THAILAND STATE OF POLLUTION REPORT 2003 POLLUTION CONTROL DEPARTMENT. Waste Situation

Transcription

1 [47] Waste Situation

2 [48] Solid Waste Municipal solid waste problem has remained significant in all levels of communities and municipalities across the country, including the Bangkok metropolitan area. There was a slight change in the quantity of municipal solid waste. In 2003, municipal solid waste generation in Thailand was approximately 14.4 million tons. This amount was partly contributed by 9,340 tons/day of solid waste from BMA, which was about 300 tons/day lower than the figure in The daily production rate of Municipal solid waste from Pattaya and other municipalities was 12,100 tons and from other local government authorities covering Tambon Administration was 17,800 tons. The waste separations at the source campaign and the larger amount of waste being reused and recycled were the likely reasons behind the decrease in solid waste generation in BMA. On the other hand, the increase in population, the migration of people, the city expansion due to the decentralization process, the economic stimulation from central government, the tourism development and promotion and the One Tambon One Product (OTOP) scheme, have accelerated the consumption, leading to a slight increase in solid waste generation in other municipalities and local administrations. (Table 1 and Figure 1) Table 1. Municipal Solid waste Generation in Area Waste generation (tons/day) Change of waste generation (%) 1. Bangkok Metropolitan area 9,617 9, Municipal area in each region (including Pattaya) 11,976 12, Central and East (365) 5,190 5, North (250) 2,060 2, Northeast (345) 2,761 2, South (174) 1,965 1, Non-municipal area 17,632 17, Total 39,225 39, Note: numbers in the parentheses are the numbers of municipalities

3 [49] Municipal area including Pattaya 12,100 tons/day 31% 45% Non-municipal area 17,800 tons/day 24% Bangkok Metropolitan area 9,340 tons/day Figure 1. Municipal Solid Waste Generation by area in 2003 Solid Waste in Bangkok Metropolitan Area The daily waste generation rate in the BMA was about 9,340 tons, which was 277 tons lower than the rate in Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) collected 99% of the total amount generated, which is equivalent to 9,245 tons/day in its service area. The disposal of waste was contracted out to a private company that is responsible for the collection and transfer of waste from Tha rang, Nong Kham and On Nuch transfer stations to a landfill facility in Tambon Rachadheva, Bangpli District, Samut Prakarn Province for 3,580 tons/day and to another landfill site in Kampang San District, Nakorn Pathom Province for 5,665 tons/day (Figure 2). Waste generation rate 9,340 tons/day Collection rate 9,245 tons/day On Nuch transfer station 3,580 tons/day (39%) Nong Kham transfer station 3,360 tons/day (36%) Tha Rang transfer station 2,305 tons/day (25%) Rachadheva Landfill, Bangkpli, Samut Prakarn 3,580 tons/day (39%) Kampang San Landfill, Kampang San District, Nakorn Pathom 5,665 tons/day (61%) Figure 2. Diagram showing solid waste management of BMA

4 [50] Solid Waste in City Areas Waste generation rate in city or municipal areas was about 12,100 tons/day, making up 31% of the countrywide waste generation. In many municipalities, solid waste is still not treated properly by using techniques such as open dumping and open burning. In 2003, the numbers of sanitary landfill facility, which were completely constructed and in operation (including improvement) were 107 sites and 2 more sanitary landfills are under construction. About 4,200 tons/day of solid waste was treated by sanitary landfills, equivalent to 35% of solid waste generation in municipal areas across the country. Figure 3. Sanitary Landfill Gas Vent System The southern region had the highest proportion of solid waste being disposed of by sanitary practices, which was 65%. The northeastern region came in the second place with 38%, the central combining eastern region came next with 35% and the northern region with 33%. The most observed waste disposal-related problem was inappropriate operation and maintenance. This led to inefficiency in waste treatment in spite of a good design. In some areas, there were complaints and protests from the local residents. For Phuket City Municipality, Tambon Koh Samui Municipality and Muang Lampoon Municipality, which treat their solid waste by incineration, the problem remained budget deficiency for operation. Central government subsidies were still required. Solid waste in non-municipal areas Solid waste generation rate in areas beyond Bangkok Metropolitan area, Pattaya and other municipalities was about 17,800 tons/day. Provincial Administrations and Tambon Administrations, which are responsible for the collection and disposal of waste, mostly do not have sanitary waste disposal facilities. Waste is disposed of by open burning, uncontrolled landfills or open dumping. In addition, uncollected waste remained in several underserved areas and was taken care of by local residents with unsanitary techniques such as open burning, uncontrolled landfills or open dumping. However, the situation tends to improve due to the fact that the Local Administrations have increased their environmental awareness and have been allocated an increase in budget from the government. The collective approach also allowed several Local Administrations to share the same disposal facilities and save government budget. Figure 4. Open dumping

5 s mi [51] Waste Utilization In 2003, economic growth in Thailand was increased higher than the previous years partly because of economic stimulation by several government projects and low interest rate. The growth resulted in an increase in expenditure for consumption and investment, which also led to higher waste generation in all sectors including municipal, agricultural and industrial. Waste generation from all sectors totaled million tons, of which 27.1 million tons or 25% of total waste generation was utilized (Figure 1). A comparison of waste utilization in 2002 and 2003 shows that waste utilization rates in municipal and agricultural sectors were increased, while the waste utilization rate in industrial sector was decreased. Several measures should be implemented in order to lower the waste Community waste 2.8 tons 5. Industrial Waste s generation rate. These include waste reduction and utilization at source, waste exchange among industries, waste separation, waste-to-energy scheme, composting, encouraging R&D in waste reduction and increasing utilization efficiency. 19 Agricultural waste and material residues Figure 1. Waste utilization (Municipal waste, agricultural waste and industrial waste)

6 [52] Recyclable waste.75% 3 Hazardous waste 3.0 % 0. General waste % 47. 0% Organic waste Municipal Solid waste Utilization Waste generation in 2003 across the country was 14.4 million tons, a slight increase from Waste compositions vary among regions depending on the consumption patterns, utilization methods, economic situations, community characteristics and relevant regulations. Overall, solid waste contains 47.10% organic waste, 39.75% recyclable waste, 3.01% hazardous waste and 10.15% general waste (Figure 2). Figure 2. Proportion of municipal waste nation wide Amount (million tons) Total municipal solid waste 12 Recyclable waste 10 Organic waste Waste Utilized Year Figure 3. Utilization of municipal solid waste

7 [53] About 12.5 million tons of solid waste, which is 87% of total municipal solid waste, has the potential to be utilized. This amount can break into 6.8 million tons of degradable waste with the potential for composting/em liquid organic fertilizer production, 5.7 million tons of recyclable waste (paper, glass, plastic, ferrous metal, aluminum and rubber). The actual amount of municipal solid waste in Thailand being separated for utilization was 2.8 million tons, equivalent to 19% of total municipal solid waste generation (Figure 3). Utilization methods include junk shops, composting/ EM liquid organic fertilizer production, garbage banks establishment and making decorative or useful items (Figure 4). It can be observed that the percentage of solid waste with utilization potential was lower from that in 2002 (from 89% in 2002 to 87% in 2003). Especially from the proportion of recyclables, it can be concluded that recyclable waste was recycled more owing to the cooperation among government agencies, businesses, and non-governmental organizations in a campaign to promote waste separation and public participation in waste reduction and utilization. garbage bank/garbage for eggs program ton/day (1.93%) others compost/liquid ton/day organic fertilizer (1.27%) ton/day (1.06%) junk shops 4, ton/day (95.74%) Figure 4. Solid waste Utilization methods (in municipal areas) Waste Utilization in the Agricultural Sector Analyses of data from the Office of Agricultural Economics, Department of Livestock Development, Land Development Department, and Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency revealed that the top 10 waste materials from agricultural activities with the highest utilization potential are from rice, sugarcane, corn, coconut, oil palm, cassava, peanuts, cotton, soy bean and millet production. These waste materials totaled 81.4 million tons which can be broken down into million tons from rice, utilized in the form of straws, stubbles and husks, million tons from sugarcane and 7.63 million tons from oil palms (Figure 5).

8 [54] millet 0.18 million tons cotton 0.12 million tons peanut 0.78 million tons palm 7.63 million tons soy bean 3.84 million tons corn 3.84 million tons coconut 5.77 million tons cassava 4.91 million tons sugar cane million tons rice million tons Figure 5. Waste Materials from agricultural activities with the highest utilization potential Roughly 23.32% of agricultural solid waste and waste materials or million tons were utilized. Utilization methods include renewable energy/fuel substitute with the highest utilization rate of million tons, animal feeds and composting with the utilization rate of 2.9 million tons and 0.16 million ton, respectively (Figure 6). Animal feed 2 Mi ns Compost 6 Energy/Fuel Figure 6. Utilization methods of agricultural waste and waste materials In addition, 4.19 million tons (dry weight) of dung from livestock such as cows, water buffaloes, pigs, chickens and ducks are generated daily. They can be utilized as fertilizer, fish feed and raw material for biogas production. However, the utilization of animal dung is not widely practiced.

9 [55] Waste Utilization in the Industrial Sector In 2003, generation of industrial solid waste, which comprised of paper, glass, plastic, ferrous metal, aluminum and rubber, was about 12.4 million tons. Industrial waste is mainly utilized as product/packaging and material residue recovery by manufacturers, importers or distributors through various mechanisms including waste exchange system, deposit-refund system, lucky draw and buying back from junk shop operators, etc. Waste utilization rate in industrial sector was about 5.3 million tons or 42.76% of total industrial waste generation, which was 5% lower than the rate in 2002 (Table 1 and Figure 7). The details of each category are described as follows: 1. Paper Industry-1.0 million tons of waste paper was recycled, equivalent to 20% of total waste paper across the country. (4.0 million tons). The utilization rate was decreased by 5% compared with that in Glass Industry-1.0 million tons of waste glass was recycled and reused, equivalent to 49% of total waste glass across the country. (2.0 million tons). The utilization rate was decreased by 7% compared with that in Plastic Industry-0.7 million tons of waste plastic was recycled, equivalent to 26% of total waste plastic across the country. (2.8 million tons). The utilization rate was increased by 1% compared with that in Iron and Steel Industry-2.1 million tons of waste iron was recycled, equivalent to 81% of total waste iron across the country. (2.6 million tons). The utilization rate was decreased by 1% compared with that in Aluminum Industry-0.3 million tons of aluminum waste was recycled, equivalent to 53% of total aluminum waste across the country. (0.58 million tons). The utilization rate was at the same level as that in Rubber Industry-72,000 tons of waste rubber was recycled, equivalent to 20% of total waste rubber across the country. (0.36 million tons). The utilization rate was decreased by 1% compared with that in From the above data, it was discovered that, in almost all categories, industrial waste utilization rate was decreased except that in plastic industry. In order to increase waste utilization rate in industrial sector, several measures should be promoted such as waste exchange among industries, increase the number of recycling facilities, applying economic instruments, clean technology promotion and awareness building.

10 [56] Amount (millon tons) 16 Industrial waste generation Industrial waste utilization Year Figure 7. Industrial waste utilization Table 1. Industrial waste utilization in Waste generation Industrial waste utilization Industry Methods weight (tons) % weight (tons) % paper 2,955,600 3,997, , ,053, Recycling glass 1,738,700 2,009, , , Recycling 207, , Reuse plastic 2,848,400 2,841, , , Recycling Ferrous metals 3,175,900 2,632,900 2,603, ,139, Recycling aluminum 302, , , , Recycling rubber 344, ,000 52, , Recycling 20, ,400 7 Reuse «11,365,600 12,413,100 5,466, ,305, Note : Data from the Customs Department, Department of primary industries and mines, Department of Trade Negotiations, Board of Investment of Thailand, The Office of Industrial Economics, Thai Federation of Industries, Thai Plastic Industries Association, Iron and Steel Institute of Thailand, Thai Pulp and Paper Industries Association, Industrial Finance Corporation of Thailand, Siam Cement Industry Co., Ltd., Bangkok Glass Co., Ltd.

11 [57] Hazardous waste From the increasing trend of economic growth in Thailand (as reported by the Office of National Economic and Society Development Board that GDP growth in 2003 was 6.7%), PCD has estimated the total amount of hazardous waste in 2003 as about 1.8 million tons, 1.5% increase from The amount of industrial hazardous waste was increased by 0.7% or about 10,000 tons, while the amount of community-generated hazardous waste was increased by 3% or 13,000 tons. Table 1. Hazardous waste generation by type and region Region Industrial Community Total (million tons/year) (million tons/year) % Bangkok metropolitan and Vicinity Central East Northeast North South Total Industrial hazardous waste data collected from authorities such as Department of Industrial Works (DIW), Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT), etc revealed that 44% (625,000 tons) of the hazardous waste was treated by licensed treatment facilities, a 406,100 tons increase from the previous year. The Industrial Environmental Technology Bureau, DIW, has announced the list of licensed facilities for disposal of wastes or unusable materials

12 [58] and divided them into 2 main groups. The first group is categorized according to treatment technique into 4 types including 1) disposal of waste by cement kiln (7 facilities) 2) disposal of non-hazardous waste by incineration (4 facilities) 3) disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste by landfill (3 facilities) and 4) disposal of nonhazardous waste by landfill (3 facilities). The total number of listed licensed treatment facilities as announced by DIW is 17 facilities. The second group comprised of 49 separation and recycling facilities. These facilities can operate once they have filed an application for operation. Table 2. Industrial Hazardous waste treatment 2003 Hazardous waste treatment facilities Amount percentage (Incineration, stabilization, landfill) (ton) General Environmental Conservation Public Co., Ltd. (GENCO) Mab taphut, Rayong, treats all types of hazardous wastes. General Environmental Conservation Public Co., Ltd. (GENCO) 55,000 } Samaidam and Ratchaburi, treats inorganic hazardous wastes. 71,000 7 Cement kilns incinerates hazardous wastes that can be used as fuel or alternative raw materials. 490, Professional Waste Technology (1999) Public Co.,Ltd.) treats hazardous waste by separation, stabilization and landfill. na na Separation and Recycling Facilities 9, Total 625, source : Survey by Pollution Control Department,to the treatment facilities from DIW s announced list of licensed facilities for disposal of wastes or unusable materials (Dec,2003) Community-generated hazardous waste is mostly mixed with general waste. Pollution Control Department (PCD) has proposed the establishment of community-generated hazardous waste treatment center as reported in the feasibility study by PCD to handle community-generated hazardous waste from 18 provinces in the western part of the central region including Bangkok and the surrounding provinces. The center was expected to be set up and operated by the private sector.

13 [59] In 2003, import of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was controlled by the Ministry of Industry as in the notification of the Ministry of Industry, subject çlist of hazardous substances B.E. 2546,é adding WEEE to the list in section B number 62 and 63. DIW then issued a notification of DIW, subject çconditions of permission to import WEEE as hazardous substances.é PCD has conducted the preparation of establishment of appropriate management system for WEEE project with the mobile phone battery recovery as the first pilot project. The protocol of the appropriate management system for mobile phone battery recovery was developed by consultation with several stakeholders including mobile phone importers and distributors, mobile phone service providers, BMA, DEQP and PCD. PCD estimated the total amount of infectious waste across the country as 22,500 tons in In the Bangkok metropolitan area, 4,150 tons of infectious waste was generated (as of September 2003). The collection, transfer and disposal of infectious waste were contracted out to a private company. 3,500 tons of infectious waste from BM area was incinerated at Onnuch waste disposal facility. In regional areas, Ministry of Public Health issued notifications of the Ministry of Public Health, subject çcode of Practice for Biological Standard Inspection for infectious waste Disposal B.E. 2546é and çlogo or Symbol for infectious waste Containers.é In addition, the Public Health Committee has approved the framework of infectious waste management protocol and issued an order, subject çappointment of subcommittees for coordination and development of national infectious waste management system and for standard setting and development of organization and human resources.é PCD has proposed the integration of community-generated hazardous waste management protocol and the infectious waste management protocol developed by the Ministry of Public Health to be added in the National Solid Waste Management Plan.

14 [60] Hazardous waste Management: Waste of dry cell batteries and mobile phones According to a recent survey, there are approximately 12 million mobile phones in use by 21 million users from all service providers. Three out of twelve million units are replacement phones and another 9 million units are new. Older models are powered by Ni-Cd, Ni-Fe and Ni-MH batteries. Modern mobile phones are powered by more expensive Li-ion batteries, which can store more electricity and can be recharged before the power drains out. From the data obtained from the Customs Department, it was found that import of Ni-Cd batteries was increased from 3,856,185 units in 2002 to 6,036,478 units in Similarly, import of Ni-Fe batteries was increased from 642,343 units in 2002 to 806,101 units in An increase in the number of other types of batteries (Li-ion, Li-polymer, AgO, Air-Zn, etc) that were imported was also observed, from 25,494,764 units in 2002 to 36,629,092 units in In the near future, the amount of waste batteries will significantly increase. If they are not properly treated, the environment may be affected and there could be a contamination in the food chain, posing human health risk. Table 1. Rechargeable Batteries and Mobile Phone C.E. Type (Ni-Cd) ND 5,983,511 4,228,259 4,291,829 3,856,185 6,036,478 (Ni-Fe) 76, , , , , ,101 Other batteries/electricity storage units 16,081,642 16,680,809 17,348,571 14,424,236 25,494,764 36,629,092 Mobile phones ND ND 3,342,600 6,828,678 9,515,941 8,396,012 Source : Customs Department - part other batteries/electricity storage units including square or rectangular barriers or - part telephone radio transmitters with or without receivers or voice recorders - other batteries/electricity storage units are (Li-ion, Li-polymer, AgO, Air-Zn, etc)

15 [61] Hazards from mobile phones and battery wastes When discarded with general municipal waste, the outer cases of mobile phones and batteries will become deteriorated, leading to the leaching of internal chemicals. These toxic chemicals will contaminate the environment and enter the food chain through soil, water and air. Possible risks from these wastes are summarized in Table 2 and 3. Table 2. Hazardous compounds percentage by weight in rechargeable batteries Hazardous materials Ni-Cd Ni-metal hydride Li-ion Cadmium 6-26 Nickel/nickel compounds Unknown amount Zinc 5-20 Copper 2-15 Cobalt/Cobalt compounds <25 Manganese 0-2 Unknown amount Aluminum Lithium compounds < <25 Steel Polyvinyledene fluoride 0-5 Organic solvents Carbon/graphite 3-30 Table 3. Diseases developed from chemical exposure Chemicals Lead Cadmium Flame retardants Sources and descriptions of diseases Used for soldering in printed circuit board (PCB), causes damage to central nervous and blood system, failure of kidney and reproductive system. Effects childrenûs brain development, atmospheric accumulation. Acute and chronic effects on fauna, flora and microorganisms. Found in certain types of batteries, accumulated in kidney, causes damage to nervous system. Effects child development, pregnancy and genetics. Made of bromine, used in electrical wire boxes, circuit boards and connectors. Toxic and accumulation in living things. If present with copper, a chance of dioxins and furans formation during incineration is increased. These carcinogens have adverse effects on lymph and digestive systems, kidney, nervous and immune systems.

16 [62] Chemicals Beryllium Arsenic Nickel Lithium Sources and descriptions of diseases Used in spring coils and welding. Carcinogenic, especially lung cancer. Regular inhalation can cause Beryllicosis, a lung disease. Skin exposure results in severe inflammation. Effects on thyroid and pituitary glands. Accumulated in milk and blood and can be passed along the food chain. Used in PCB. Causes damages to nervous, skin and digestive systems. High level of intake may result in death. Found in batteries. Nickel dust is classified as carcinogenic in guinea pigs, possible cause of lung cancer. Negative effects on reproductive system. Chronic skin wounds include irritation, inflammation and rash. Lung irritation, asthma-like symptoms. Found in batteries. Oral intake, inhalation or diffusion through skin can be dangerous. Causes severe damage to respiratory tissues, eyes and skin. Inhalation may result in spasm, bronchitis, lung inflammation, headache, nausea and vomiting. Mobile Phone and Battery Wastes Management Partnership Program Due to the imminent risks, BMA, DEQP and PCD, representing the government sector, have joined with the private sector including AIS, DTAC, Nokia, MBK Center, etc. to work out on the pollution generated from mobile phones. In the initial phase of the program, cooperation was successfully given by the relevant private sector. Mobile Phone and Battery Waste Recovery Initiative was launched on the 4th of December 2003 with cooperation from all stakeholders. During the opening event, waste of mobile phones and batteries were traded with prizes and tokens. The year 2004 was assigned to be the year of Mobile Phone and Battery Waste Recovery. Mobile phone service providers and distributors including AIS, DTAC and Nokia were responsible for the collection and proper disposal of these wastes. It was the first project by both the government and the private companies to prevent the toxic contamination by mobile phone and battery wastes.