Theory and practice of waste management in EU: trends and perspectives

Transcription

1 Theory and practice of waste management in EU: trends and perspectives Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management t i t P.H. Brunner 1/28

2 Content 1. Current state 2. Goals and visions 3. Future Challenges 4. Future trends P.H. Brunner 2/28

3 1. Current state Average status quo: landfilling with pretreatment separate collection mechanical-biological treatment (composting) incineration Least progressive: Landfilling with some separation and MB treatment Most progressive: > 50 % recycling by separate collection > 40 % incineration (> 80% of non-recyclables) Zero landfilling of untreated t waste P.H. Brunner 3/28

4 2. Goals and Visions 1. Waste hierarchy : Prevention, recycling, disposal 2. Conservation of Resources: Thematic strategy conservation of resources EU directives on WEEE, UVE Resource efficiency Recyling society 3. Environmental protection REACH process Lead, cadmium, mercury Regulation of MSW incineration and other treatments 4. Promote Lissabon process WM technology for export outside of EU P.H. Brunner 4/28

5 3. Future challenges 1. Knowledge base (Definition, implementation, ownership) 1. Waste characterization P.H. Brunner 5/28

6 Monitoring waste composition by MFA FURNACE MSW BOILER ESP/BAGHOUSE WET SCRUBBER DENOX Offgas Iron scrap H 2 O Bottom ash WASTE WATER TREATMENT Waste water Filter residue Water Alkaline waste water Acidic waste water Sludge cake Quelle: SGP-VA P.H. Brunner 6/28

7 3. Future challenges 1. Knowledge base (Definition, implementation, ownership) 1. Waste characterization 2. Processes (TK!) P.H. Brunner 7/28

8 Evaluation of waste treatment processes Output 1 k x1 = X 1 /X e X 1 Input k x2= X 2/X e X E X process Output 2 A 2 Output 3 k x3 = X 3 /X e X 3 P.H. Brunner 8/28

9 3. Future challenges 1. Knowledge base (Definition, implementation, ownership) 1. Waste characterization 2. Processes (TK!) 3. WM systems P.H. Brunner 9/28

10 Knowledge base: comprehensive information about wm systems P.H. Brunner 10/28

11 3. Future challenges 1. Knowledge base (Definition, implementation, ownership) 1. Waste characterization 2. Processes (TK!) 3. WM systems 4. RM and EM systems! P.H. Brunner 11/28

12 Knowledge base: beyond waste management flow 340 stock ~ export 280 lead [t/y] surface water 0.6 consumer goods 1.6 atmos- phere forest soil agricult. soil urban area river 0.14 WWTP landfill ~ surface water 2 filter residue and construction iron 7 used cars household 0.15 sewer 0.45 industry >270 >330 MSW 5.6 regional boundary P.H. Brunner 12/28

13 3. Future challenges 1. Knowledge base (Definition, implementation, ownership) 1. Waste characterization 2. Processes (TK!) 3. WM systems 4. RM and EM systems! 2. Economic development (scarcity of resources?) P.H. Brunner 13/28

14 Scarcity of resources: the case of fuel oil The stone age did not end because of scarcity of stones $55 factor 4,5 $ P.H. Brunner 14/28

15 MFA for strategic resource management in the iron industry 0, primary production consumpt d ti waste 44 production 6 0,3 2,7 magmnt 0,8 pedo-/ lithosphere 140* 4 1,5 other disposal geogenic iron reserve anthropogenic iron stock P.H. Brunner 15/28

16 P.H. Brunner 16/28 Quelle: Christmann, P. (2004) Towards a thematic strategy on the sustainable use of natural resources, The European Union 6th Environmental Actio

17 Scarcity of final sinks : the case of CO 2 CO 2 biomass fossil -> -> P.H. Brunner 17/28

18 Concept of MFA based balance method Material data of waste input Biogenic matter C, H, O, N, S, Cl Fossil matter C, H, O, N, S, Cl Balance equations m B + m F + m I + m w = 1 kg CO O2 foss / t waste plant Revision of c B m B + c F m F m I = a waste = c waste 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec HV B m B + HV F m F m W = HV waste O C 2,B m B + O C 2,F m F C = O 2 d O2-CO2 m B + d O2-CO2 m F waste = d O2-CO2,waste Operating data from WTE plant Waste input, flue gas volume, CO2, O2, steam production Ratio of energy from bioge enic sources [% %] 100% 90% Line 1 80% Line 2 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% P.H. Brunner 18/28

19 3. Future challenges 1. Knowledge base (Definition, implementation, ownership) 1. Waste characterization 2. Processes (TK!) 3. WM systems 4. RM and EM systems! 2. Economic development (scarcity of resources?) 3. Technological development P.H. Brunner 19/28

20 Energy from biomass solar energy electrons sun -> electron area used for total waste generated supply in phh from biomass biomass as a fuel 7800 m 2 /capita 85 kg/c.a biomass harvest transport pretreatment incineration Heatexchange turbine generator grid P.H. Brunner 20/28

21 Solar energy utilization solar energy electrons sun -> electron biomass as a fuel area used for total supply in phh 7800 m 2 /capita waste generated from fuel 85 kg/c.year photovoltaic cells 80 m 2 /capita 0 kg/c.year PV cell utilization P.H. Brunner 21/28

22 3. Future challenges 1. Knowledge base (Definition, implementation, ownership) 1. Waste characterization 2. Processes (TK!) 3. WM systems 4. RM and EM systems! 2. Economic development (scarcity of resources?) 3. Technological development (new technologies for sorting?) 4. Social development (acceptance for new logistics, % GDP) P.H. Brunner 22/28

23 Glas collection in Switzerland -> new products! [kg/(c.yr)] Import Primary raw materials 14 Production 2.7 Trade Consumpt. 30 & distribution Stock Refilling 2.8 Waste Other use Collection 27 System Boundary "Switzerland" P.H. Brunner 23/28

24 Globalization of reources management: Ex. waste management Waste ge eneratio on rate [k kg/capita a.day] 3,0 2,0 Vienna 1,0 Damascus Dhaka 0, ,000 10, , Gross Domestic Product GDP [ /capita] Source: Brunner & Fellner P.H. Brunner 24/28

25 Globalization of reources management: cost of waste management 12% Collection + Transport Treatment Disposal 9% 9% 0% 10% 29% 59% 82% 90% Vienna 106 /capita/a 0.4 % of GDP Damascus 3.8 /capita/a 0.3 % GDP Dhaka 0.7 /capita/a 0.2% GDP Source: Brunner & Fellner P.H. Brunner 25/28

26 4. Future trends 1. Waste to energy 2. Less landfilling -> more final sinks 3. Advanced mechanical sorting (?) 4. Convenience and consumer behaviour 5. Legislative interventions versus market forces P.H. Brunner 26/28

27 Thank you P.H. Brunner 27/28