carbon-neutral architectural design Pablo La Roche CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London NewYork CRC Press is an imprint of the

Transcription

1 carbon-neutral architectural design Pablo La Roche CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London NewYork CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor fit Francis Group, an informs business

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments Introduction xi xv xiii Chapter 1 Buildings and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Buildings and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Anthropogenic Emissions and Climate Change Effects of Anthropogenic Emissions on Climate Change Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Buildings Operation Emissions (Oe) Construction Emissions (Ce) Emissions from Water (We) Emissions from Waste (Wa) Carbon-Counting Tools Comparison of Carbon-Counting Tools Selection of Carbon-Counting Tools Comparing Emissions from Natural Gas and Electricity Recommended Carbon-Counting Tools 14 Chapter 2 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Architectural Design Process Traditional Architectural Design Process Computer-Aided Architectural Design Process Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Process Operation and Energy Construction Water Waste Implementation of the Carbon-Neutral Design Process in Academia Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Process in Beginning-Year Studios Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design in Advanced Studios Integration Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Process in Practice 61

3 vj Contents Chapter 3 Thermal Comfort Psychrometrics Thermal Comfort Heat Balance Variables That Affect Thermal Comfort Environmental and Comfort Indices Comfort Models Physiological Comfort Model Adaptive Comfort Model The Perception of Comfort 95 Chapter 4 Climate and Architecture Climate Climate and Architecture Climate Zones Climate Zones and Energy Codes Climate Analysis Building Bioclimatic Chart Givoni's Building Bioclimatic Chart Digital Climate Analysis Tools Ill The Comfort Triangles Chart Vernacular Architecture Vernacular Architecture in Warm, Humid Climates Vernacular Architecture in Warm and Dry Climates Vernacular Architecture in Temperate Climates Vernacular Architecture in the Cold Climates Effects of Climate on Emissions Assumptions for Simulations Operation Construction Waste Water Transportation Carbon Emissions in the Four Climates 134 Chapter 5 Solar Geometry The Sun in the Sky Vault J.1 Solar Declination and Hour Angle Solar Azimuth and Altitude 139

4 Contents vii 5.2 Solar Charts Vertical Sun Path Diagram Horizontal Sun Path Diagram Shading the Building Design of the Shading System Horizontal Shadow Angle Vertical Shadow Angle Shadow Angle Protractor Example Design Process to Shade a South- Facing Window Example Design of a Shading for a Southeast- Facing Window Sundials Site Analysis Calculating the Impact of Radiation on Surfaces Orientation of Buildings 162 Chapter 6 Heat Exchange through the Building Envelope Heat Transfer through the Building Envelope Heat Transfer in Buildings Sensible Heat Latent Heat Radiant Heat Heat Transfer by Conduction Conductivity Conductance Resistance Thermal Transmittance ([/-Value) Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity Time Lag Decrement Factor Heat Flow by Conduction Use of Insulating Material in Walls, Ceilings, and Floors Use of Air Spaces in Walls, Ceilings, and Floors Increase the Outer Surface Resistance of Walls and Roofs Increase Thermal Resistance of Windows Use of the Thickness of the Architectural Elements as a Regulator of the Building's Indoor Temperature 186

5 vjji Contents Energy Storage Capacity of Materials Reduce the Temperature Swing Using Materials with High Density and Thermal Capacity Reducing the Surface Area of the Building Heat Transfer by Radiation Concepts Factors That Affect Solar Radiation Effects of Solar Radiation Opaque Components Use of Shading Devices Types of Solar Protection Building Volume Opaque Surface Finish Selection of Absorptive, Reflective, and Emissive Materials for Exterior Surfaces Building Components That Are Transparent to Solar Radiation Appropriate Window Selection to Control Solar Radiation Orientation of Buildings and Openings Glazing-to-Surface Use of Shading Ratio 209 Devices Heat Transfer by Convection Definition Air Movement and Infiltration Controlling the Exchange of Air Seal the Building When Te > T, Open the Building When Outdoor Temperature Is Lower than Indoor Temperature (T < 7",) 214 Chapter 7 Passive Cooling Systems Definition of a Passive Cooling System Classification of Passive Cooling Systems Ambient Air as a Heat Sink (Sensible Component) Comfort Ventilation Nocturnal Ventilative Cooling Smart Ventilation Effect of Shading on Smart Ventilation Alternative Methods to Night Ventilate: Green Cooling 236

6 Contents ix 7.4 Ambient Air as a Heat Sink (Latent Component: Evaporative Cooling) Direct Evaporative Cooling Indirect Evaporative Cooling Givoni-La Roche Roof Pond at UCLA Roof Ponds in a Hot and Humid Climate Cal Poly Pomona Smart Roof Pond with Floating Insulation Cal Poly Pomona Modular Roof Pond University of Nevada, Las Vegas Roof Pond The Upper Atmosphere as a Heat Sink: Radiant Cooling Principles of Radiant Cooling System UCLA Radiant Cooling System Zomeworks Double-Play System The Earth as a Heat Sink: Earth Coupling Ground Cooling of the Building by Direct Contact Ground Cooling of the Building by Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers Cooling the Earth Applicability of Passive Cooling Systems 267 Chapter 8 Passive Heating Applicability of Passive Heating Control of Heat Loss Passive Solar Heating Types of Passive Heating Systems Direct Gain Systems Indirect Gain Systems Effects of Design Strategies on Emissions 284 References 289 Index 301