AP BIOLOGY SUMMER READING

Transcription

1 AP BIOLOGY SUMMER READING I AM GLAD YOU HAVE EXPRESSED AN INTEREST IN AP BIOLOGY. IT IS NOT FOR THE FAINT OF HEART. IT IS A LOT OF WORK AND REQUIRES A LOT OF READING AND MEMORIZATION. IN ORDER TO MEET OUR OBJECTIVE, YOU NEED TO START IN THE SUMMER. YOUR ASSIGNMENT IS AS FOLLOWS: 1. CHECK OUT AN AP BIOLOGY BOOK FROM MR. CHAPMAN 2. A STUDY GUIDE OVER THOSE CHAPTERS IS BELOW. THE VOCABULARY NEEDS TO BE DEFINED. 3. READ CHAPTERS 53 THROUGH 56 ON ECOLOGY THIS SUMMER 4. AS YOU READ, COMPLETE THE STUDY GUIDES. ON DAY ONE, YOU WILL HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO COMPARE NOTES WITH YOUR CLASSMATES, BUT YOU SHOULD HAVE 90% OF IT DONE ALREADY. THEY ARE DUE THE SECOND DAY OF SCHOOL. WE ACTUALLY START THE FIRST DAY IN THIS COURSE, AND WILL BE DOING LABS WITHIN 3 DAYS. 5. BE PREPARED FOR A TEST OVER THOSE CHAPTERS DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF CLASS. 6. I ALSO SUGGEST YOU EITHER WATCH THE MOVIE OR READ THE BOOK: MY SISTER S KEEPER. THIS IS ABOUT REAL LIFE BIOLOGICAL ISSUES AND BIOETHICS. WE WILL BE DISCUSSING IT DURING GENETICS. THANKYOU, DAVID CHAPMAN

2 AP Biology---Ecology Name Use your textbooks to define the following terms regarding Ecology. Know some examples of each. 1. Biotic factor 2. Abiotic factor 3. Food Chain 4. Food Web 5. Energy Pyramid 6. Trophic Pyramd 7. 10% Rule 8. Niche 9. Symbiosis 10. Mutualism 11. Commensalism 12. Parasitism 13. Biomagnification 14. Mimicry 15. Diversity 16. Semelparious 17. Iteroparous 18. Primary succession 19. Secondary succession 20. Vector 21. Ecosystem 22. Primary productivity 23. Biogeochemical cycle 24. Bioremediation 25. Extinction 26. Emigration 27. Immigration 28. Classical conditioning 29. Carrying capacity k 30. Imprinting 31. Density independent factor 32. Logistical growth curve 33. Invasive species 34. Proximate Cause 35. Ultimate Cause 36. Innate 37. Taxis 38. Kinesis 39. Classical conditioning 40. Operant conditioning 41. Reasons for proximate causes of behavior( mating etc) 42. Reasons for ultimate causes of behavior

3 AP Biology----Ecology Study Guide A Name 1. Ecology is the scientific study of the between different and between organisms and their environment or surroundings. 2a. Biotic factors are things in the ecosystem. Examples include all of the and. 2b. Abiotic factors are things in the ecosystem. Examples include,,, and. Producers 3a. The main energy source for life on earth is the. 3b. Organisms that make their own food through a process called photosynthesis or by chemosynthesis are. They are also called producers. 3c. Examples include,, and. 3d. Photosynthesis is a reaction that uses to convert and into and. 3e. Chemosynthesis is performed by, that use energy to produce carbohydrates. Consumers 4a. Consumers are organisms that rely on other organisms for their and supply. 4b. Consumers are also called. 4c. obtain energy by eating only plants. Ex. 4d. obtain energy by eating only animals. Ex. 4e. eat both plants and animals. Ex. 4f. are organisms that bread down dead organic matter. Ex. Feeding Interactions 5. a. Energy flows through an ecosystem in -----from the sun or inorganic compounds to (producers) and then to (consumers. 5b. The is a series of step in which organisms by eating and being eaten.

4 5c. The is a network of food within an ecosystem. 5d. Trophic Levels 1. Level 1-2. Level 2-3. Level 3-4. Level 4-6a. Ecological Pyramids A diagram that shows the relative amount of or contained within each trophic level of a food chain or web. 6b. What is the difference between the energy pyramid and the biomass pyramid? 6c. What is the rule of 10? 7a. Ecological Interactions between organisms is when two organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Ex 7b. An ecological involves both the where an organism lives and the that an organism has in its. 7c. When one organism captures and feeds on another, it is called one that does the killing one that is the food 7d. is any relationship in which two species live closely together. There are three types. 1. -both species benefit. Ex 2. - one member benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed. Ex 3. - one organism is helped and the other is harmed. Ex

5 Ecology Part B Name 1. Population Characteristics a. Population describes the number of organisms living together in one area b. The way the organisms are scattered is called. c. There are three types of dispersion; i. Ex ii. Ex iii. Ex 2. Population Limiting Factors; a. The rate is how fast the population grows. b. Birth rate is c. Death rate is d. To move into an area is e. To move out of an area is 3. Density independent factors include those that limit size, regardless of population density. a. These are usually factors b. They can include phenomena Ex 4. Density dependent factors include anything that depends on the of members in a population per a. These are usually factors b. These include; i. ii. iii. iv. 5. What does an exponential growth curve look like? Draw it. 6. The human population is currently above billion people. Where did the graph start abruptly upwards? (what year?) 7. Exponential growth curves are also called growth or shaped growth. a. The first phase is slow and is called the phase. b. The second phase is rapid and is called the growth phase. 8. Population Limiting Factors provide limits to exponential growth. a. As the density increases, the number of individuals per unit of land or water as well b. This causes for nutrients and resources Ex. c. The limit to population size that a particular environment can support is called and the symbol for it is 9. What is a Logistic Growth Model look like? a. The logistic model occurs when a population s growth or

6 b. Growth stops at the c. What are two examples of when populations stop growing? i. Ex ii. Ex 10. Two ways in which carrying capacity can be raised or lowered include; a. Artifical have raised b. Decreased can lower 11. The growth rate equation looks like this: Draw it please: a. The r stands for the maximum b. The N stands for the c. The K is the carrying 12. In r/k selection theory, selective pressures drive in one of the two generalized directions: r or K selection 13. r selection includes traits like: a. High b. Small size c. Early d. Short time e. Ability to widely f. Evolved to take advantage in environment, 14. K selection includes traits like: a. body size b. Long life c. Production of fewer d. Extensive care until they e. Evolved to take advantage in environment, density dependent interactions 15. Communities: A is a group of interacting that occupy the same area at the same time. 15b. A limiting factor is any or factor that restricts the, reproduction, or of organisms. 15c. The of describe the limits within which an organism can exist. 16. Ecological Succession is the change in an ecosystem that happens when one replaces another as a result of biotic or abiotic factors. a. There are two types of succession; i. succession, where no life has existed before

7 ii. succession, where life has existed before b. In primary succession, it is slow at first. The first organisms to arrive are usually or, which are called species. i. They secrete that break down rock. ii. Their dead, decaying organic materials, mix with sediment to make. c. After the lichens and moss, come the plants and grasses. d. After these come seeds that are brought in by, water, and wind. Then you get shrubs and. e. The stable, mature community that eventually develops from bare rock is called a. 17. Secondary Succession is where disturbances have come to an area. Examples include; a. b. c. 18. The species are usually plants that begin to grow in the disturbed areas: grasses and briars, etc. a. This is much than primary succession because you have soil present. b. The end and the most stable species is also called the community, but it is much harder to see, due to human interaction. 19. What is biodiversity? 20. The two main types of biodiversity include diversity and diversity. 21. What is extinction? 22. How many mass extinctions have there been on the Earth?