Roadmap Implementation CBD Ecosystem Approach 1. David Strobel

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1 CONTENTS 1. Main achievements of the CBD 2. Pros & Cons of the EA 3. CBD Challenges & Goals 4. Obstacles to the implementation of the EA 5. Possible actions for a better applicability of the EA Target (Status and Trends) 7. Roadmap -exemplified Conclusions References Ecosystem Approach 1

2 Continuous advancement of 12 principles through additional guidelines that can be translated into practical action Initiation of national action plans in ~130 countries Raising of awareness about biodiversity Adoption of Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety as international regulatory framework for the safe transfer, handling and use of living organisms resulting from modern biotechnology Ecosystem Approach 2

3 PROS Broadness of scope keeps EA adaptive for further, more concrete guidelines and country-/area-specific applications. Under the roof (and potential future supervision) of the CBD the member parties could in a similar way as with the reduction of emissions triggered by the Kyoto Protocol commit themselves in a more determined way, e.g. also with control measures, to achieve goals within given time frames. The CBD can provide the necessary comprehensive body to develop a global knowledge pool and a database whereto regional, national and local action groups contribute their research, implementation and monitoring experiences. Ecosystem Approach 3

4 CONS 12 principles as loose conglomerate without structure or logical order therefore not practical as application tool No incentives for national institutions to comply with COP decisions lack of commitment in applying national strategies or action plans No financial support for industrialized countries - developing/transitional countries can request financial support from the GEF Still gaps in important thematic areas such as waste mgmt., population development, water & air purity Institutional bureaucracy within the CBD: e.g. slow ratification process Ecosystem Approach 4

5 CHALLENGES Mainstream the 3 CBD objectives (conservation, sustainable use and equitable profit-sharing) across all sectors of society, economy and policymaking institutions need for cooperation with many different actors need for integrated management approaches Scope of the Convention implicates that human, scientific and technical resources for developing / transitional countries are existent or provided Ecosystem Approach 5

6 5 MAJOR GOALS CBD establishes a leadership role in international biodiversity issues Improvement of the parties financial, human, scientific & technical capacity Effective application of NBSAP to integrate biodiversity issues into all relevant sectors Improvement of public understanding of the importance of biodiversity broader engagement across society Developing methods to objectively evaluate implementation progress Ecosystem Approach 6

7 Ecosystem Approach 7

8 POLITICAL / SOCIETAL Lack of political will and support Limited stakeholder involvement Lack of integration of biodiversity issues into other sectors Political instability Lack of precautionary and proactive measures can cause reactive policies INSTITUTIONAL, TECHNICAL & CAPACITY-RELATED Institutional weaknesses as bureaucracy, lack of determination, corruption Lack of human resources Lack of transfer of technology and expertise Lack of traditional knowledge Lack of adequate scientific research capacities Ecosystem Approach 8

9 LACK OF ACCESSIBILITY OF INFORMATION Loss of biodiversity and corresponding goods and services not properly understood and documented Existing scientific and traditional knowledge not fully utilized Insufficiency of dissemination of information nationally or internationally Lack of public education and awareness ECONOMIC POLICY AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES Lack of financial resources Fragmentation of GEF financing Lack of economic incentive measures Lack of benefit-sharing Ecosystem Approach 9

10 COLLABORATION / COOPERATION Lack of synergies at national and international level Lack of cooperation among stakeholders Lack of effective partnerships Lack of engagement of scientific community LEGAL / JURIDICAL Lack of appropriate policies and laws SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS Poverty Population pressure Unsustainable consumption and production patterns Lack of capacities for local communities Ecosystem Approach 10

11 NATURAL PHENOMENA AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Climate change Natural disasters Some of the obstacles, e.g. natural disasters, poverty and population pressure can at the same time be cause and effect of an unsustainable use of the natural resources! Ecosystem Approach 11

12 PREREQUISITES / SUGGESTIONS 1. Convention has to be internationally accepted as the primary institution that sets the global biodiversity agenda. creating organizational structures (with a corporate CBD identity) in the member countries that ratified the Convention (until now, national organizations that act independently from the CBD, however work to some extent according to CBD framework) 2. Underline competitive advantage of EA in relation to other approaches need for more case studies and research projects convincing scientists (expert task force) who could foster and promote EA implementation on the national level refining EA implementation guidelines sponsoring PhD theses Ecosystem Approach 12

13 PREREQUISITES / SUGGESTIONS 3. Financing: Formation of a comprehensive and integrative fund instead of single thematic funds more flexible and efficient (prioritized) allocation 4. Improvement of networking and information exchange between scientific institutions, NGOs and ministries 5. Communication towards politicians has to be more conclusive 6. Integrating the CBD into education at all levels, e.g. compulsory to deal with environmental issues during primary and secondary education 7. Integration of the CBD philosophy into national legal frameworks and national biodiversity strategies Countries with not so well-established environmental policies could more readily adopt the EA than others that have a longer tradition in dealing with environmental tasks Ecosystem Approach 13

14 PREREQUISITES / SUGGESTIONS 8. Enhanced capacity-building in already existing networks and focal points 9. Higher efforts in interdisciplinary education for ecosystem managers 10. Mutual international learning effects between EA managers and national/local managers applying their own procedures (that can be widely in congruence with the EA) e.g. Alpine Convention Improving the integration of top-down and bottom-up procedures Ecosystem Approach 14

15 -Prototype concept in response to the critique that the EA lacks applicability -Devised by G. Shepherd, CEM Thematic Leader on the EA -Assessment steps in order to facilitate implementation decisions STEP A Determining the main stakeholders, defining the ecosystem area, and developing the relationship between them (Principles 1,7,11,12) STEP B Characterizing the structure and function of the ecosystem, and setting in place mechanisms to manage and monitor it (Principles 2,5,6,10) STEP C Identifying the economic issues that will affect the ecosystem and its inhabitants (Principle 4) STEP D Determining the likely impact of the ecosystem on adjacent ecosystems (Principles 3,7) STEP E Deciding on long-term goals, and flexible ways of reaching them (Principles 7,8,9) still, the transfer from these assessment steps Ecosystem Approach 15

16 To achieve, by 2010, a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level, as a contribution to poverty alleviation to the benefit of all life on Earth (formulated at COP6) Some examples that show trends: Deforestation (mainly through conversion of forests to agricultural land) Loss of primary forest since 2000 estimated at 6 m hectares p.a. Coral cover in the Carribean declined 50-10% since 1970 Average 35% of mangroves lost since 1980 (countries that provide data) Average decline of 3,000 animal species at 40% between 1970 and 2000 Inland water species decline at 50%, marine and terrestrial species at 30% Fragmentation of forests and other natural habitats Ecosystem Approach 16

17 FOCAL AREA: Status and trends of the components of biological diversity Trends in extent of selected biomes, ecosystems and habitats Trends in abundance and distribution of selected species Change in status of threatened species Trends in genetic diversity of domesticated animals, cultivated plants and fish species Coverage of protected areas FOCAL AREA: Ecosystem integrity and ecosystem goods and services Marine Trophic Index Connectivity fragmentation of ecosystems Water quality of aquatic ecosystems FOCAL AREA: Threats to biodiversity Nitrogen deposition Trends in invasive alien species Increasing decreasing good indicator methodology with globally consistent time course data good indicator but no time course data Indicator requires further development and/or limited data Ecosystem Approach 17

18 FOCAL AREA: Sustainable use Area of forest, agricultural and aquaculture ecosystems under sustainable management Ecological footprint and related concepts FOCAL AREA: Status of traditional knowledge, innovations and practices Status and trends of linguistic diversity and numbers of speakers of indigenous languages FOCAL AREA: Status of access and benefit sharing? Indicator of access and benefit-sharing to be developed - FOCAL AREA: Status of resources transfers Official development assistance (ODA) provided in support of the Convention Increasing decreasing good indicator methodology with globally consistent time course data good indicator but no time course data Indicator requires further development and/or limited data Ecosystem Approach 18

19 -Based on studies in different countries and ecosystems -Recent World Bank Report indicates that natural capital accounts for more than 25% of the total wealth of low-income countries (more than produced capital) San Bushmen in South Africa Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystem Approach 19

20 Ecosystem Approach 20

21 Definition Roadmap: Set-up of a sequence of measures that are plotted over a certain time frame in order to achieve the defined goals, thereby indicating the involved parties and their inputs. Identification of high nature value areas in agricultural ecosystems Refinement of Develop policies EA guidelines. to apply integrated Additions for sustainable management several thematic internationally at equal levels programs COP8 Curitiba, Brazil Mar 06 Development of policies to increase energy efficiency and reduce impacts on nature UNEP GMEF World Energy Nairobi, Kenya Congress Feb 07 Rome, Italy Nov 07 Refinement of EA guidelines Definition of explicit application procedures COP9 Bonn, Germany Mar 08 Initiation of financial subsidy and incentive schemes in European member countries 2010 Target: Significant reduction in loss of biodiversity Ecosystem Approach 21

22 Ecosystem Approach 22

23 Capacity-building and formation of manpower to be able to fight at several fronts simultaneously Focus on tackling the problems at the root when implementing the EA understanding of causal interconnections More convincing communication towards decision-makers in order to devise alternatives documentation of best practices that have been experienced with the EA augmentation of political will Promote the reform of legal and institutional frameworks in order to ease the implementation of integrated management methods as EA Worldwide integration of environmental issues and CBD EA into educational systems: already in primary and secondary education Ecosystem Approach 23

24 Ecosystem Approach 24

25 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) International Union on the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Gardner T.A., Coté I.M., Gill J.A., Grant A., Watkinson A.R. (2003) Long-term Redion-wide Declines in Carribean Corals. Science 301: Gill Shepherd, The Ecosystem Approach Five Steps to Implementation, IUCN The World Conservation Union Global Biodiversity Outlook 2 (Secretariat of the Convention of Biological Diversity) Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington D.C. United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) maintained by UNEP-WCMC World Wide Fund for Nature, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Global Footprint Network (2004). Living Planet Report. Edited by J. Loh and M. Wackernagel, Gland, Switzerland World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Ecosystem Approach 25