the presentation of a hypothetical Party s projection for a single gas. It shows unadjusted inventory data for the period 1990 to It shows with measures and with additional measures scenarios starting from 2000 and a without measures scenario starting from Figure 1. Hypothetical Party s Projection for Emissions of one gas The ERT noted some gaps in reporting in relation to the UNFCCC reporting guidelines. In particular, projections do not cover emissions from agriculture, LULUCF, waste and some industrial processes. Projections of emissions from international bunkers were not reported separately. The ERT recommends that the Party provide a complete set of projections in its next national communication. 40

42 FNC includes with measures and without measures scenarios which are broadly consistent with the inventory data that had been submitted in The base year for these projections is The projected data are presented relative to actual inventory data for the preceding years, as requested by the UNFCCC reporting guidelines. The overall GHG emissions were presented as a total, and expressed in CO 2 -eq, using global warming potential factors. Projections by sector chapter of the SNC shall include updated projections between 2009 and It should include with measures (WM) as mandatory, and without measures (WM) and with additional measures (WAM) scenarios, as optional. Sensitivity analysis reporting for these scenarios is also optional. The scenario for without measures may start from the year 1990 or It is important in this section that the projections shall be given in a tabular format by sector and by gas and as a national total, using global warming potential (GWP) values. Existing reports do not include such data to fulfill this need. FNC received certain critics from ERT and the projections data have to be updated according to new scenarios of measures and between the years 2009 and Also, Figure 1 and Table 2 of the UNFCCC guideline shall be prepared and presented in the SNC. Projections should cover all of the sectors stated by the UNFCCC Energy The ERT noted that projections for fuel prices were not reported in the FNC. However, ERT draws attraction to the fact that such prognoses are completed in the report PIMS The ERT noted that a quantitative sensitivity analysis of uncertainties in the input assumptions was not available. The ERT noted that, given the economic impact of the global recession that started in 2008, high GDP growth rates in the scenario might be unrealistic and encouraged the Party to provide a sensitivity analysis for assumptions on GDP growth in its next national communication. The ERT noted that the data gap between historical and projected emissions results from recalculations of the Turkish GHG 2008 emission inventory. FNC briefly describes energy sector, gives the methodology and assumptions used, demand projection, projections on energy consumption and electricity supply. It also illustrates the emissions of GHGs under WOM and WM-DSM (demand side management). Emission projections for the reference (WOM) scenario show emissions by CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O (by sector) and total carbon equivalent emissions by sector. FNC provides energy consumption and energy supply projection, the total effects of PaMs by sector and it also discussed the cost of implementing measures. As FNC contains outdated projection data and it received critics from ERT, it would be better to take it as a reference document, but nearly to prepare this section from scratch in SNC. The section shall describe the methodology briefly, explain the scenarios along with assumptions and demand projections. ERT comment on the high GDP rates in FNC scenarios shall also be taken into consideration and SNC shall also reflect the situation affected from the latest financial crisis. The projections shall be given for the period in a tabular format, data should be actual data. The projections shall be given as by gas from energy sector. FNC did not contain projections for PFCs, HFCs and SF 6. It is important that SNC covers these, treating PFCs, HFCs collectively in each case. It shall provide by gas projections in Section 5.3. As stated in ERT comment, the projections for fuel prices shall also be included in SNC. These data shall be reflected in diagrams, as shown as example in Figure 1 above. 41

43 Considering the fact that no existing report contains this data, it is necessary that SNC shall seek for the results of studies conducted by Ministry of Environment and Forestry and by State Planning Organization or shall use an expertise in SNC to prepare this section Transport ERT does not have any comment on this section.- FNC used two different models for road transport: one to calculate emissions based on vehicle fleet and the other to calculate emissions based on transport fuel demand. Both models are directly correlated with a GDP forecast and assume an increase in railways of 3 to 6 per cent of land transport. FNC describes the methodology and assumptions for two scenarios, relates transport demand with GDP growth and gives WM projections. FNC does not include the to-date projections. Even though it provides satisfactory tables and diagrams, FNC does not contain the WOM projections. It would be better for SNC to have a consistency throughout the sectors, all by sector and by gas emissions shall include the same (WM, WOM, WAM) projections. In this section, only WM projections should be submitted. Without measures projections will be submitted in Section 5.4, if it is agreed that this projection will exist in SNC. SNC shall include new projection data on transport sector. SNC should describe the sector and the methodology briefly, explain the scenarios along with assumptions and projections. The projections shall be given for the period in a tabular format; data for the period should be actual data. The projections shall be given as by gas for transport sector in Section 5.3. Also, it would be better if the tabular format data and Figure 1 required by UNFCCC shall be given in a more visible, reader-friendly manner in SNC Industry ERT notes that projections of GHG emissions from industrial processes (excluding energy-related emissions) were provided only for iron and steel production and cement production in FNC. FNC explains the scenarios used for industry projections and it deals with two sectors in industry projections: iron and steel industry and cement industry. Energy consumption, emission and production projections are reflected in FNC for iron and steel sector. For cement sector, on the other hand, measures, benefits of energy efficiency implementations are explained. The report gives projections according to three scenarios and provides projections for energy consumption in tabular format. Cement industry projections include both the tabular data and the Figure 1 format for energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. It also provides cost figures for measures. FNC provides iron and steel and cement industry projections, which are rather too detailed. The sections are not exactly prepared according to the UNFCCC guideline, and they include elaborate and irrelevant data to the UNFCCC guideline, which could better be included in an Annex. Iron and steel industry lacks Figure 1. Both sectors only cover carbon dioxide emissions. SNC shall keep the projections consistent throughout the report and use the same projections in all sectors (WM-WOM-WAM). The methodology and the scenarios shall be described briefly. The tabular data and the Figure 1 illustration shall be included in the report, preferably for overall 42

44 industrial sector. Also, the projections by gas should exist in Section 5.3. It is better to keep the data and information other than the above-mentioned ones in an annex, in order to submit a reader-friendly report Agriculture ERT does not have any comment on this section.- FNC provides tabular data for agriculture sector emission projections (emissions by gas). However, it does not provide a Figure 1 format illustration for this sector. It is necessary that the projections given in FNC are updated for the period between 1990 and 2020, giving the projections after the year Also, Figure 1 format illustration shall be present in SNC Forestry ERT does not have any comment on this section.- FNC does not provide data for forestry sector. It is necessary that forestry projections are conducted in SNC. The report shall explain the methodology and used scenarios first. The actual data for the period between 1990 and 2009 shall be reflected in summary tables, and with measures scenarios shall be projected for the period between 2009 and 2020 for forestry sector. It would be worthy to include the sensitivity analysis to these projections. It is also important to demonstrate these values in Figure 1 format diagrams Waste ERT does not have any comment on this section.- FNC does not provide data for waste sector. It is necessary that waste projections are conducted in SNC. The report shall explain the methodology and used scenarios first. The actual data for the period between 1990 and 2009 shall be reflected in summary tables, and with measures scenarios shall be projected for the period between 2009 and 2020 for waste sector. It would be worthy to include the sensitivity analysis to these projections. It is also important to demonstrate these values in Figure 1 format diagrams Other ERT does not have any comment on this section. FNC does not provide data for other headline. 43

45 The Other' sector is the sum of emissions from Common Reporting Format (CRF) sector 3 which is Solvent and Other Product Use and sector 7 which is named as Other. However, as UNFCCC Guideline only requires the sectors discussed in PaMs to be included in Chapter 5, other section is optional. If it is decided to be prepared, it shall then be covered by SNC Aviation and Maritime Bunker Fuels ERT criticizes FNC for not reporting separately the projections of emissions from international bunkers. FNC does not discuss the aviation and maritime transport in Chapter 5. It mainly delivers information on road and rail transportation. It is necessary that SNC gives projections regarding the aviation and maritime bunker fuels in a separate section. The section shall explain the methodology and used scenarios. The actual data for the period between 1990 and 2009 shall be reflected in summary tables, and with measures scenarios shall be projected for the period between 2009 and It would be worthy to include the sensitivity analysis to these projections. It is also important to demonstrate these values in Figure 1 format diagrams. If possible, emissions by gas from aviation and maritime bunker fuels shall also be included in the report. An expertise might be needed for this purpose Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry ERT notes that the projections do not include GHG emissions/removals by LULUCF. FNC does not contain any projections for LULUCF. It is necessary that SNC gives projections regarding the LUCUCF sector. The report shall explain the methodology and used scenarios for LULUCF emissions. The actual data for the period between 1990 and 2009 shall be reflected in summary tables (the actual data for LULUCF sector between 1990 and 2008 is present in National Inventory Report), and with measures scenarios shall be projected for the period between 2009 and It would be worthy to include the sensitivity analysis to these projections. It is also important to demonstrate these values in Figure 1 format diagrams. An expertise might be needed for this purpose Projections by Gas ERT does not have any comment on this section. FNC provides GHG emission projections by diagrams for electric, industry + own use, transport, residential and agriculture sectors for CO 2, CH 4 (it includes an additional sector as supply [coal mining]), N 2 O emissions for WOM scenario. It also gives emission projections by gas (by CO 2, NO x, CH 4, NMVOC, N 2 O) for road and rail transport sector. FNC does not totally match with sectors defined by UNFCCC guideline as energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste. Emission projections by gas shall be studied according to the updated actual data and scenarios for these sectors in SNC. FNC does provide diagrams, 44

46 however, the diagrams for projections by gas are no totally compatible with Figure 1 format and the data is not submitted in tabular format, as well. FNC does not also contain any projections for fluorinated gases, which SNC shall also study. SNC shall both illustrate the projection data by tabular format and Figure 1 format. Projections by gas in SNC shall contain CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, PFCs, HFCs and SF 6 (treating PFCs and HFCs collectively in each case) gases. It would be worthy to include the sensitivity analysis to these projections. Along with by gas projections for each sector, demonstration of an overall by gas projection illustration table and figure would also be worthwhile Without Measures Projections ERT does not have any comment on this section. FNC illustrates projections by gas for WOM scenario. The diagrams per gas also define the sectors shares. It also provides the total carbon equivalent emissions. SNC shall briefly introduce WOM scenario and provide projections without emissions by gas and by sector. If Turkey agrees to provide this optional scenario in SNC, it is necessary to submit the projections by tabular and Figure 1 format. As stated above, the consistency throughout the report is essential, hence, SNC shall either include WOM scenario for all of the above sections or it shall remove WOM scenario from these sections and only provide projections for WOM scenario in Section 5.4. It is also highly important to see the WM and WOM scenario projections in the same Figure 1 format diagram to see the effects of policies and measures Effects of Policies and Measures A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline Parties shall present the estimated and expected total effect of implemented and adopted policies and measures. Parties may also present the total expected effect of planned policies and measures. Parties shall provide an estimate of the total effect of their policies and measures, in accordance with the with measures definition, compared to a situation without such policies and measures. This effect shall be presented in terms of GHG emissions avoided or sequestered, by gas (on a CO 2 equivalent basis), in 1995 and 2000, and should also be presented for 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 (not cumulative savings). This information may be presented in tabular format. Parties may calculate the total effect of their measures by taking the difference between a with measures and without measures projection. Alternatively, Parties may use another approach, for example individually assessing the effect of each significant policy and measure, and aggregating the individual effects to arrive at a total. In either case, when reporting, it should be clear from what year onward it is assumed that policies are implemented or not implemented in making the calculations. ERT notes that, Turkey did not provide the following reporting elements required by the UNFCCC reporting guidelines in FNC: the estimated and expected total effect of implemented and adopted policies and measures (para. 39 of the UNFCCC reporting guidelines), an estimate of the total effect of their policies and measures, in accordance with the with measures definition, compared to a situation without such policies and measures, presented in terms of GHG emissions avoided or sequestered, by gas (on a CO2 eq basis), in 1995 and 2000, (para. 40), 45

47 relevant information on factors and activities for each sector for the years 1990 to 2020 (para. 48). The ERT recommends that the Party follow the UNFCCC reporting guidelines more closely and provide these reporting elements in its next national communication. ERT noted that the sum of individual effects of PaMs for the energy sector differs from the total sectoral effect, as reported in the FNC chapter on projections. FNC reports considerable data for the comparison of with effects and without effects scenarios and it defines the total effects of PaMs in Figure 5.17; however the information provided in FNC is not compatible with the requirements of UNFCCC. SNC shall explain the methodology used to identify the PaMs effects and then provide estimate for the total effect of PaMs. It then should compare this value with without measures scenario on a carbon dioxide equivalent basis for the years 1990 and 2000, and should also be presented for 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 (not cumulative savings) in a tabular format. Also, sector specific underlying factors shall be briefly explained in SNC for the ease of understanding. Also the individual effects of PaMs and total sectoral effect shall be compared according to SNC data and if any difference occurs, an explanation shall be provided, taken into account the comment received from ERT on this issue Methodology Used for Projections A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline In the interests of transparency, for each model or approach used, Parties should briefly: (a) Explain for which gases and/or sectors the model or approach was used; (b) Describe the type of model or approach used and its characteristics (for example, top-down model, bottom-up model, accounting model, expert judgement); (c) Describe the original purpose the model or approach was designed for and, if applicable, how it has been modified for climate change purposes; (d) Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the model or approach used; (e) Explain how the model or approach used accounts for any overlap or synergies that may exist between different policies and measures. Parties should provide references for more detailed information related to (a) to (e) above. Parties should report the main differences in the assumptions, methods employed, and results between projections in the current national communication and those in earlier national communications. The sensitivity of the projections to underlying assumptions should be discussed qualitatively and, where possible, quantitatively. To ensure transparency, Parties should report information about key underlying assumptions and values of variables such as GDP growth, population growth, tax levels and international fuel prices, using Table 2. This information should not include sector-specific data. 46

48 Table 2. Summary of key variables and assumptions in the projections analysis To provide the reader with an understanding of emission trends in the years 1990 to 2020, Parties shall present relevant information on factors and activities for each sector. This information on factors and activities may be presented in tabular format, in a separate table other than Table 2. ERT notes that the Party works with only one macroeconomic scenario, which assumes a significantly higher GDP growth rate for the period than for the period The team states that both assumptions are at the higher end compared with the most recent data that became available during the review. The ERT noted that, given the economic impact of the global recession that started in 2008, these GDP growth rates might be unrealistic and encouraged the Party to provide a sensitivity analysis for assumptions on GDP growth in its next national communication. The ERT also notes that projections for fuel prices were not reported in the FNC. There is also a comment on providing a quantitative sensitivity analysis of uncertainties in the input assumptions, as it was not available in FNC. FNC describes the main assumptions, scenarios and methodologies used in preparing the projections. Certain assumptions in FNC are criticized by ERT; hence, there is a value in reconsidering the assumptions in FNC. Perhaps, new assumption, scenario and methodologies may arise in SNC and it is important to explicitly describe these, as requested by UNFCCC guideline (described above). Sensitivity analysis shall either be explained in each headline as suggested above or also briefly be summarized here, or they shall be provided in this section only. Table 2 shall be filled in while preparing SNC to illustrate a summary of key variables and assumptions in projections analysis. There, along with key factors like GDP, it is highly significant to provide historic and projected data for fuel prices in SNC. 47

49 6. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION MEASURES A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline A national communication shall include information on the expected impacts of climate change and an outline of the action taken to implement Article 4.1(b) and (e) with regard to adaptation. Parties are encouraged to use the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impacts Assessment and Adaptation Strategies. Parties may refer, inter alia, to integrated plans for coastal zone management, water resources and agriculture. Parties may also report on specific results of scientific research in the field of vulnerability assessment and adaptation. Following outline is proposed by the PMU to fulfill the requirements of the UNFCCC: 6.1. Overview Climate Scenarios Sea-level Scenarios Socio-economic Scenarios 6.2. Expected Impacts of Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment Coastal Zone Human Health Water Resources and Water Storage (including explanations on the hydropower production capacity, increased electricity demand) Biological diversity Agriculture Tourism Forests 6.3. Existing Adaptation Measures Biodiversity and Natural Ecosystems Coastal Zone Management Water Resources Agriculture 6.4. Progress on Future Adaptation Activities FNC provides the required information on expected impacts of climate change in Turkey, but only a limited number of adaptation options. The ERT notes that Turkey did not provide an outline of the action taken to implement Article 4, paragraph 1(b) and (e) with regard to adaptation (para. 49). [Article 4.1.(b) of the Convention: Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programs containing measures to mitigate climate change by addressing anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change. Article 4.1.(e) of the Convention: Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change; develop and elaborate appropriate and integrated plans for coastal zone management, 48

50 water resources and agriculture, and for the protection and rehabilitation of areas, particularly in Africa, affected by drought and desertification, as well as floods.] ERT notes that several case studies included in the FNC assessed other possible vulnerabilities than the ones listed in Table 8 of ERT report (e.g. increased frequency of malaria or Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever, sea level rise), but did not reach clear conclusions. ERT criticizes Turkey s FNC for not providing information about an adaptation plan or program. The ERT encourages Turkey to complete, with a view to inclusion in its second national communication, a full vulnerability assessment addressing the impacts of climate change on, for example, hydropower production capacity, increased electricity demand, required investments in water storage and transportation, tourism and forests. SNC shall use the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impacts Assessment and Adaptation Strategies as reference documents. SNC shall also refer to the MDGF-1680: Enhancing the Capacity of Turkey to Adapt to Climate Change Project and other initiations of the government of Turkey to adapt to climate change in order to demonstrate the actions taken to implement Article 4.1(b) and (e) with regard to adaptation. SNC also seek for integrated plans for coastal zone management, water resources and agriculture. It is vital to explain specific results of scientific research in the field of vulnerability assessment and adaptation. Also, it is significant to reach clearly understandable results while explaining the vulnerabilities. SNC shall include the impacts of climate change on issues like hydropower production capacity, increased electricity demand, required investments in water storage and transportation, tourism and forests Overview This section did not exist in the FNC. FNC does not contain an overview chapter. It provides an introductory paragraph at the beginning of Vulnerability Assessment, Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Measures Chapter. It is optional to have an overview section in SNC. It would be better to have such a section as an introduction. This paragraph shall identify the key developments like government actions and adaptation plans to climate change impacts in Turkey with regards to vulnerability and adaptation to climate change Climate Scenarios ERT states that Turkey has provided comprehensive and transparent information on past climate trends, with full geographic coverage and high spatial resolution in FNC; however, no information has been included on trends in inter-annual variability. FNC provides temperature trends projections for Turkey with an analysis of data between 1951 and It also gives estimate for precipitation trends and climate change projections. 49

51 MDGF Report (Ref: 6.2) identifies the adaptation strategies for temperature rise (Page 23 and Annex II), which might provide an input to SNC. Temperature projection shall be updated according to 1951 and 2009 data. The precipitation and climate change projections should also be revised to include data, which is a gap between FNC and SNC. Adaptation measures for climate scenarios could be extracted from MDGF Report (Ref: 6.2) Sea-level Scenarios ERT criticizes FNC for not providing a clear conclusion for sea level rise vulnerability. FNC includes sea level rise measurements and clearly shows a trend towards increasing sea levels. It also discusses the adaptation to sea level rise. MDGF report (Ref: 6.10) discusses the adaptation measures against sea level rise (Page 71 and 72). MDGF report (Ref: 6.2) identifies the adaptation strategies for sea level rise (Page 23 and Annex II), which might provide an input to the SNC. FNC does not discuss any projections for the upcoming years. It is better that SNC provides an estimate value for the expected sea level rise for the distant future, for example for the year SNC does not list the actions to be taken against the risk of sea level rise. SNC should extract information from MDGF report (Ref: 6.2) Socio-economic Scenarios ERT does not have comments on this section. FNC briefly delivers information regarding the expected adverse impacts of climate change on socio-economic scenarios. MDGF report (Ref: 6.10) refers to Anatolian Diagonal Biodiversity Project due for the socioeconomic data to be produced. MDGF report (Ref: 6.12) draws attraction to the outcomes of the 2 nd Flood Symposium which discusses the socio-economic impacts of floods. Even though these two studies do not contain to-the-point information for socio-economic scenarios section, the results shall be inspected during the SNC preparation, as they might provide useful input. MDGF report (Ref: 6.5) contains very detailed analysis of the socio-economic conditions, vulnerabilities in Seyhan River Basin; however, this report is rather too detailed for SNC. Also, it is a regional study and it hardly provides nation-wide information to be included in SNC. SNC shall explain the socio-economic vulnerability, impact of climate change on socio-economic conditions (similar to the brief introduction paragraph provided in FNC with updated information) and shall include an adaptation section Expected Impacts of Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment Coastal Zone ERT does not deliver specific comments for this headline, but contains a Table 8 which summarizes the vulnerabilities for coastal zone in Turkey. 50

52 Adverse impacts and threats on the coastal zone are explained in Section of FNC. Section of Ecosystem Assessment Report (Ref: 6.7) contains useful information regarding the impacts of climate change on coastal zones. Agriculture Sector in Turkey and Adaptation to Climate Change Report (Ref: 6.14) contains information regarding the saline water intrusion (Page 78). Ecosystem Assessment Report (Ref: 6.7) provides adaptation measures for saline water intrusion problem (Section 4.3.2) and for shoreline stabilization. SNC shall strengthen the information provided in FNC and ERT Table 8 regarding the expected impacts of climate change on coastal zones Human Health ERT criticizes FNC for not including clear conclusions in terms of health impacts and it also contains a Table 8 which summarizes the vulnerabilities for human health in Turkey. FNC contains a chapter on health (Chapter ) where possible increase in occurrence of malaria, leptospirosis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are discussed. Ecosystem Assessment Report (Ref: 6.7) includes information on human health risk and epidemics relation (Page 81), Food and Adaptation to Climate Change Report (Ref: 6.11) mentions the importance of food security and discusses its relation with human health, Water and Adaptation to Climate Change Report mentions the water scarcity problem and its health impacts (Page 61). Participatory Vulnerability Analysis Synthesis Report (Ref: 6.2) provides Table A1 for different provinces lay down the adverse impacts on health and the coping strategies. Even though these data are collected from certain provinces, it reflects a nation-wide analysis. Increased geographical coverage of malaria projects and vector monitoring; increased funding for clean water supply and sanitation to prevent the spread of diseases (especially after floods - expected to increase in frequency and intensity) shall be discussed in SNC. It is necessary that during SNC any studies conducted in Turkey related to the adverse impacts on climate change on human health are sought. Above-mentioned reports shall also be used Water Resources and Water Storage ERT contains a Table 8 which summarizes the water resources vulnerabilities and adaptation measures for water resources issue in Turkey. ERT also notes that the required investment for water storage shall also be included in SNC. FNC contains scientific studies on water resources showing the decrease in runoff waters and it also discusses the adaptation measures for the issue. Soil conservation, wetland ecosystem services (Section 4.3.2), forest ecosystem services (Section 4.3.3) are suggested as an adaptation measure for decreasing flood damage in Ecosystem Assessment Report (Ref: 6.7). Effect of Climate Change on Water Resources in Turkey Report (Ref: 6.13) will provide a significant input to SNC. This report mainly identifies the adverse impacts on water resources due to climate change, adaptation measures, integrated water resources management in Turkey on basin scale, and discusses the hydroelectric energy in Turkey with relation to climate change impacts. SNC shall explain the impacts on water resources due to climate change and discuss flood problems, water storage capacity. FNC provided a figure on decreasing water resources in 51

53 Turkey. New information and data shall be included on decreasing water resources in SNC. Effect of Climate Change on Water Resources in Turkey Report will mainly provide the needed input. It shall also describe the increased electricity demand, give explanations regarding the hydropower production capacity. Required investment for water storage shall also be included in SNC Biological diversity ERT contains a Table 8 which summarizes the water resources vulnerabilities and adaptation measures for biodiversity issue in Turkey. FNC delivers information regarding the impacts of climate change on biodiversity through explaining marine ecosystems and fisheries, terrestrial ecosystems and fresh water ecosystems and wetlands. The information provided is supported by scientific data. Ecosystem Assessment Report (Ref: 6.7) will provide significant input to this section. This report contains a biodiversity chapter where ecosystem services are discussed (Chapter 4) and a chapter on vulnerabilities and adaptation recommendations in terms of ecosystems. Ecosystem Assessment Report will mostly fulfill the needs of this section. SNC shall refine the information present and reflect, supporting with the new scientific and academic data, if possible Agriculture ERT does not have comment on this section. FNC discusses the effects of climate change on agriculture and it contains a scientific study dated It discusses agriculture in arid areas, hydrology and water resources and irrigation. FNC also gives adaptation measures for agriculture sector. MDGF report (Ref: 6.14) (Chapter VI, Chapter VII and Chapter VIII) presenting the climate change impact on agriculture and adaptation measures, water resources utilization in agriculture, and agricultural drought. This report will provide significant input to SNC. MDGF report (Ref: 6.14) will almost fulfill the needs of this section SNC. It is necessary that present information is refined and reflected in SNC Tourism ERT notes that required investment for tourism as a result of impacts of climate change shall be mentioned. FNC states that touristic provinces are under the risk of sea level rise, coastal erosion and floods. However no further information is provided. MDGF report (Ref: 6.10) discusses the vulnerability of marine ecosystems and coastal zones of Turkey, and lists the adaptation suggestions in its Chapter IV. It is necessary that SNC presents the climate change impacts on tourism sector and it identifies the adaptation suggestions for this sector. MDGF report (Ref: 6.10) will mostly fulfill this need for SNC preparation. It is useful to insert the required investment for tourism shall also be included in SNC, if possible. 52

54 Forests ERT contains a Table 8 which summarizes the forests vulnerabilities and adaptation measures for forestry sector in Turkey. ERT also notes that required investment for forests shall also be included in SNC. FNC does not give satisfactory information regarding climate change impact on forests and adaptation measures. This information present in the previous communication is better to be strengthened. MDGF report (Ref: 6.10) provides information on effects of climate change on forests, explains the expected adverse impact on forests and lists the adaptation suggestions in Section Table A1s in MDGF report (Ref: 6.2) provides coping strategies with forest fires, which could also provide input for SNC. Ecosystem Assessment Report (Ref: 6.7) will mostly fulfill the needs of this section in SNC. It is necessary that SNC refines and extracts relevant information to prepare this section. Required investment for forests shall also be included in SNC Existing Adaptation Measures Coastal Zone Management FNC does not have this section. MDGF report (Ref: 6.10) refers to the Marine Protected Areas Project supported by GEF, and gives the expected results for this project. It is necessary that SNC shall seek for existing adaptation measures from studies of ministries or scientific research studies, as MDGF report (Ref: 6.10) does not totally fulfill the needs of this section in SNC Water Resources FNC does not have this section. Water and Adaptation to Climate Change Report (Ref: 6.13) refers to the 9 th Development Plan for integrated water resources management. It also lists the adaptation studies for water resources. Water and Adaptation to Climate Change Report provides needed information to be included SNC regarding the existing adaptation measures. Besides providing the projects and studies for adaptation, SNC shall also seek for the results of these projects meantime so that they could be more explicitly communicated Agriculture ERT in-depth review report (Ref: 3) presents Table 8 which summarizes the agricultural drought vulnerability and adaptation measures in Turkey. 53

55 MDGF report (Ref: 6.14) lists the projects implemented to reduce the adverse impacts of climate change. It also mentions the nature-friendly agricultural practices, good irrigational practices, and action plan for combating agricultural drought in its Chapter VI, Chapter VII, Chapter VIII. SNC shall extract the existing adaptation measures for agriculture sector from MDGF report (Ref: 6.14), which meets the needs of this section in SNC Progress on Future Adaptation Activities FNC does not have this section. MDGF-1680: Enhancing the Capacity of Turkey to Adapt to Climate Change Project and the reports produced within this project shall be referred to for submitting information on future adaptation activities. It is necessary that SNC delivers information regarding the progress on future adaptation activities in Turkey. MDGF-1680: Enhancing the Capacity of Turkey to Adapt to Climate Change Project itself shows that this progress will continue; however, studies of other governmental organizations and scientific studies, research studies and other projects on this area shall be sought and listed in SNC. It is also highly important to seek for Turkey s adaptation plan and reflect this plan in SNC, taking into account the ERT comments. 54

56 7. FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline: UNFCCC reporting guideline states that in accordance with Article 12.3 of the Convention, Annex II Parties shall provide details of measures taken to give effect to their commitments under Article 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 to be included in the Financial resources and transfer of technology chapter of their national communication. Turkey is not an Annex II party due to the deletion of its name from Annex II of the Convention as accepted by decision 26/CP.7. Therefore, Turkey does not have any commitments to provide financial resource or technology transfer to developing countries. However, Turkey does that in certain extends and Turkey also in need of financial resources and technology transfer. Therefore, this section might be prepared to present both the needs of Turkey in terms of financial resources and technology and also country s certain efforts in assisting developing countries although it doesn t obliged to do so as it is not an Annex II Party to the Convention. While deciding on the approach, Turkey s current negotiation position shall also be taken into consideration. During COP.16, Turkey requested financial resources, capacity building and technology transfer supports, and this is included into the AWG-LCA negotiating text. Parties shall indicate what new and additional financial resources they have provided pursuant to Article 4.3. [Article 4.3. of the Convention: The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing country Parties in complying with their obligations under Article 12, paragraph 1. They shall also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of implementing measures that are covered by paragraph 1 of this Article and that are agreed between a developing country Party and the international entity or entities referred to in Article 11, in accordance with that Article. The implementation of these commitments shall take into account the need for adequacy and predictability in the flow of funds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among the developed country Parties.] Parties shall clarify how they have determined such resources as being new and additional in their national communications. In communicating this information, Parties shall complete Table 3. Table 3. Financial Contributions to the Global Environment Facility The term "transfer of technology", as used here, encompasses practices and processes such as "soft" technologies, for example, capacity-building, information networks, training and research, as well as "hard" technologies, for example, equipment to control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases in the energy, transport, forestry, agriculture, and industry sectors, to enhance removals by sinks, and to facilitate adaptation. 55

57 Parties shall provide any information on any financial resources related to the implementation of the Convention provided through bilateral, regional and other multilateral channels. Parties should complete tables 4 and 5. Table 4. Financial Contributions to Multilateral Institutions and Programmes Parties shall provide detailed information on the assistance provided for the purpose of assisting developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting the costs of adaptation to those adverse effects, in textual format and with reference to Table 5. Table 5. Bilateral and Regional Financial Contributions Related to the Implementation of the Convention (Millions of US$) 56

58 Parties shall, when reporting details of measures related to the promotion, facilitation and financing of the transfer of, or access to, environmentally-sound technologies, clearly distinguish between activities undertaken by the public sector and those undertaken by the private sector. As the ability of Parties to collect information on private sector activities is limited, Parties may indicate, where feasible, in what way they have encouraged private sector activities, and how these activities help meet the commitments of Parties under Article 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 of the Convention. Parties shall, where feasible, report activities related to technology transfer, including success and failure stories, using table 6 below. Parties shall also report their activities for financing access by developing countries to "hard" or "soft" environmentally-sound technologies. Table 6. Description of Selected Projects or Programmes that Promoted Practicable Steps to Facilitate and/or Finance the Transfer of, or Access to, Environmentally Sound Technologies Parties shall report information, in textual format, on steps taken by governments to promote, facilitate and finance transfer of technology, and to support development and enhancement of endogenous capacities and technologies of developing countries. Following outline is proposed by the PMU: 7.1. Environmental Finance Policies and Implementations in Turkey National and International Agencies for Financial Implementations New and Additional Financial Resources Allocated and Planned Financial Resources 7.2. International Funding 7.3. Technology Need Assessment 7.4. Technology Transfer 57

59 ERT does not have comments on this section. Table 3 Table 6 shall be filled in and submitted if possible along with the below-mentioned information Environmental Finance Policies and Implementations in Turkey FNC explains that Turkey is not an Annex II country and it is not directly obliged to provide any technological or financial assistance to developing countries. The report also mentions that in spite of this fact, Turkey is involved in many assistance projects. SNC shall describe the environmental finance polices and implementations in Turkey briefly. It would be better to include the updated (for the year 2009) share of environmental expenditure percentage for Turkish government. Here, it is useful to express figures to show the need of Turkey for financial resources National and International Agencies for Financial Implementations FNC describes TUBITAK, TTGV and EEA and their financial implementations. It also states that Turkey contributes financially through EEA. Reports produced for NCAP project will also provide an important input for this section. Along with Current Situation Analysis Document on Climate Change Policies Document, each sector analysis document contains a separate section on financial aspects. They all list the national and international financing actors. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.5) provides information on direct and indirect fund transfers, other financial supports and support programs for industry. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.6) mentions public and private sector partnership and the voluntary carbon market. NCCAP report (Ref: 5.2) gives the required investment data for 2005, and provides detailed data on environmental investment, and the finance providing institutions for the required investments. It is better to more explicitly state the national use of the financial resources provided by these institutions. SNC shall describe an updated section on financial donors in Turkey on environmental issues. The amounts provided by TUBITAK and TTGV are better updated by SNC and the contribution of Turkey to EEA shall be checked for the period between 2004 and SNC shall also extract information from above-mentioned NCAP reports. SNC shall also mention the need of Turkey for financial resources and technology transfer New and Additional Financial Resources Documents evaluated in this assessment does not have information on this section. SNC shall seek for if any new and additional financial resources have been allocated to developing countries (if allocation has been made, SNC shall also indicate new and additional resources) and provide explanations regarding this search Allocated and Planned Financial Resources 58

60 Documents evaluated in this assessment does not have information on this section. SNC should seek for the amount of financial resources allocated to developing countries, if such an allocation exists. It might also be useful to indicate a planned financial resources section along with explanations International Funding Turkey s Status in the EU Funds EU s 5 th National Communication discusses financial resources allocated for candidate countries (called as pre-accession funds till 2006 and as IPA funds for period) and potential candidates in its Chapter 8.2.1, where information regarding to Turkey is present. FNC contains information regarding Turkey s participation to EU research framework programme. It is necessary that the information present in FNC is updated with FP7. It would be useful to provide financial figures for the received contributions. SNC shall also mention the need of Turkey for financial resources and technology transfer. GEF Contribution FNC provides information regarding GEF funded projects and the total sum of funds provided by GEF. Serkan Ata s expertise thesis (Ref: 7.1) contains a comprehensive data for GEF funds, which could provide sufficient input for SNC. SNC shall include up-to-date data for GEF contribution, which could be extracted from Serkan Ata s expertise thesis (Ref: 7.1). SNC shall also mention the need of Turkey for financial resources and technology transfer. Environmental Finance within EU Harmonization and Bilaterally Funded Projects FNC provides related projects and their budgets. SNC shall seek for and include up-to-date data for these projects. SNC shall also mention the need of Turkey for financial resources and technology transfer. International Donor Agency Projects FNC lists international donor agencies and describes their contribution to Turkey s projects. Serkan Ata s expertise thesis (Ref: 7.1) contains a more detailed analysis of international donors and the condition of Turkey in using their funds under Access to Funds headline for different chapters of the thesis. Also, reports produced for NCAP project will also provide an important input for this section; all Situation Analysis Reports discuss the international financing options. 59

61 SNC shall update the list of international donors with the information to be extracted from the above-mentioned existing reports. It would be worthy to provide figures of funds received from each agency, if possible. SNC shall also mention the need of Turkey for financial resources and technology transfer Technology Need Assessment Documents evaluated in this assessment does not have information on this section. SNC shall seek for studies on technology need assessment of Turkey and reflect the results of this study in order to show the need of Turkey on technology transfer Technology Transfer FNC mentions the establishment of UNIDO-ICHET center in Istanbul for technology transfer to developing countries. UNIDO-ICHET center is already established and operating in Istanbul. SNC shall reflect the updated situation regarding this center, Turkey s assistance to developing countries through UNIDO-ICHET with financial figures. SNC shall reflect the technology transfer need of Turkey. 60

62 8. RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION A) UNFCCC Reporting Guideline Annex I Parties shall communicate information on their actions relating to research and systematic observation. The national communication shall address both domestic and international activities (for example, the World Climate Programme, the International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), and the IPCC). They shall also reflect action taken to support related capacity-building in developing countries. Parties should provide summary information on the current status of national plans, programmes and support for ground- and space-based climate observing systems, including long-term continuity of data, data quality control and availability, and exchange and archiving of data in the following areas: (a) Atmospheric climate observing systems, including those measuring atmospheric constituents; Parties shall, to the extent possible, describe their participation in GCOS, through their provision of meteorological and atmospheric observations including: the GCOS Surface Network (GSN), GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN) and Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW). Parties should describe to what extent the observations correspond to the GCOS/GOOS/GTOS climate monitoring principles and relevant best practices. Parties should, in order to facilitate integration of national reports, complete Table 7. Table 7. Participation in the Global Atmospheric Observing Systems (b) Ocean climate observing systems; Parties shall, where relevant and to the extent possible, describe their participation in GCOS and GOOS through their provision of oceanographic observations including, for example, sea surface temperature, sea level, temperature and salinity profiles, energy and carbon flux data. Parties should describe to what extent the observations correspond to the GCOS/GOOS/GTOS climate monitoring principles and other relevant best practices. Parties should, in order to facilitate integration of national reports, complete Table 8 Table 8. Participation in the Global Oceanographic Observing Systems (c) Terrestrial climate observing systems; Parties should describe their participation in GCOS and GTOS programmes for terrestrial observations including the Global Terrestrial Network - Glaciers (GTN-G), Global Terrestrial Network - Permafrost (GTN-P), and the Global Terrestrial Network Carbon (FLUXNET),and other networks monitoring land-use, land cover, land-use change and forestry, fire distribution, 61

63 CO2 flux, and snow and ice extent. Additionally, a general description of programmes for hydrological systems should be given. Parties should describe to what extent the observations correspond to the GCOS/GOOS/GTOS climate monitoring principles and relevant best practices. Tablo 9. Participation in the Global Terrestrial Observing Systems Parties should also include the information on summary description of space series, missions, and/or instruments; mechanisms for access to data and products by international programmes in relation to climate change for space-based observing programmes. Parties should include in their reports information on climate-related space activities in which the private sector is partly or wholly involved. (d) Support for developing countries to establish and maintain observing systems and related data and monitoring systems. In explaining existing national plans and their availability, the time frame for their implementation and specific commitments to address GCOS requirements; Parties should also list and describe the responsibilities of the ministries and agencies, including space agencies, responsible for implementing the plans. Parties may, if they so wish, provide additional information to that sought in the guidelines, including maps of networks and participation in other relevant programmes, such as the Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS). Parties should describe the extent to which national data on systematic observations are exchanged with other Parties and provided to international data centers. Parties should describe any barriers to the exchange of data or provision of data to international data centers. Parties should, as necessary, describe any national policy or guidance relevant to the exchange of data relevant to meeting the needs of the UNFCCC. Parties should describe actual and/or planned actions since the publication of the previous national communication to strengthen international and intergovernmental programmes related to global climate observing systems. The national communication should report, in summary form, on action taken. For example, the results of research studies or model runs or data analysis should not be included in this section. Parties should provide information about general policy on and funding of research and systematic observation. Parties should identify the opportunities for and barriers to free and open international exchange of data and information and report on action taken to overcome barriers. Where information required in these guidelines cannot be provided, Parties should report on any difficulties encountered, needs that should be met to facilitate improved reporting, and steps taken to improve availability of information. Following outline is proposed by the PMU: 8.1. General Policy and Financing on Research and Systematic Observation 8.2. Research 8.3. Systematic Observation Atmospheric Climate Observing Systems Air Pollutant Measurements Oceanographic Observations 62