SUFFICIENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT IFRASTRUCTURE IS A MAJOR CONCERN IN CREATING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA

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1 SUFFICIENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT IFRASTRUCTURE IS A MAJOR CONCERN IN CREATING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA By Dessy Ary Sandy ( ) Chapter 1 Introduction Indonesia is a fourth populated country in the world (after China, India, and the United States). Located in Southeast Asia that geographically comprises over 17,504 Islands make Indonesia called as vast archipelago which go to form a land mass equating to 1,919,440 square kilometres (735,355 square miles) 1. For the population based on the recent data that retrieved from the world barometer in 2 January 2015, the current total population of the Indonesia reached number of 254,319, Consider as developing country that still in the progress of development, make Indonesia facing many problem that become common constraints in development process today like economic poverty in some area, hunger, unsafe water supplies, poor education systems, corrupt governments, conflict, till poor sanitation 3.One of other Indonesia constraints in development process is the geographical conditions that make development process is challenged by distance. And more worst with the high number of population that economically has consuming societies, make demands of good and services is increasing with the rising demand for urban mobility and access. This condition requires Indonesia to provide adequate public transport infrastructure as a means and mobility access of people in providing their need. But the fact that there are still many obstacles of government in building public transportation make Indonesia is still lack of appropriate public transport infrastructure. And insufficient public transport becoming the roots of some another complex constraint, such as inequality of local economic growth that lead to poverty in some area, high logistic cost, pollution that caused by trend of private transportation, bad management of resources (fuel, electricity), social exclusion, high 1 number of indonesia island. (2013). Retrieved january 03, 2015, from central statistical agency Indonesia: 2 Indonesia Population. (2015, january 2). Retrieved january 2, 2015, from World Barometer website: 3 Globalization101. (n.d.). Problem of development today. Retrieved January 03, 2015, from Globalization101:

2 number of death in accident, lack of education in rural area, and so on. Therefore now Indonesia is in the unsustain condition, that will suffer the need of future generation. To overcome constraints in development process that mostly happen in developing countries, United Nations purpose the concept of Sustainable development. The term of sustainable development was created in 1987 in the "Our Common Future" report of what has became known as the Brundtland Commission, that clearly stated sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 4. And the needs that become the primary till the future generation covers on economic, social, and environment aspect. Therefore, term of sustainable development is a basic concept in managing and ensures that economic, social and environmental resources aspects are still possible for the future generations. And this paper believe that unsustain condition that face by Indonesia is the impact of insufficient public transport, Therefore here this paper tries to analyze the impact of insufficient public transport to support the idea that public transport infrastructure is major concern to tackling this condition. The first chapter of this paper will explain about introduction, the second chapter will showing status quo of quality public transport infrastructure in Indonesia, next is the impact inadequate public transport infrastructure in Indonesia toward the sustainable concept, and the summary and conclusion will provide in last chapter of this paper. The goal of this paper is to showing that public transport infrastructure is the main challenge that needs to be concern in order to keeps maintains development process in Indonesia in the sustainable concept. To support the idea, this paper analyzes the contribution of insufficient public transport toward economic, social and environmental condition. Research Question Why does public transport infrastructure becoming major concern/challenge in order to create sustainable development in Indonesia? 4 Development, R. o. (1987). Our common future. United Nation.

3 Theoretical Framework Many countries has their own way and aspect priorities in order to make sure that their development process is running well, especially for developing countries that still face many constraints in their process of development. And this paper believe that Indonesia as the one of developing countries with high population and its geographical condition have to more focus on public transport infrastructure as a main concern in order to create better future condition in the term of sustainable concept. Also think that the geographical condition of Indonesia that make distances become one of the challenge in process of development, since Indonesia is consist of many island that most of them are separate each other by ocean or forest. Therefore this condition make the mobility and access of people, in providing and transferring their needed like goods and services, technology, knowledge is cannot working well, and when those things cannot working well it will create another constraints that have to face Indonesia in their development process. This paper believes that public transport infrastructure is a key challenge to overcome many problems that appears because of geographical condition that creates a distance as development constraint. Public transportation is a tool of development that provides mobility and access of people in their daily activities. Also since United Nation establish the concept of sustainable development that should emphasizes to create better world condition for the future generations, that s why public transport infrastructure becoming the major concern since insufficient public transportation leads to unsustain condition. In order to prove that sufficient public transport infrastructure is really needed in resolving constraints that appears, this paper will provide the impact of insufficient transport and generated the answer based on Modernization Geography Theory. Modernization Geography Theory Before going deeper into why this Theory is appropriate to answer the question in this paper, the first is it s important to understand what Modernization Geography Theory is, and we will know the correlation of this theory and public transport infrastructure as the major concern to development in Indonesia. The modernization geography theory is the theory that analyzes placing the highest stage of growth on one core area, and seeing the rest of the world as the part of peripheral zones that waiting for change diffusion, or spread, of innovation change 5. 5 Richard Peet, Elaine Hartwick. (1999). Modernization Geography Theory. In Theories of development (pp ). New York / London: The Guilford Press.

4 This paper believes that theory of modernization geography is appropriate in supporting this paper idea that sufficient public transport is really needed in tackling most Indonesia s constraints in development process. The first reason because this theory explains about there is one area that becomes the core and the other is just a series of peripheral zones 6. And when we talk about Indonesia s development its mean we talk about development in all 34 provinces and islands, but Indonesia economic growth only centralize in several regions. In this case we know that the core and periphery happened because geographical conditions of Indonesia, that make the center of urban development is only take place in Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia and the area around them. In contrary other area like West Papua or Kalimantan they are seems like peripheral zones since the geographical condition that far away from the core. This explains that thus area that close to an origin of innovation receive change early while those more distant got it later 7. And when the area is lees develop it will lead to another complex problem, therefore to reduce problem that appears because inequality development (core, periphery) role of public transportation is important to erase the distance among the areas. This theory also explaining that people were persuade to adopt new thing trough communication with each other and communicative possibility were constrained by the distance 8. The wide area and distances make the communication and the spreading of new innovations are get obstacles then its impact in appearing of more complex problem. Hypotheses Based on the research question and the theoretical framework that already explains before, the hypotheses of this paper in explaining why does public transport infrastructure is main challenge that needs to be concern in order to keeps maintains development process in Indonesia in the sustainable concept, is because of: Indonesia is wide country that has one core in centralize its development; therefore it s needed more mobility and access to make the development process equal. Also inadequate of public transport infrastructure is the roots of development constraints in economic growth, environment and social aspect. 6 Ibid, p Ibid. 8 Ibid.

5 Chapter 2 The Current Status of condition and quality of public transport infrastructure in Indonesia Based on the last official statistic census recording from Indonesia statistic agency in 2010, showed that total population of Indonesia reaching number of And the other hand based on the recent data retrieved from the world barometer in 2 January 2015, the current population of the Indonesia reached 254,319,011. With the high number of population that still keeps increasing, it s automatically also increase in the demand needed of people like food, good & services, demand of labor till new innovation. While in providing the needed of people, transport infrastructure has big role in mobility and distributes all the needed, therefore high population will impact on high demand of public transport infrastructure whether it s for individual, companies or government. Before that we have to know the kind of public transport infrastructure, kind of public transport infrastructure covers land transport infrastructure (Road, railroad infrastructure), port infrastructure, and air transport infrastructure. Public transport also classify by the function, there are national public transport and local public transport. Local public transport usually use in moving good and services or public activities in local area, then national public transport using in moving needed of people across the island or province 10. And the current quality of public transport infrastructure in Indonesia according to global competitiveness report (Figure 1) that held by world economic forum the quality of overall infrastructure in Indonesia in the rank of 72 from 144 countries that observed. This condition has increased compare with the last world economic forum report in which condition of overall infrastructure is in the rank of 82. And almost all transport infrastructure does increasing quality compare with the last report in For the quality of road its increase from the rank of 83 to 72, then railway from the 52 to 41, air transport quality rank of 80 to 64 and the last is port public transport that has most experience improved quality, from the rank of 103 to indonesia, c. s. (2010). Population of indonesia in Retrieved January 2, 2015, from central statistic indonesia: 10 Newsletter, I. C. (2012, January). Development of road infrastructure. Retrieved January 2, 2015, from Indonesian Commercial Newsletter : 11 Forum, W. E. ( ). The Global Competitiveness Report. Switzerland: World Economic Forum.

6 But still even the number quality of public transportation has improved its still not fit with total population of Indonesia. Figure 1 source: Forum, W. E. ( ). The Global Competitiveness Report. Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Figure 2 source: Infrastructure quality in selected Asian countries (Global Competitiveness Report While in comparison with several selected countries in Asia like Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, china, Philippines and India, Indonesia competitiveness in quality of public transport infrastructure in 2014 are still under those countries except Philippines. While in the other hand in comparison of total population and wide of land area, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore are under the rate of Indonesia total number of population and land area but contrary the number of quality transport infrastructure Indonesia is still inadequate compare with those countries. If we see from that figure road and railway are in the lowest quality compare with the other transport infrastructure. Whereas Land transport is important one compare with another transport infrastructure, since the function is not only for local activity but also national public transport activity. According to the data from Ministry of Public Works and Provincial, total number of the length of road in 2013 in the average of km 12. This number is not relevant if we compare with the number of total population in Indonesia that reaches 254 million, and because of desirable place to live is depend on a 12 Length of Road by Type of Surface indonesia. (2013). Retrieved January 2, 2015, from central statistical agency Indonesia:

7 reliable and worthwhile transport system 13,Make most total length of land road are centralizing in java and Sumatra island. There are several factors that influence effectiveness development of transport infrastructure in Indonesia, such as: corruption, land allowance/clearance, unstable government decision, government support in investment and financial till political condition of Indonesia. Chapter 3 Impact of inadequate public transport infrastructure in sustainable development condition of Indonesia Adequate public transport infrastructure has big role in promoting local and national economic growth, since transportation is important in market place activities in moving good and services, technology in moving new innovation to rural area, or in daily activities of a society. Here in this paper is trying to concern that public transport is key to tackling Indonesia problem of development, with showing the constraints that happen as a result of inappropriate transport infrastructure in Indonesia. With constrains that appears because lack of public transport, we will know how important public transport in tackling those problem. There are several main impacts that happened because of lack of public transport infrastructure that provided by government, but here we will focus in the economic, social and environmental as the concept of sustainable development. The impact in economic growth Figure 3 source: Vaza, H. (n.d.). Infrastructure Development. Directorate General of Highways Ministry of Public Works indonesia. The high or low of the Economic growth is common measure as standard of the prosperity of countries, and many factors that become indicators of national or local economic growth, like total population, natural resources, government, skill labor till the 13 (2009). Sustainable Urban Infrastructure -Vienna Edition. In Siemens, Sustainable Urban Infrastructure (p. 6). Siemens AG.s

8 quality of public transport infrastructure. The first thing that we have to know that level of economic growth is also depends in total number of population in those areas. And since desirable place to live is depend on a reliable and worthwhile transport system 14, that s in Indonesia the reliable one is centralize in Jakarta as capital city and area around it. This condition make a half of Indonesia population live in java and Sumatra Island in which those area is more develop compare with the other region in Indonesia. And as a result it will leads to unequal economic growth which make java and Sumatra become more develop region. While the other area is hard in their economic growth like Kalimantan, Sulawesi and west Papua since they do not have proper public transportation that makes interest of people in living there is decrease and impact in its economic growth (Figure 3). Those area that in slightly and developing region like Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and west Papua since they are lack of appropriate public transport, automatically it will lead to the other indicator that make their economic growth lower. Like poverty, lower local income, low level of education system and skill labor, lack of new innovation and sophisticated technology, also people consciousness of education and health is low, quality of services facilities (education, health) and so on. According to central agency statistic Indonesia in 2011 only 180 villages in west Papua that having educational facilities 15, this condition leads to low number of skill labor and sophisticated technology that make they even cannot build their own means of production to fulfill the needed of people. When they cannot produce it by their self then they should buy goods and services from the central area (java/ Sumatra Island) that has more sophisticated technology in producing it. And Good and services that they buy from other area has expensive price because of the insufficient public transportation that makes distributor or company need more time in sending the good and services. Spend more time its means that the company also spend high logistic cost, that impact in high price of goods. 14 (2009). Sustainable Urban Infrastructure -Vienna Edition. In Siemens, Sustainable Urban Infrastructure (p.6). Siemens AG. 15 Number of Villages Having Educational Facilities. (2011). Retrieved January 4, 2015, from central agency statistic indonesia :

9 Impact in social and environmental condition Inadequate public transport infrastructure is not only become obstacles in economic growth but also impact in social and environmental condition. When government cannot provide sufficient and reliable public transport infrastructure meanwhile people needed to do their daily activities, like go to work that using transportation to fulfill their needed what will happen is the trend of having private transportation. Trend of private transportation is mostly happen in developing countries that still lack of adequate public transport infrastructure and big amount of consumerisms. In Indonesia needed of individual in transportation is bigger than collective or government, therefore in 2013 total number of private motor cycles in the estimate of units, while the passenger of car is only and busses in the number of Figure 4 source: Number of Motor Vehicles by Types, from Central Statistic Agency Indonesia: Huge number of motor cycle that happened because of private transportation trends maybe in one hand, its help people to promote their own needs and activities since the government s helps in providing public transportation is not efficient. But in the other hand this trends leads to more complex problem like air pollution that can damage environmental condition and human health, traffic accident, wastage of non-renewable resources (fuel) and many more. According to world health organizations, the biggest number of death in Number of Motor Vehicles by Types. (n.d.). Retrieved January 4, 2015, from Central Statistic Agency Indonesia:

10 because of air pollution is in the Southeast Asia with 1.69 million deaths 17, since most of countries in Southeast Asia are developing countries with the trend of private transportation. Air pollution also impact in environmental harm that lead to global warming and climate change. Global warming changes the natural environment and in Indonesia its make the pattern of weather is changing and unpredictable. The other impact of inappropriate and reliable public transportation is the high number of traffic accident. In Indonesia huge number of private motor cycle is not equal with the length of the land road that only km in 2013, this condition that become the indicator of the rise number of traffic accidents. According to state police Indonesia in 2013 total number of traffic accident that happened reach number of with people killed (Figure 5), and this number will increase during the religious big days like Eid Mubarak and Christmas. Figure 5 source: Traffic Accident, Killed Person, Seriously Injured, Slight Injured and Expected of Material Losses Value, Indonesia from Central statistic agencies indonesia The other impact of private transport trends is the wastage of fuel resources, since fuel is nonrenewable resources and it s our task to use it wisely. But in this condition of private transport trend, make it s hard to manage the use of fuel sources. And according to the data from international energy agency, Indonesia is in the rank of 7 th in the oil fuel consumption in Then if government cannot reduce the trend of private transportation with providing more public transport infrastructure this condition will leads to the absence of fossil-fuel resources for the future generations. With Reducing trend of private transportation will help 17 World Health Organization. (2014). Burden of disease from Household Air Pollution. World Health Organization. 18 International energy agency, world energy outlook 2012, Energy subsidies.

11 government in saving logistic cost and palliative expenditure for fuel energy, therefore the saving money can be used for the other development purpose. Chapter 4 Conclusion Development is a stage of better condition where many countries want to achieve, and in process of achieving it every single country has different way and constraints. And the constraints that mostly faced by developing countries is how to create sustainable development (Development that will not harm economically, socially, and environmental of the future generation needs) in the condition that already unsustain. Therefore to create sustainability development, Developing countries have to know the main roots of their unsustain condition. For Indonesia that has same problematic with the other developing countries in its development process, this paper generated that public transport infrastructure is the indicator that should be major concern in creating sustainable condition in Indonesia. Because the condition of insufficient public transport infrastructure is becoming the roots of unsustain condition in Indonesia. So that this paper explains the impact of insufficient public transport in order to supporting the idea that public transport is a root of problematic that needs more attention. The impacts of insufficient public transport in the concept of sustainable development are: First, insufficient public transport infrastructure is impact in inequality of economic growth. This condition happen because Indonesia consist of many island while public transport is insufficient, therefore this condition make economic growth only centralize in one area. Here Jakarta as develop region since its capital city of Indonesia, while the other that far from Jakarta are get the change later because no sufficient transport infrastructure and lead to inequality of economic growth. Second, insufficient public transport leads to trend of private transportation since government cannot provide their transportation need. Then trend of private transportation lead to other environmental and social problem that are high number of traffic accident, air pollution, high number of death as cause of air pollution, changing of natural environment and wastage of non-renewable resources (fuel).

12 As a conclusion after showing many problems that caused by insufficient public transport infrastructure, we know that now how the important role of public transport in creating sustainable development in Indonesia and what s the changing that our country will achieve in providing more sufficient and reliable public transport infrastructure for the future generations.

13 Bibliography Number of Villages Having Educational Facilities. (2011). Retrieved January 4, 2015, from central agency statistic indonesia : Length of Road by Type of Surface indonesia. (2013). Retrieved January 2, 2015, from central statistical agency Indonesia: number of indonesia island. (2013). Retrieved january 03, 2015, from central statistical agency Indonesia: Indonesia Population. (2015, january 2). Retrieved january 2, 2015, from World Barometer website: World Health Organization. (2014). Burden of disease from Household Air Pollution. World Health Organization. Barometer, W. (2015, January 2). Indonesia population. Retrieved January 2, 2015, from World barometer website: Development, R. o. (1987). Our common future. United Nation. Forum, W. E. ( ). The Global Competitiveness Report. Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Globalization101. (n.d.). Problem of development today. Retrieved January 03, 2015, from Globalization101: indonesia, c. s. (2010). Population of indonesia in Retrieved January 2, 2015, from central statistic indonesia: Newsletter, I. C. (2012, January). Development of road infrastructure. Retrieved January 2, 2015, from Indonesian Commercial Newsletter : Road.html Number of Motor Vehicles by Types. (n.d.). Retrieved January 4, 2015, from Central Statistic Agency Indonesia: Richard Peet, Elaine Hartwick. (1999). Modernization Geography Theory. In Theories of development (pp ). New York / London: The Guilford Press. (2009). Sustainable Urban Infrastructure -Vienna Edition. In Siemens, Sustainable Urban Infrastructure (p. 6). Siemens AG. Traffic Accident, Killed Person, Seriously Injured, Slight Injured and Expected of Material Losses Value, Indonesia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 4, 2015, from Central statistic agencies indonesia : Vaza, H. (n.d.). Infrastructure Development. Directorate General of Highways Ministry of Public Works indonesia.

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