Ocean Pollution. Types, Sources, Hazards, and Solutions

Transcription

1 Ocean Pollution Types, Sources, Hazards, and Solutions

2 OCEAN POLLUTION Preview Concepts A. Pollutants: Substances which directly or indirectly damage life forms or environment B. Point Sources Versus Non-Point Sources of Pollution 1) Point sources are any single identifiable source of pollution 2) Non-point sources are not singly identifiable sources Far greater contributor to ocean pollution than the point sources Much tougher to manage and control than point sources C. Ten Major Types of Marine Pollutants 1) Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Crude Oil, Motor Oil, Fuel Oils, Distillates 2) Heavy Metals Mercury; Cadmium; Nickel, Copper, Lead 3) Synthetic Organic Chemicals DDT; PCB s; CFC s; TCE; Dioxin; Vinyl Chloride 4) Solid Waste Plastics; Trash; Sediment 5) Sewage Fecal matter; Bacteria, Viruses 6) Eutrophication and Hypoxia HAB s due to excessive Nutrients 7) Ocean Acidification 8) Greenhouse Gases 9) Radioactive Wastes 10) Thermal Pollution 11) Noise Pollution 12) Invasive Species D. Solutions to Minimizing or Eliminating Ocean Pollution

3 TIMELESS NEWS ITEM

4 What is a Pollutant? Defined: Substances which directly or indirectly damage humans, other life forms, or the environment. Quantity, toxicity, persistence of each pollutant unique Toxic effect(s) to organism health and reproduction Cause imbalances to environmental processes Degrade beneficial natural compounds What is Pollution? Defined: Pollutants released into the environment. Sourcing of pollution -- two types: Point and Non-Point Point source pollution easier to manage than non-point There is no such thing as good pollution

5 Sources of Ocean Pollution Combination of Land- and Marine-sourced Pollution

6 Sources of Ocean Pollution Percentage by Weight

7 Point Sources of Pollution Factories Power Plants Large Ships Feedlots Sewage Treatment Plants Outfall Discharge Pipes Point source pollution is relatively easy to monitor and control, compared to non-point sources

8 Non-Point Sources of Pollution Cities and Suburbs Agricultural Areas Areas not directly connected to a water body All sources not defined as a point source Non-point pollution sources are difficult to monitor and control

9 Continental Shelf Ocean Waters Regions of Greatest Pollution in the World Ocean 1. Most pollution primarily from land-based coastal sources 2. Vast majority of world s exploitable physical and biological marine resources are found along, on, and over the continental shelf waters

10 Major Types of Ocean Pollutants 1) Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Crude Oil, Motor Oil, Fuel Oils, Distillates 2) Heavy Metals Mercury; Cadmium; Nickel, Copper, Lead 3) Synthetic Organic Chemicals DDT; PCB s; CFC s; TCE; Dioxin; Vinyl Chloride 4) Solid Waste Plastics; Trash; Sediment 5) Sewage Fecal matter; Bacteria, Viruses 6) Eutrophication and Hypoxia Hazardous Algal Blooms (HAB s); Oxygen depletion 7) Radioacttive Wastes Weapons grade; Spent Fuel Rods; Bio-waste 8) Exotic Marine Species Trouble-making immigrant species 9) Greenhouses Gases Carbon dioxide; methane; CFC s 10) Thermal Pollution Waste heat power plants and vehicles 11) Noise Pollution Ships; Active Sonar; Explosives

11 Marine Marine Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon Pollution Pollution 1) Crude Oil Natural Seeps Offshore Rigs Tankers 2) Refined Oil Motor oil Diesel fuel Kerosene Gasoline Petrochemicals 3) Refined Oils Tougher on Marine Ecosystems than Crude Oil

12 Marine Oil Pollution Sources Millions of gallons per year Largest source of marine oil pollution is from urban runoff Disposal of oil and petrochemicals down the drain Accidental leakage from vehicles and equipment Airborne motor exhaust also washed into ocean

13 Pollution from Oil Shipping

14 Pollution from Offshore Oil Production

15 Offshore Oil Spill Effects on Sea Life

16 Biggest Oil Pollution Concern Urban Runoff and Dumping in Populated Coastal Areas Primarily from Non-point Sources Vehicle emissions top the list Vehicles leaking oil and other fluids

17 Heavy Metals Antimony Cadmium Chromium Copper Lead Mercury Nickel Selenium Main Points 1) Cannot be degraded or destroyed 2) Even very small concentrations can be poisonous 3) Sources of heavy metals are mining, manufacturing, and burning of fossil fuels 4) Primary toxic effect of heavy metals is damage to normal cell metabolism, including cancer and birth defects 5) Biomagnification is big concern

18 Mercury Pollution and Biomagnification

19 Mercury Pollution and Biomagnification

20 Types of Synthetic Organic Pollutants Concerns: 1) Do not naturally break down in the ocean 2) Numerous bad health risks for wildlife and humans 3) Problem of bio-magnification

21 Biomagnification of Synthetic Organic Pollutants 1) Do not naturally break down in the ocean 2) Numerous bad health risks for wildlife and humans 3) Problem of bio-magnification

22 Seafood and Your Health 1) Do not naturally break down in the ocean

23 Agriculture Pollution Concern Runoff and Dumping into Rivers and Streams from Farms and Ranches Nutrients and Synthetic Organics Fertilizer Herbicides Pesticides Livestock Effluent Pets too!

24 Solid Waste in the Ocean Plastics Trash Garbage Sediment Sludge Appliances Batteries

25 Solid Waste in the Ocean Plastics Trash Garbage Sediment Sludge Appliances Batteries Vessels Main Points 1) Most solid waste entering the ocean comes from trash barges, vessels, and sewage outfall pipes 2) Plastics are the largest concern 3) Plastics do not easily disintegrate in the marine environment 4) Plastics float are often mistaken as food by marine animals 5) Marine animals can get injured or even die from ingesting or entanglement of plastic waste

26 Solid Waste Lifespan in the Ocean Time taken for objects to dissolve at sea Paper bus ticket 2-4 weeks Cotton cloth 1-5 months Rope 3-14 months Woollen cloth 1 year Painted wood 13 years Tin can 100 years Aluminium can years Plastic bottle 450 years Plastic Takes a Very Long Time to Disintegrate!

27 Sad Facts on Plastic Pollution

28 Sad Facts on Plastic Pollution

29 Solid Waste on the Shorelines Windward Side of Nassau Island Kailua Beach, Oahu Summer 2004 Santa Monica 'urban runoff' Hawaiian Gyre Drift'

30 Worldwide Sources of Marine Garbage

31 Types of Solid Waste on Our Beaches Mostly Plastics!

32 Plastic Waste in the Ocean Most Plastics Float and They Do Not Break Down

33 How Land Waste Gets in Ocean Plastic Gets into Ocean by Either Getting Into Stream Systems or Dumped Directly

34 Dumping Solid Waste in the Ocean Cruise Ships Merchant Ships Naval Ships Garbage Barge US East Coast

35 Commercial Vessels and Pollution

36 Great North Pacific Garbage Patch North Pacific Gyre (link)

37 Sad Facts on Plastic Pollution

38 Plastics Affects the Food Chain Animals Ingest Plastic Items Animals gets Trapped and Entangled by Plastic Items

39 Plastic Seas

40 Sewage in Our Ocean Sewage sludge barge dumping in the New York Bight Offshore sewage outfall pipe Delay Beach, Florida

41 Sewage in Our Ocean

42 Sewage Treatment Stages 1) Primary 2) Secondary 3) Tertiary

43 Sewage Treatment

44 Coastal Sewage Treatment Facility

45 Sewage Outfalls to Ocean

46 Sewage Spills in Ocean

47 Marine Pollution in Mediterranean Sea

48 Eutrophication Defined as the excessive enrichment of nutrients in an a aquatic ecosystem Excessive nutrients in the ocean may lead to hazardous algal blooms termed HAB s HAB s act as an organic pollutant on local sea life Negative effects include asphyxia and poisoning Human-related nutrients via runoff into rivers and ocean

49 Eutrophication The Concept

50 Eutrophication Cause & Effect

51 Eutrophication = Bad Results

52 Urban Runoff Pollution Concerns

53 Urban Runoff Pollution Concerns

54 Urban Runoff Concerns 1) More urbanization equals more ground pollutants 2) More urbanization equals greater runoff 3) More and more pollutants get runoff into the ocean

55 Managing of Urban Runoff 1) Divert urban surface runoff into catch basins 2) Divert urban surface runoff through a special sewer system

56 Marine Noise Pollution 1) The ocean is acoustically 2) Loud noises come from transparent: noise travels vessel operations, active remarkably fast and unabated sonar, and explosions

57 Marine Radiation Pollution Radioactive Wastes Getting in Ocean

58 Marine Radiation Pollution Nuclear Weapon Tests in Ocean

59 Marine Radiation Pollution Sources

60 The Death of the Oceans

61 Overpopulation: The Biggest Concern 1) Earth has over 7 billion people today 2) Population doubles every 30 to 40 years

62 Overpopulation: The Biggest Concern Earth has 7 billion today. Population doubles every 40 years. Each human consumes resources in attempt to meet their wants/needs.

63 Overpopulation: The Biggest Concern

64 Human Overpopulation - Solutions???????

65 Discussion Session

66 Global Warming and Climate Change Causes, Evidence, Hazards, and Solutions

67 Global Warming and Climate Change A. Terms Defined: 1) Global Warming: Increase in average global surface temperature 2) Climate Change: Change in location and character of regional climate belts B. Causes of Global Warming 1) Increase in heat-absorbing atmospheric gases Methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water Natural and human-induced emissions 2) Increase in solar radiation striking earth s surface Long-term cyclic changes in earth orbit and axis tilt Cyclic changes in sun s output C. Evidence for Global Warming 1) Melting glaciers Polar ice caps and sheets and mountain glaciers 2) Rise in global sea level Input from melting land ice Warming of ocean waters (thermal expansion) 3) Rising Levels of Global Temperature and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere, land and ocean D. Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse gases 1) Burning fossil fuels 2) Burning down forests E. Solutions to Slowing Down GW and Climate Change

68 Global Warming and Climate Change

69 Earth s Greenhouse Effect

70 Greenhouse Gases

71 Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases Seven main fossil fuel combustion sources (%) Liquid fuels (e.g., gasoline, fuel oil) 36 % Solid fuels (e.g., coal) 35 % Gaseous fuels (e.g., natural gas) 20 % Cement production 3% Flaring gas industrially and at wells <1% Non-fuel hydrocarbons <1% "International bunker fuels" of transport not included in national inventories 4%

72 Greenhouse Gases Heat Traps Gas Formula Contribution (%) Water vapor H2 O % Carbon dioxide CO % Methane CH4 4 9% Ozone O3 3 7%

73 Major Increases in Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases Gas Preindustrial Current level level Increase since 1750 Carbon dioxide 280 ppm 394 ppm 114 ppm Methane 700 ppb 1745 ppb 1045 ppb Nitrous oxide 270 ppb 314 ppb 44 ppb CFC ppt 533 ppt

74 Trends of Greenhouse Gases in Atmospheric

75 Long term Variations in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have never exceeded 300 ppm over the last half a million years until Today the level is at 400 ppm and steadily climbing.

76 Long-term Global Warming Atmospheric CO2 versus Global Temperature al Above data for last 500,000 years showing variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and global temperature comes from ancient ice cores and sea bottom sediments

77 Short-term Global Warming Atmospheric CO2 versus Global Temperature Data for global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide over last 130 years

78 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Nation Per capita anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by country for the year 2000, including land-use change

79 Global Warming Cause and Effect What is Global Warming?

80 Effects of a Warming of Global Climate

81 Global Climate Change: Feedback Loops

82 The Big Thaw is Happening

83 Global Warming The Evidence Historic CO2 vs.temp Rising Air and Ground Temperatures Glacier Retreat Extreme Weather Rising Ocean Temperatures Ocean Acidification Sea Ice Retreat

84 Accelerated Melting of Polar Ice Caps 1) Progressive reduction in extent and thickness of polar ice caps 2) Secondary effects: Reduced sunlight reflection and increased light absorption into land surface Increase sea levels Massive influx of freshwater into polar sea surface waters

85 Melting Mountain Glaciers Mountain glaciers on every continent are quickly receding or disappearing altogether

86 Global Warming Effects Sea Level 1) Progressive melting of polar ice caps will increase global sea level by tens of centimeters over the next several decades 2) Thermal expansion of ocean is also causing rise in sea level by 8 cms for every degree rise in global temperature 2) Low-lying coastal areas under increased risk of marine flooding and eventual inundation

87 Global Warming and Sea Level Fluctuations

88 Global Warming Effects on Weather 1) More extreme weather fluctuations in most regions 2) More frequent severe weather

89 Global Warming Effects on Weather

90 Ocean Acidification Atmospheric CO2 versus Ocean ph Level Increase in atmospheric CO2 leads to increase in absorbed CO2 by ocean, which leads to increase in ocean acidity, which leads to increase in carbonate dissolution levels = bad day for shelled marine life

91 Ocean Acidification Atmospheric CO2 versus Ocean ph Level Increase in atmospheric CO2 leads to increase in absorbed CO2 by ocean, which leads to increase in ocean acidity, which leads to increase in carbonate dissolution levels = bad day for shelled marine life

92 Global Warming Effects on Ocean and Atmospheric Circulation 1) Climate-controlling Global Ocean Conveyor Current System will change most likely slow down 2) Result will be greater temperature differences between the poles and the equator

93 Climate Modeling: The Components A climate model s ability to reflect what is actually occurring (observed) in nature over time is only as good as the integration of the various number of inputted climateaffecting components within a climate system

94 Climate Model Evolution Better and Better -

95 Climate Modeling: The Components

96 Climate Modeling Results

97 GW Temp Models 100-Year Projected Increase in Risks and Impacts 1) Polar regions will be affected the most 2) Warmer climate belts will expand and shift pole-ward 3) More extreme swings in climate from region to region 4) Global sea level will rise by 10 s of centimeters

98 Climate Change Risk Modeling: 1) Risks and Impacts are proportional to the amount of temperature increase 2) The future predicted increase in temperature varies with: a) computer model b) greenhouse gas values 100-Year Projected Increase in Risks and Impacts

99 US Politics and Climate Change Some Are Warning of Global Warming Believe climate scientists Some Deny Global Warming Mistrust in climate scientists Media sources providing false or misleading information Sounding the alarm and a call to action Organizations that profit on GW - Science and Distortion greenhouse gas emissions Is There a Controversy?

100 Corporations and Climate Change Oil Company PR * Watch this GW - Science and Distortion Business and politics distort science for self-serving reasons The private media is sponsored by private interests and thus may provide false or misleading information that reflects their sponsorship

101 Overpopulation: The Biggest Concern 1) Earth has over 7 billion people today 2) Population doubles every 30 to 40 years

102 Overpopulation: The Biggest Concern Earth has 7 billion today. Population doubles every 40 years. Each human consumes resources in attempt to meet their wants/needs.

103 Global Warming: The Solution

104 Ways You Can Reduce Carbon Footprint 1) Reduce personal consumption as much as possible 2) Reuse as much as possible 3) Recycle as much as possible 5) Drive a high MPG vehicle 6) Drive/fly less 7) Plant trees 8) Support leaders and legislation that are pro-environment What other ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

105 Drop in the Ocean

106 Global Warming and Climate Change A. Terms Defined: 1) Global Warming: Increase in average global surface temperature 2) Climate Change: Change in location and character of regional climate belts B. Causes of Global Warming 1) Increase in heat-absorbing atmospheric gases Methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water Natural and human-induced emissions 2) Increase in solar radiation striking earth s surface Long-term cyclic changes in earth orbit and axis tilt Cyclic changes in sun s output C. Evidence for Global Warming 1) Melting glaciers Polar ice caps and sheets and mountain glaciers 2) Rise in global sea level Input from melting land ice Warming of ocean waters (thermal expansion) 3) Rising Levels of Global Temperature and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere, land and ocean D. Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse gases 1) Burning fossil fuels 2) Burning down forests E. Solutions to Slowing Down GW and Climate Change

107 Ways You Can Reduce Ocean Pollution 1) Reduce personal consumption as much as possible 2) Reuse as much as possible 3) Recycle as much as possible 4) Drive a non-leaky, high mileage vehicle 5) Organic maintenance of your lawn and garden 6) Use non-phosphate soaps and detergents 7) Dispose of all non-recyclable wastes like paints and other chemicals at a proper disposal site 8) Support leaders and legislation that is pro-environment Can you think of other ways to reduce ocean pollution?

108 OCEAN POLLUTION Preview Concepts A. Pollutants: Substances which directly or indirectly damage life forms or environment B. Point Sources Versus Non-Point Sources of Pollution 1) Point sources are any single identifiable source of pollution 2) Non-point sources are not singly identifiable sources Far greater contributor to ocean pollution than the point sources Much tougher to manage and control than point sources C. Ten Major Types of Marine Pollutants 1) Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Crude Oil, Motor Oil, Fuel Oils, Distillates 2) Heavy Metals Mercury; Cadmium; Nickel, Copper, Lead 3) Synthetic Organic Chemicals DDT; PCB s; CFC s; TCE; Dioxin; Vinyl Chloride 4) Solid Waste Plastics; Trash; Sediment 5) Sewage Fecal matter; Bacteria, Viruses 6) Eutrophication and Hypoxia HAB s due to excessive Nutrients 7) Ocean Acidification 8) Greenhouse Gases 9) Radioactive Wastes 10) Thermal Pollution 11) Noise Pollution 12) Invasive Species D. Solutions to Minimizing or Eliminating Ocean Pollution

109 Ocean Environmental Concerns Discussion