Principles for Green Energy Storage in Grid Applications

Transcription

1 Principles for Green Energy Storage in Grid Applications Jeremiah Johnson Asst. Professor Center for Sustainable Systems School of Natural Resources & Environment University of Michigan Presented at: EPRI ENV Vision Conference May 10, 2016

2 University of Michigan s School of Natural Resources & Environment 2

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4 Grid Energy Storage: Status Quo 4

5 California trailblazes October, 2013 November, 2014 Contracts included thermal energy storage and battery storage (in front of and behind the meter) May,

6 FERC values Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order No. 755 requires Independent System Operators (ISOs) to take speed and accuracy into account when compensating ancillary services Pay for Performance Beacon Power,

7 and Elon Musk sells. Tesla Powerwall Wall mounted, rechargeable lithium ion battery 92% round trip DC efficiency 7 kwh, 3.3 kw model retails for $3, x 33.9 x

8 There is a presumption of green ness with energy storage California s energy storage mandate: Use of energy storage systems to provide the ancillary services otherwise provided by fossil fueled generating facilities will reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and criteria pollutants. EPA: Storing electricity can provide indirect environmental benefits such as renewable integration, improving generator efficiency, displacing capacity needs. Cautions about material disposal and roundtrip losses. Hittinger and Azevedo (ES&T, 2015): storage is not fundamentally a green technology, leading to reductions in emissions. 8

9 Benefits are not transferred by proximity 9

10 NSF Sustainable Energy Pathways Objective 3: Develop tools to assess the sustainability of non-aqueous redox flow batteries and systems incorporating these batteries. 10

11 Process for Creating 12 Principles for Green Energy Storage in Grid Applications Identification and characterization of most relevant applications for gridconnected energy storage Literature review Life cycle assessments and other environmental analysis Green design principles Development of illustrative calculations In depth case studies Iterative discussions with NSF SEP project team and advisors Chemists Chemical engineers Electrical engineers Industrial ecologists Solicit external feedback through diverse conferences Electrochemical Society Green Chemistry and Engineering Engineering Sustainability 11

12 Storage Application: Bulk Energy Time Shift Balancing Area Daily Demand Balancing Area Daily Demand with Battery Battery Charge Battery Discharge MW Load Load Bulk energy time shift charges the battery during off peak hours and discharges during peak hours. Economic viability is based on the energy price differential between charging and discharging, after accounting for battery losses.

13 Storage Application: Renewable Curtailment Reduction Transmission Constrained Wind

14 Storage Application: Ancillary Services Source: California Independent System Operator, "Integration of Renewable Resources: Operational Requirement and Generating Fleet Capability at 20% RPS," 2010.

15 Storage Application: Transmission & Distribution Displacement Batteries can be used to smooth demand in areas where the peak electric loading approaches the system s T&D design carrying capacity A small amount of storage can provide enough incremental capacity to defer a large lump investment in T&D. Image Source: Wikipedia Design can be stationary or mobile. Source: Sandia SAND , 2010

16 Categories of Principles for Design and Grid Applications of Green Energy Storage Systems Deployment for Grid Applications Power system operators Energy storage developers Operation & Maintenance 5 Energy storage owners and operators Policy makers, regulators Design & Manufacturing Energy storage designers and manufacturers Arbabzadeh, M., Johnson, J.X., Keoleian, G.A., Rasmussen, P., Thompson, L., Twelve Principles for Green Energy Storage in Grid Applications, Environmental Science & Technology, 50(2): ,

17 Deployment for Grid Applications 1. Charge clean & displace dirty. 2. Energy storage should have lower environmental impacts than displaced infrastructure. 3. Match application to storage capabilities to prevent storage system degradation. 4. Avoid oversizing energy storage systems. Arbabzadeh, M., Johnson, J.X., Keoleian, G.A., Rasmussen, P., Thompson, L., Twelve Principles for Green Energy Storage in Grid Applications, Environmental Science & Technology, 50(2): ,

18 Principle 1: Charge clean & displace dirty <Example> Increasing efficiency for each power source *With 75% round-trip efficiency, Net Emissions include fuels combustion and upstream emissions for the fuel. Arbabzadeh, M., Johnson, J.X., Keoleian, G.A., Rasmussen, P., Thompson, L., Twelve Principles for Green Energy Storage in Grid Applications, Environmental Science & Technology, 50(2): ,

19 Principle 4: Avoid oversizing energy storage systems <Example> Case Study: a micro grid system with system emission targets Wind Turbine Vestas (3 MW) Natural Gas Reciprocating Engine (3 MW) Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Energy Demand, Represents Grosse Ile, MI (Annual Demand: 10.6 MWh/capita, Annual Peak Demand: 22 MW) Arbabzadeh, Johnson, De Kleine, Keoleian, Vanadium redox flow batteries to reach GHG emissions targets in an off-grid configuration, Applied Energy, 146, pp ,

20 Principle 4: Avoid oversizing energy storage systems <Example> The impact of battery sizing on total emissions and stored electricity utilization. 5 Total Emissions (g of CO2eq/kWh) Stored electricity delivered to demand(%) Total Emissions (g/kwh) Stored electricity delivered to demand(%) 25 Total Emissions (g of CO2eq/kWh) Battery Capacity (MWh) Battery Capacity (MWh) Stored electricity deliovered to demand(%) Total Emissions (g/kwh) Stored electricity delivered to demand(%) Arbabzadeh, et al., Applied Energy, 146, pp ,

21 Operation & Maintenance 5. Maintain to limit degradation. 6. Design and operate energy storage for optimal service life. 7. Design and operate energy storage with maximum round-trip efficiency. 21

22 Principle 7: Design and operate energy storage with maximum round trip efficiency. <Example> η = 65% η = 75% η = 85% Environmental benefits are increasing by increasing the round-trip efficiency. Arbabzadeh, et al, ES&T, in press,

23 Design & Manufacturing 6. Design and operate energy storage for optimal service life. 7. Design and operate energy storage with maximum round trip efficiency. 8. Minimize consumptive use of non renewable materials. 9. Minimize use of critical materials. 10. Substitute non toxic and non hazardous materials. 11. Minimize the environmental impact per unit of energy service for materials and manufacturing. 12. Design for end of life. * Several principles based on Anastas and Zimmerman, ES&T,

24 Environmental Impacts of Using Distributed Energy Storage for Power System Reserves Generation and demand have to be balanced to maintain power grid functionality and reliability. Operating reserves are additional capacities that correct the mismatch between generation and demand. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, increase requirement for operating reserves. Area control error (ACE) from PJM Interconnection. 24

25 Motivation Traditionally operating reserves are provided by conventional generators. Hold capacity to ramp up or down when called upon. Inefficient operating point and lost opportunity cost. Could affect dispatch results for other generators. Environmental impacts of adding ES reserve to the power grid need to be investigated thoroughly. 25

26 IEEE Test System 9 bus, 4 conventional generators, 1 wind farm, 3 loads Lin, Johnson, Mathieu, Emissions Impacts of Using Energy Storage for Power System Reserves Applied Energy,

27 Change in Use Phase CO 2 emissions Lin, Johnson, Mathieu, Emissions Impacts of Using Energy Storage for Power System Reserves Applied Energy,

28 Implications and Future Work System configuration and application must be considered when evaluating the environmental impacts of adding energy storage. Some current policies encourage energy storage, but specific guidance is lacking (e.g., California energy storage mandate). Current research efforts: Integrating upstream impacts and degradation mechanism for Li-ion batteries Improving dispatch algorithm to incorporate environmental outcomes (including out of boundary impacts)

29 Acknowledgements Collaborators: Greg Keoleian, Levi Thompson, Paul Rasmussen, Johanna Mathieu Post Doc: Yashen Lin PhD Student: Maryam Arbabzadeh Funding: NSF Sustainable Energy Pathways Grant # NSF Environmental Sustainability Grant # University of Michigan Energy Institute Partnerships for Innovation in Sustainable Energy Technologies Center for Sustainable Systems 29