A techno-economic study of an entirely renewable energy based power supply for North America for 2030 conditions

Transcription

1 Supplementary Materials for: A techno-economic study of an entirely renewable energy based power supply for North America for 2030 conditions Arman Aghahosseini *, Dmitrii Bogdanov, Christian Breyer Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Skinnarilankatu 34, Lappeenranta, Finland * Correspondence: arman.aghahosseini@lut.fi; Tel.: Table S1: Financial assumptions for energy system components [59,77,78, ]. Technology Capex Opex fix Opex var Lifetime [ /kw] [ /(kw a)] [ /kwh] [a] PV optimally tilted PV single-axis tracking PV rooftop Wind onshore CSP (solar field) Hydro run-of-river Hydro dam Geothermal energy Water electrolysis Methanation CO2 scrubbing CCGT OCGT Steam turbine Hot heat burner Heating rod Biomass CHP Biogas CHP Waste incinerator Biogas digester Biogas upgrade Capex [ /kwh] Opex fix [ /(kwh a)] Opex var [ /kwh] Lifetime [a] Battery system /20 Battery prosumer PHS A-CAES TES Gas storage Capex Opex fix Opex var /(kwntc*km)] [ /(kwntc km a)] [ /kwhntc] Lifetime [a] HVDC line on ground HVDC line submarine Capex Opex fix Opex var [ /kwntc] [ /(kwntc a] [ /kwhntc] Lifetime [a] HVDC converter pair Capex Opex fix Opex var [ /(m 3 a)] [ /(m 3 a)] [ /m 3 ] Lifetime [a] Water desalination Capex [ /(m 3 h km)] Opex fix [ /(m 3 h km a)] Opex var [ /m 3 h km] Lifetime [a] 1

2 Horizontal pumping and pipes Vertical pumping and pipes Table S2: Efficiencies and energy to power ratio of storage technologies. Technology Efficiency [%] Energy/Power Ratio [h] Self-Discharge [%/h] Battery PHS A-CAES TES Gas storage *24 0 Table S3: Efficiency assumptions for energy system components for the year ηel [%] ηth [%] CSP (solar field) 51 Steam turbine 42 Hot heat burner 95 Heating rod 99 Water electrolysis 84 Methanation 77 CO2 scrubbing 78 CCGT 58 OCGT 43 Geothermal 24 Biomass CHP Biogas CHP Waste incinerator 34 Biogas upgrade 98 Table S4: Efficiency assumptions for HVDC transmission. Power losses HVDC line 1.6 % / 1000 km HVDC converter pair 1.4% Table S5: Regional end-user grid electricity costs for the year For the sub-regions, electricity costs are the weighted average of all cities within the sub-region. Region Electricity costs [ /MWh] Residential Commercial Industrial Total area (weighted average) CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest

3 US-California US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur-Sureste (South) Table S6: Regional biomass potentials and geothermal energy potentials. Region Biomass potential [TWhth/a] Geothermal Potential Solid waste Solid biomass Biogas sources [TWhth/a] Total area CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur-Sureste (South) Table S7: Regional biomass costs, calculated based on biomass source mixes in the region. Solid wastes cost are based on an assumption of 50 /ton gate fee paid to the MSW incinerator. Region Biomass costs [ /MWhth] Solid waste Solid biomass Biogas sources Total area (weighted average) CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California

4 US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur-Sureste (South) Table S8: Average full load hours (FLH) and LCOE for single-axis tracking PV, optimally tilted PV, solar CSP and wind power plants in North America by Region Pop. [mio. Pop] Electr. demand [TWh] PVsingleaxis FLH PV optimally tilted FLH CSP FLH Wind FLH PV singleaxis LCOE [ /MWh] PV optimally tilted LCOE [ /MWh] CSP LCOE [ /MWh] Total area CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur- Sureste (South) Table S9: Lower limits of installed capacities in North America sub-regions. Wind LCOE [ /MWh] Region Installed capacity [MW] Solar PV Wind Hydro dams Hydro RoR 1 PHS 2 Total area CA-West RoR = Run-of-River 2 PHS = Pumped Hydroelectric Storage 4

5 CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur-Sureste (South) Table S10: Upper limits on installable capacities in the North America in units of GW th for CSP and GW el for all other technologies. area Limits [GW] Region [1000 km 2 Solar Solar Hydro ] Wind CSP PV RoR Hydro dams PHS Total area CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Centre) MX-Centro & Sur-Sureste (South) Table S11: Annual industrial gas demand and water demand for the year Annual gas demand Annual electricity demand for gas synthesis Annual water desalination demand Annual electricity demand for water desalination [Mtoe] [TWhth] [TWhel] [Mil. m 3 ] [TWhel] Total CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas

6 US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur-Sureste (South) Table S12: Total LCOE components in all sub-regions of North America. Region-wide LCOE primary LCOC LCOS LCOT LCOE total [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] Area weighted average CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur- Sureste (South) export (-)/ LCOE primary LCOC LCOS LCOT LCOE total Country-wide import (+) [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [%] Area weighted average CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California

7 US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur- Sureste (South) export (-)/ LCOE primary LCOC LCOS LCOT LCOE total Area-wide import (+) [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [%] Area weighted average CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur- Sureste (South) export (-)/ LCOE primary LCOC LCOS LCOT LCOE total Integrated scenario import (+) [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [ /MWh] [%] Area wighted average CA-West CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Southern US-TVA US-Midwest US-Central US-Texas US-Southwest US-Northwest US-California US-Alaska US-Hawaii US-Gulf MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North)

8 MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur- Sureste (South) Table S13: Prosumer electricity costs, installed capacities and electricity utilization in North America. Prosumers parameters Residential Commercial Industrial Electricity price [ /kwh] PV LCOE [ /kwh] Self-consumption PV LCOE [ /kwh] Self-consumption PV and Battery LCOE [ /kwh] Self-consumption LCOE [ /kwh] Benefit [ /kwh] Installed capacities Residential Commercial Industrial PV [GW] Battery storage [GWh] Generation Residential Commercial Industrial PV [TWh] Battery storage [TWh] Excess [TWh] Utilization Residential Commercial Industrial Self-consumption of generated PV electricity [%] Self-coverage market segment [%] Self-coverage operators [%] Table S14: Overview on storage capacities, throughput and full cycles per year for the four scenarios in North America. Storage capacities Throughput of storage Full cycles per year Region-wide Country-wide Area-wide Integrated Battery SC [GWhel] Battery system [GWhel] PHS [GWhel] A-CAES [GWhel] Gas [GWhth] Battery SC [TWhel] Battery system [TWhel] PHS [TWhel] A-CAES [TWhel] Gas [TWhth] Battery SC [-] Battery system [-] PHS [-] A-CAES [-] Gas [-] Table S15: Electricity transmission line parameters for the area-wide scenario for North America. Region 1 Region 2 Length [km] Capacity [GW] Utilization [%] CA-West US-Northwest CA-East US-Midwest US-New England & New York CA-East US-New England & New York US-Mid-Atlantics US-Mid-Atlantics US-Carolinas US-Mid-Atlantics US-Midwest US-Carolinas US-Southern

9 US-Carolinas US-TVA US-Southern US-TVA US-TVA US-Midwest US-Midwest CA-West US-Midwest US-Gulf US-Central US-Midwest US-Texas US-Central US-Southwest US-Central US-Southwest US-Northwest US-Northwest US-Midwest US-California US-Southwest US-California US-Northwest US-Alaska CA-West US-Gulf US-Southern US-Gulf US-Central US-Gulf US-Texas MX-Noroeste (Northwest) US-California MX-Noroeste (Northwest) MX-Noreste (North) MX-Noreste (North) US-Texas MX-Noreste (North) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro-Occidente (Center) MX-Centro & Sur-Sureste (South) Figure S1: Hourly generation profile for a net exporter region, Eastern Canada. 9

10 Figure S2: Hourly generation profile for a net importer region, US-Mid-Atlantics. Figure S3: Hourly generation profile for Southern Mexico, an example of a balancing region. 10

11 Figure S4: Aggregated yearly state-of-charge for storage in area-wide scenario, battery (top left), PHS (top right), gas storage (bottom left) and A-CAES (bottom right). Figure S5: State-of-charge for hydro dams in the area-wide scenario. 11

12 Figure S6: Electricity generation curves for a whole year for area-wide scenario for North America. Figure S7: Profile for interregional electricity trade between regions with the absolute numbers (left) and with power line utilisation (right) for area-wide scenario for North America. 12

13 Figure S8: Energy flow of the system for the region-wide scenario (top) and the area-wide scenario (bottom) in

14 References This reference list includes references that appear only in the Supplementary Materials and have not been mentioned in the paper. Other references can be found in the paper Pleßmann, G.; Erdmann, M.; Hlusiak, M.; Breyer, C. Global energy storage demand for a 100% renewable electricity supply. Energy Procedia 2014, 46, Komoto, K.; Ito, M.; Van der Vleuten, P.; Faiman, D.; Kurokawa, K. (Eds.) Energy from the Desert Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Systems: Socio-Economic, Financial, Technical and Environmental Aspects; Earthscan: London, UK, Urban, W.; Lohmann, H.; Girod, K. Abschlussbericht für das BMBF-Verbundprojekt Biogaseinspeisung; Fraunhofer UMSICHT: Oberhausen, Germany, European Commission. ETRI 2014 Energy Technology Reference Indicator Projections for ; EC Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy and Transport: Petten, The Netherlands, Vartiainen, E.; Masson, G.; Breyer C. PV LCOE in Europe In Proceedings of the 31th EU PVSEC, Hamburg, Germany, September Available online: (accessed on 4 August 2017). 14