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6 P. B. Shelley Ozymandias

7 I met a traveler from an antique land And on the pedestal these words appear: `My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!' Nothing beside remains. Round the decay Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare, The lone and level sands stretch far away".

8 Salinisation Water-logging Deforestation Soil erosion Over-grazing Over-population Bad water management

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12 Borneo

13 Aral Sea 10% by 2007

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15 Norman Cantor Europeans had lived in the midst of vast forests throughout the earlier medieval centuries. After 1250 they became so skilled at deforestation that by 1500 they were running short of wood for heating and cooking. They were faced with a nutritional decline because of the elimination of the generous supply of wild game that had inhabited the nowdisappearing forests, which throughout medieval times had provided the staple of their carnivorous high-protein diet. By 1500 Europe was on the edge of a fuel and nutritional disaster

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18 Tall Ships and Railroads

19 thank God they can t cut down the clouds

20 George Perkins Marsh Ancient civilizations brought about their own collapse by abuse of their environment by deforesting their hillsides and eroding their soils, they had destroyed the natural fertility that sustained their well-being. The young American republic might repeat these errors (1864)

21 John Muir Teddy Roosevelt golden age

22 Roosevelt s environmental legacy: Established wildlife refuges

23 Expanded national parks

24 Established US Forest Service

25 Mt. Hood National Forest

26 Established Antiquities Act

27 John Muir vs. Gifford Pinchot: preservationist vs. wise use Hetch Hetchy

28 Increased emissions from burning fossil fuels will lead to Global Warming! -Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius, 1908

29 Civilian Conservation Corps (1933) Put 2 million unemployed Americans to work planting trees, controlling soil erosion, restoring rivers (F.D. Roosevelt)

30 1934 Taylor Grazing Act Regulates livestock grazing on public lands

31 The Dust Bowl ( )

32 Aldo Leopold ( ) Land Ethic We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect. (A Sand County Almanac)

33 Alice Hamilton ( ) First female teacher at Harvard 1920 Industrial Poisons Opposed adding lead to gasoline (1920) Pollution Prevention

34 Rachel Carson 1962 First to warn about bioaccumulation

35 1964 Wilderness Act

36 1969: Cuyahoga River burns Up underneath the river bed we'll burn the river down Cuyahoga Cuyahoga, gone Bury, burn the waste behind you

37 1970: EPA, Earth Day, National Environmental Policy Act, Clean Air Act (Richard Nixon)

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39 Backlash: Sagebrush Rebellion

40 1977: Clean Water Act

41 Oil Embargo

42 Jimmy Carter ( )

43 Carter s Environmental Legacy Created Dept. of Energy Created Superfund to clean up toxic sites Used Antiquities Act to protect more public land than any other President (tripled amount of Wilderness; doubled National Parks) -Appointed scientists to key agency positions (NASA, EPA, NOAA, etc.) -Gave tax breaks for energy efficiency

44 NASA suppresses climate scientist George C. Deutsch, the young presidential appointee at NASA who told public affairs workers to limit reporters' access to a top climate scientist and told a Web designer to add the word "theory" at every mention of the Big Bang, resigned yesterday, agency officials said.

45 Ronald Reagan ( ) Trees cause more pollution than automobiles do De-regulation The problem is too much government Supported by sagebrush rebellion

46 Reagan s Environmental Legacy Appointed people who opposed most existing law to key leadership positions Greatly Increased private energy development and timber cutting on public lands Drastically cut federal funding for EPA, energy research Eliminated tax incentives for residential solar energy and energy conservation Lowered standards for air, water pollution

47 James Watt (Interior Secretary) "I do not know how many future generations we can count on before the Lord returns 5X more public land leased to coal mining Wanted all public land opened to mining, drilling, logging

48 George H.W. Bush (Bush I) redefinition of wetlands = less protection Refused to sign Rio biodiveristy treaty Refused to set limits on greenhouse gas emissions Re-authorized clean air act environmentalist EPA chief

49 National Environmental Education Act

50 Bill Clinton ( ) Appointed scientists to key positions Forest Management Act to protect Old Growth Forests Roadless Rule (protects 60 million acres of forest) Used Antiquities Act to protect more public land in lower 48 than any other President

51 George W. Bush (Bush II) appointed non-scientists to key positions (NASA, etc.) Greatly increased private energy development and logging on public lands Cut funding for green energy, environmental ed Relaxed air and water quality pollution standards Overturned roadless rule Set up marine reserves to protect ocean

52 The Bush II Environmental Legacy WASHINGTON The Environmental Protection Agency on Tuesday released a long-suppressed report by George W. Bush administration officials who had concluded -- based on science -- that the government should begin regulating greenhouse gas emissions because global warming posed serious risks to the country. ( LA Times)

53 Legal Response to Bush Actions Judges Overturn Bush Bid to Ease Pollution Rules (New York Times ) Judge Voids Bush Policy on National Forest Roads (NYTimes ) Material Shows Weakening of Climate Reports (NYTimes ) Bush Administration Limits Free Speech About Polar Bears (NYTimes )

54 Barack Obama (2009-) Appointed scientists to key positions Stimulus money for green energy Raised gas mileage standards Cash for clunkers cap-and-trade plan to reduce emissions 80% by 2050 (died in Congress)

55 U.S. Sets Higher Fuel Efficiency Standards CAFE Standards Corporate Average Fuel Economy Requires automakers to nearly double the average fuel economy of new cars and trucks by 2025.

56 Tar sands????

57 Regulate CO 2 from existing power plants? 38% of CO 2 63% are 40+ years old built during Eisenhower era.

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64 Cost, Expense, Externalities & NAFTA

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66 Externalities Included

67 Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)

68 Kuznets curve

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70 Micro-economics

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72 Cradle to cradle system

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76 Sustainability Meets our needs without compromising the needs of future generations. Will our children have access to: Food Water Shelter Education Public health and Life free of disease

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82 Environmental worldviews