JOURNEY from IPR to DPR TECHNOLOGIES & REGULATIONS

Transcription

1 JOURNEY from IPR to DPR TECHNOLOGIES & REGULATIONS

2 Moderator Amy Tracy, President Florida WateReuse Senior Scientist

3 National Regulatory Framework Jeff Mosher, Executive Director

4 Jeff Mosher National Water Research Institute WateReuse Florida Webcast Journey from Indirect Potable Reuse to Direct Potable Reuse: Technologies & Regulations August 8,

5 Overview - DPR Background Drivers Recent Activities Key Questions Examples Supporting Information Topics of interest for implementing DPR Need for research What s Next? 2

6 Our Goal: Water Resiliency and Reliability Reliable, drought-proof water supplies Use of local water supplies 3

7 How to Think About Wastewater in the 21 st Century Wastewater is a renewable recoverable source of energy, nutrients, and potable water - George Tchobanoglous, Professor Emeritus, UC Davis 4

8 Direct Potable Reuse Urban Water Use Wastewater Treatment Water Treatment Environmental Buffer Advanced Water Treatment 5 5

9 Drivers for Implementing IPR and DPR Limitations with nonpotable reuse (Large) increases in water supply Improves reliability Drought proof and locally controlled Technology well established Increases water quality Good policy Value of water will increase in the future Diversified water portfolio Part of integrated resources planning Sustainable supplies (use as a resource) 6

10 Proven Treatment for Potable Reuse Tertiary Water Micro/ Ultrafiltration (MF/UF) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Advanced Oxidation H 2 O 2 Ultraviolet Light (UV) Backwash Concentrate Advanced Treated Recycled Water (ATRW) 7 7

11 Per Acre-Foot Potable Reuse is Cost Effective $2,500 $2,000 $1,500 $1,000 $500 $0 Nonpotable Recycled DPR and IPR Projected Imported 2020 (CA) Brackish Groundwater inland Ocean Desal 8 8

12 National Research Council the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes including irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation could significantly increase the nation s total available water resources. (2012) 9

13 Urban Water Revolution David L. Sedlak, Ph.D. Professor, UC Berkeley 10

14 Water 3.0: Centralized Vision Water In Water Treatment potable sewage runoff Wastewater Treatment Water Out Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley 11

15 Water 4.0: Centralized Vision non-potable potable Water In Water Treatment potable sewage runoff Resource Recovery Managed Surface Water Water Out Managed Aquifer Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley 12

16 Supporting Organizations Research Support Water Environment & Reuse Foundation (WE&RF) Merger of WateReuse Research Foundation and Water Enjoinment and Research Foundation (WERF) WateReuse DPR Research Initiative 34 projects Industry Associations WateReuse Association State Sections 13

17 Use of Expert Panels Panels can: Validate objectives, approach, and progress Provide credibility through an independent review Support regulatory review Assure the public Promote sound public policy decisions by managers and decision makers Viewpoint: Protection of Public Health 14

18 DPR Key Questions Treatment requirements Need for criteria for pathogen and chemical control On-line monitoring Performance monitoring Treatment technologies Defining reliability Source control Managing the collection system Operations and operators Response time (respond to off-spec water) Public acceptance 15 15

19 Potable Reuse Water Quality and Human Health Risks Microbial risk (mostly acute) Virus Protozoa Pathogenic Bacteria Chemical risk (mostly chronic) Natural and synthetic compounds Regulated and Unregulated NDMA 16

20 Direct Potable Reuse No environmental buffer! Advanced Treatment The Gap! Drinking Water Treatment Plant Water Consumers Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook 17 17

21 Maintaining the Gap s Functionality Means to maintain positive attributes of the environmental buffer: More robust treatment barriers Additional treatment barriers (redundancy) Enhanced monitoring for chemicals, pathogens, or surrogates High frequency (near real-time) monitoring capability Storage of product water to provide time (engineered storage buffer) Alternative water supply source Means to quickly respond to off-spec water (time to respond) Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook 18

22 Recent/Proposed DPR Projects Big Spring, TX (current) Wichita Falls, TX (emergency) Cloudcroft, NM (2017) More planned in TX El Paso Strong interest in: California Florida Arizona Other States (Colorado, etc.) 19

23 El Paso Water Utilities Advanced Purified WTP Concept Bustamante WWTP with Additional Treatment (29.2 MGD average flow) 7.8 MGD Advanced Purified WTP 5.6 MGD Distribution System Reclaimed Water Customers Rio Bosque Wetland Park 1.5 MGD 2 MGD MF Backwash = 0.8 MGD RO or NF Concentrate = 1.4 MGD 25.7 MGD Discharge 17.9 MGD Required Riverside Irrigation Canal Source: ARCADIS,

24 Cloudcroft, New Mexico Water Supply is low, and DPR is the answer Small system At 9,000 feet, there are limited groundwater resources No surface water resources Population doubles/triples during peak tourist season Public support is split 50/50 Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director Fountain Valley, CA

25 Proposed DPR System for Cloudcroft System is not yet operational 80% constructed Goes online 2017 Highly advanced and redundant processes Wastewater Purification Membrane Bioreactor Reverse Osmosis UV/AOP Chlorine Disinfection Water Treatment Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director Chlorine Disinfection Fountain Valley, CA UV Ultrafiltration 1 MG Storage (10 days) ~50% Blending with Raw Water

26 NWRI New Mexico Panel Cloudcroft Topics of Interest: Operation and maintenance (O&M) issues are key! Training Staff redundancy (small community!) Budgeting - this will be a large increase in O&M costs. Outreach and Education 23

27 Arizona Potable Reuse Guidance Document Development by WateReuse AZ and AZ Water NWRI Panel Scope: Direct Potable Reuse Indirect Potable Reuse: covered by existing regulations Overall Goal: To provide permitting predictability for DPR projects Focus on a water quality (not prescribed treatment) Schedule July Aug

28 Nevada IPR Regulations Draft Regulations developed NWRI Panel review IPR only Issues: Strong interest in non-ro treatment trains Pathogen control 12/10/10 log removals Straightforward approach Chemical control Do dilution requirement 25

29 Publication: Framework for DPR Published by WateReuse (Tchobanoglous, 2015) Sponsors: WateReuse, AWWA, and WEF Developed by an NWRI Expert Panel Available from 26

30 Texas projects DPR projects Direct Potable Reuse Resource Document 27

31 California regulations Groundwater replenishment (final) Surface water augmentation (draft) Expert Panel Report on Feasibility of Developing DPR Criteria for Calif. (draft) 28

32 Surface water augmentation Secondary/ tertiary wastewater treatment Advanced water treatment Reservoir or water conveyance structures Surface water treatment Drinking water distribution system 29

33 Direct potable reuse (first type) producing advanced treated water Wastewater treatment Advanced water treatment Surface water treatment Drinking water distribution system 30

34 Direct potable reuse (second type) producing finished drinking water Wastewater treatment DPR facility: Advanced water treatment that meets SDWA requirements for Surface Water Treatment Plant Drinking water distribution system 31

35 KEY COMPONENTS OF A DPR PROGRAM: TECHNICAL, REGULATORY, AND PUBLIC OUTREACH Source: Tchobanoglous,

36 TECHNICAL, OPERATIONAL, AND MANAGEMENT BARRIERS Source: Tchobanoglous,

37 1. Public Health Protection Pathogens Criteria Choose pathogen control criteria for DPR. Potential options are: (1) Texas TCEQ approach (2) California IPR approach (12/10/10 log removals for virus/crypto/giardia) (3) the use of an Expert Panel Chemicals Criteria: Tier 1: Meet water MCLs Tier 2: Monitoring could be required for unregulated chemicals (including CECs) Tier 3: Surrogates or unregulated chemicals that are useful for evaluating treatment 34

38 Example Pathogen Log Reduction Credits (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015) Process Monitoring Log Reduction Credits V G C Notes Secondary treatment Study needed is the default. MF or UF Daily PDT 0 a RO Online EC UV-AOP Intensity sensors Pressure decay test (PDT) should be done daily to verify proper performance. Electrical conductivity (EC) should be monitored in RO influent and effluent. Log reduction in system control must be based upon measured values. UV sensors should be calibrated per U.S. EPA (2006). ESB with free chlorine, CL 2, Online Cl System control is based on maintaining a minimum free residual of 0.4 mg/l. Total

39 2. Source Control Program Modify the pretreatment/source control program so it is suitable for DPR. Identify constituents in wastewater that may be difficult to remove or are precursors to disinfection byproduct formation (depending on the treatment technologies used). Information is needed on the sources and concentrations of selected constituents. Include commercial and industrial entities in the source control program. Develop a program to inform consumers of best practices for home waste disposal. Source: Tchobanoglous,

40 ELEMENTS OF A SOURCE CONTROL PROGRAM Source: Tchobanoglous,

41 3. DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR ALTERNATIVE END POINT Source: Tchobanoglous,

42 MEASURES TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AND ENHANCE RELIABILITY OF EXISTING WWTPs Source: Tchobanoglous,

43 What happens to the flows when AWT plant must be taken off-line? 40 Source: Tchobanoglous, ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT What are the objectives of advanced water treatment? What are typical examples of treatment trains for advanced water treatment? What are the performance levels for advanced treatment processes, including determination of pathogen log reduction credit? What is the reliability of various treatment trains based on redundancy, robustness, and resilience?

44 IPR: Treatments Proven Tertiary Water Micro/ Ultrafiltration (MF/UF) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Advanced Oxidation H 2 O 2 Ultraviolet Light (UV) Backwash Concentrate Advanced Treated Recycled Water (ATRW) 41 41

45 Alternative Approach for Potable Reuse Full Advanced Treatment MF RO UV/H 2 O 2 Alternative based on O 3 -BAC MF O 3 BAC UV Advantages of O 3 -BAC Disadvantages of O 3 -BAC Excellent CEC removal Disinfection byproducts Eliminates RO concentrate No TDS reduction Reduces capital and O&M costs Higher product water TOC Source: Trussell Technologies 42 42

46 Differences in Effluent Quality Between Advanced Water Treatment Processes Source: Tchobanoglous,

47 5. Reliability of Treatment Trains Source: Tchobanoglous,

48 6. Monitoring and Instrumentation Requirements Strategies for process control and monitoring Pathogen credit allocation for treatment processes Strategies for MCLs, Secondary MCLs, and CECs Pilot and/or demonstration Start-up and commissioning Long-term performance monitoring Critical Control Points 45

49 Performance Monitoring: Example Online and Calibration Sampling (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015) Process Test Type and Frequency of Sampling Secondary effluent MF or UF Turbidity and microbial indicators Ammonia, TSS, and BOD PDT Turbidity Turbidity: online (continuous) and grab (weekly); microbial: grab (weekly) Grab (weekly) Offline testing (daily) Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) RO Influent and effluent EC and TOC Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) UV-AOP UV sensors Influent UVT Online (continuous) and verification (weekly) Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) ESB with free chlorination Influent and effluent chloramine Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) Effluent free chlorine residual Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) 46

50 Regulation Permit Guidance 7. Critical Control Points What? Point in the treatment train (i.e., a unit treatment process) that is designed to reduce, prevent, or eliminate a human health risk and for which controls exist to ensure the proper performance of that process. Why? Systematic approach to inform the effective operation of AWTF through performance-based monitoring (augment end-of-pipe monitoring) Specific recommendations: Steps: Identify hazards Identify CCPs Identify monitoring procedures Identify corrective actions and procedures 47

51 Example: Control Control Points Source: Tchobanoglous,

52 8. Facility Operation Importance of facility operation to produce advanced treated water Facility startup and commissioning Use of Operations and Maintenance Plan Operator requirements for potable reuse facilities Endorsement for advanced treatment. 49

53 Components of an O&M Plan for a DPR System (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015) Staffing (i.e., for daily operations and emergencies) Operator training and certification Checklists for operations procedures (daily, weekly, and monthly) Routine maintenance of equipment Critical spare parts and failure training Control system (e.g., SCADA, shutdown procedures, and alarms) Process monitoring and control Regulatory compliance Frequency of monitoring Distribution System Response time to treatment failures or non-compliant water quality 50

54 9. TMF Capacity What? Technical, Managerial, and Financial Capacity ability of a water utility to provide safe and dependable water (required by SDWA) Why? Regulators can assess a utilities potential or existing weaknesses to provide safe and reliable advanced treated water. Specific recommendations: Build on existing capacity develop program for PWSs Expand current TMP program to address DPR Ability to review small systems 51

55 10. Public Acceptance Is public attitude the biggest challenge to potable reuse? 52

56 Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015 Public Outreach: Key Activities Outreach Activity Provide a rationale for the need for DPR Identify public perception challenges to the DPR project Develop a DPR Communication Plan Develop and disseminate communications materials on the DPR project Connect with outreach staff at other AWTFs Prepare a participation program for source control Purpose Raise public confidence of the benefits and value of the DPR project to the community. Use to assist in the development of strategies to alleviate these concerns and improve public perception. Provide strategies to communicate about the DPR project to the public, elected officials, and others, with the goal of building public confidence in and support of the DPR project. Provide objective, accurate, and timely information to raise awareness of the DPR project and address public concerns. Gain practical information and lessons learned from the real-world experiences of other potable reuse public outreach efforts. Engage industrial and commercial dischargers, as well as the public, on means to eliminate or control the discharge of constituents into wastewater that can impact the production of ATW. 53

57 11. Other considerations Inter-agency coordination (MOU) Blending water into drinking water supply Bioassays Antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes Research

58 55

59 Support from WRRF #15-01 Objective: Summarize and synthesize key results of 34 research projects on DPR undertaken as part of WateReuse s DPR Initiative. End product: Collection of nine synthesis documents addressing specific DPR research topics. Provide a better understanding of the state-of-the-science on DPR and identify remaining research needs. Organize into one cohesive summary document and provide to the Expert Panel to help complete its charge. PI: NWRI and George Tchobanoglous WateReuse Project Manager: Julie Minton 56

60 WRRF Topics 1. Source Control Program Robert Emerick, Consultant 2. Evaluation of Potential DPR Treatment Trains Larry Schimmoller, Jim Lozier, and Ufuk Erdal, CH2M Hill 3. Pathogens (surrogates, credits) Phil Brandhuber, HDR 4. Pathogens (rapid/continuous monitoring) Channah Rock, University of Arizona Dan Gerrity, UNLV 5. CEC Removal and Risk Jean Debroux and Laura Kennedy, Kennedy/Jenks Megan Plumlee, OCWD 57

61 WRRF Topics 6. Monitoring DPR Systems and the Critical Control Point Approach Andy Salveson, Carollo Engineers 7. Operations, Maintenance, and Operator Training/Certification Debbie Burris, DDB Engineering 8. Resilience in Potable Reuse Brian Pecson and Sarah Triolo, Trussell Technologies 9. Demonstration of Reliable, Redundant Treatment Performance Ben Stanford, Hazen and Sawyer 58

62 59

63 Research Topics Non-Reverse Osmosis (RO) DPR treatment trains Evaluate Ozone-BAC for DPR treatment trains Control for chemicals with out RO and characterize TOC Source control Control for industrial and commercial chemicals Technology Validation Characterize concentrations of pathogens (viruses, Crypto, Giardia) in wastewater (and removal) ARB/ARG Monitoring and operations Shift from compliance monitoring to performance monitoring DPR System Performance 60

64 Future of DPR DPR criteria and regulations Criteria are feasible Develop formal regulations (or use existing regulations to permit DPR projects) Driver: Planning for water sustainability IPR will continue to grow Including surface water augmentation DPR planning will continue Pilot and demonstration projects Research and Pilot Projects WE&RF, states, etc. 61

65 Thank you for listening! Questions? Jeff Mosher National Water Research Institute 62

66 IPR & DPR Treatment Technologies Andrew Salveson, Vice President WateReuse Practice Lead

67 Jeff Mosher National Water Research Institute WateReuse Florida Webcast Journey from Indirect Potable Reuse to Direct Potable Reuse: Technologies & Regulations August 8,

68 Overview - DPR Background Drivers Recent Activities Key Questions Examples Supporting Information Topics of interest for implementing DPR Need for research What s Next? 2

69 Our Goal: Water Resiliency and Reliability Reliable, drought-proof water supplies Use of local water supplies 3

70 How to Think About Wastewater in the 21 st Century Wastewater is a renewable recoverable source of energy, nutrients, and potable water - George Tchobanoglous, Professor Emeritus, UC Davis 4

71 Direct Potable Reuse Urban Water Use Wastewater Treatment Water Treatment Environmental Buffer Advanced Water Treatment 5 5

72 Drivers for Implementing IPR and DPR Limitations with nonpotable reuse (Large) increases in water supply Improves reliability Drought proof and locally controlled Technology well established Increases water quality Good policy Value of water will increase in the future Diversified water portfolio Part of integrated resources planning Sustainable supplies (use as a resource) 6

73 Proven Treatment for Potable Reuse Tertiary Water Micro/ Ultrafiltration (MF/UF) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Advanced Oxidation H 2 O 2 Ultraviolet Light (UV) Backwash Concentrate Advanced Treated Recycled Water (ATRW) 7 7

74 Per Acre-Foot Potable Reuse is Cost Effective $2,500 $2,000 $1,500 $1,000 $500 $0 Nonpotable Recycled DPR and IPR Projected Imported 2020 (CA) Brackish Groundwater inland Ocean Desal 8 8

75 National Research Council the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes including irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation could significantly increase the nation s total available water resources. (2012) 9

76 Urban Water Revolution David L. Sedlak, Ph.D. Professor, UC Berkeley 10

77 Water 3.0: Centralized Vision Water In Water Treatment potable sewage runoff Wastewater Treatment Water Out Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley 11

78 Water 4.0: Centralized Vision non-potable potable Water In Water Treatment potable sewage runoff Resource Recovery Managed Surface Water Water Out Managed Aquifer Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley 12

79 Supporting Organizations Research Support Water Environment & Reuse Foundation (WE&RF) Merger of WateReuse Research Foundation and Water Enjoinment and Research Foundation (WERF) WateReuse DPR Research Initiative 34 projects Industry Associations WateReuse Association State Sections 13

80 Use of Expert Panels Panels can: Validate objectives, approach, and progress Provide credibility through an independent review Support regulatory review Assure the public Promote sound public policy decisions by managers and decision makers Viewpoint: Protection of Public Health 14

81 DPR Key Questions Treatment requirements Need for criteria for pathogen and chemical control On-line monitoring Performance monitoring Treatment technologies Defining reliability Source control Managing the collection system Operations and operators Response time (respond to off-spec water) Public acceptance 15 15

82 Potable Reuse Water Quality and Human Health Risks Microbial risk (mostly acute) Virus Protozoa Pathogenic Bacteria Chemical risk (mostly chronic) Natural and synthetic compounds Regulated and Unregulated NDMA 16

83 Direct Potable Reuse No environmental buffer! Advanced Treatment The Gap! Drinking Water Treatment Plant Water Consumers Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook 17 17

84 Maintaining the Gap s Functionality Means to maintain positive attributes of the environmental buffer: More robust treatment barriers Additional treatment barriers (redundancy) Enhanced monitoring for chemicals, pathogens, or surrogates High frequency (near real-time) monitoring capability Storage of product water to provide time (engineered storage buffer) Alternative water supply source Means to quickly respond to off-spec water (time to respond) Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook 18

85 Recent/Proposed DPR Projects Big Spring, TX (current) Wichita Falls, TX (emergency) Cloudcroft, NM (2017) More planned in TX El Paso Strong interest in: California Florida Arizona Other States (Colorado, etc.) 19

86 El Paso Water Utilities Advanced Purified WTP Concept Bustamante WWTP with Additional Treatment (29.2 MGD average flow) 7.8 MGD Advanced Purified WTP 5.6 MGD Distribution System Reclaimed Water Customers Rio Bosque Wetland Park 1.5 MGD 2 MGD MF Backwash = 0.8 MGD RO or NF Concentrate = 1.4 MGD 25.7 MGD Discharge 17.9 MGD Required Riverside Irrigation Canal Source: ARCADIS,

87 Cloudcroft, New Mexico Water Supply is low, and DPR is the answer Small system At 9,000 feet, there are limited groundwater resources No surface water resources Population doubles/triples during peak tourist season Public support is split 50/50 Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director Fountain Valley, CA

88 Proposed DPR System for Cloudcroft System is not yet operational 80% constructed Goes online 2017 Highly advanced and redundant processes Wastewater Purification Membrane Bioreactor Reverse Osmosis UV/AOP Chlorine Disinfection Water Treatment Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director Chlorine Disinfection Fountain Valley, CA UV Ultrafiltration 1 MG Storage (10 days) ~50% Blending with Raw Water

89 NWRI New Mexico Panel Cloudcroft Topics of Interest: Operation and maintenance (O&M) issues are key! Training Staff redundancy (small community!) Budgeting - this will be a large increase in O&M costs. Outreach and Education 23

90 Arizona Potable Reuse Guidance Document Development by WateReuse AZ and AZ Water NWRI Panel Scope: Direct Potable Reuse Indirect Potable Reuse: covered by existing regulations Overall Goal: To provide permitting predictability for DPR projects Focus on a water quality (not prescribed treatment) Schedule July Aug

91 Nevada IPR Regulations Draft Regulations developed NWRI Panel review IPR only Issues: Strong interest in non-ro treatment trains Pathogen control 12/10/10 log removals Straightforward approach Chemical control Do dilution requirement 25

92 Publication: Framework for DPR Published by WateReuse (Tchobanoglous, 2015) Sponsors: WateReuse, AWWA, and WEF Developed by an NWRI Expert Panel Available from 26

93 Texas projects DPR projects Direct Potable Reuse Resource Document 27

94 California regulations Groundwater replenishment (final) Surface water augmentation (draft) Expert Panel Report on Feasibility of Developing DPR Criteria for Calif. (draft) 28

95 Surface water augmentation Secondary/ tertiary wastewater treatment Advanced water treatment Reservoir or water conveyance structures Surface water treatment Drinking water distribution system 29

96 Direct potable reuse (first type) producing advanced treated water Wastewater treatment Advanced water treatment Surface water treatment Drinking water distribution system 30

97 Direct potable reuse (second type) producing finished drinking water Wastewater treatment DPR facility: Advanced water treatment that meets SDWA requirements for Surface Water Treatment Plant Drinking water distribution system 31

98 KEY COMPONENTS OF A DPR PROGRAM: TECHNICAL, REGULATORY, AND PUBLIC OUTREACH Source: Tchobanoglous,

99 TECHNICAL, OPERATIONAL, AND MANAGEMENT BARRIERS Source: Tchobanoglous,

100 1. Public Health Protection Pathogens Criteria Choose pathogen control criteria for DPR. Potential options are: (1) Texas TCEQ approach (2) California IPR approach (12/10/10 log removals for virus/crypto/giardia) (3) the use of an Expert Panel Chemicals Criteria: Tier 1: Meet water MCLs Tier 2: Monitoring could be required for unregulated chemicals (including CECs) Tier 3: Surrogates or unregulated chemicals that are useful for evaluating treatment 34

101 Example Pathogen Log Reduction Credits (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015) Process Monitoring Log Reduction Credits V G C Notes Secondary treatment Study needed is the default. MF or UF Daily PDT 0 a RO Online EC UV-AOP Intensity sensors Pressure decay test (PDT) should be done daily to verify proper performance. Electrical conductivity (EC) should be monitored in RO influent and effluent. Log reduction in system control must be based upon measured values. UV sensors should be calibrated per U.S. EPA (2006). ESB with free chlorine, CL 2, Online Cl System control is based on maintaining a minimum free residual of 0.4 mg/l. Total

102 2. Source Control Program Modify the pretreatment/source control program so it is suitable for DPR. Identify constituents in wastewater that may be difficult to remove or are precursors to disinfection byproduct formation (depending on the treatment technologies used). Information is needed on the sources and concentrations of selected constituents. Include commercial and industrial entities in the source control program. Develop a program to inform consumers of best practices for home waste disposal. Source: Tchobanoglous,

103 ELEMENTS OF A SOURCE CONTROL PROGRAM Source: Tchobanoglous,

104 3. DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR ALTERNATIVE END POINT Source: Tchobanoglous,

105 MEASURES TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AND ENHANCE RELIABILITY OF EXISTING WWTPs Source: Tchobanoglous,

106 What happens to the flows when AWT plant must be taken off-line? 40 Source: Tchobanoglous, ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT What are the objectives of advanced water treatment? What are typical examples of treatment trains for advanced water treatment? What are the performance levels for advanced treatment processes, including determination of pathogen log reduction credit? What is the reliability of various treatment trains based on redundancy, robustness, and resilience?

107 IPR: Treatments Proven Tertiary Water Micro/ Ultrafiltration (MF/UF) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Advanced Oxidation H 2 O 2 Ultraviolet Light (UV) Backwash Concentrate Advanced Treated Recycled Water (ATRW) 41 41

108 Alternative Approach for Potable Reuse Full Advanced Treatment MF RO UV/H 2 O 2 Alternative based on O 3 -BAC MF O 3 BAC UV Advantages of O 3 -BAC Disadvantages of O 3 -BAC Excellent CEC removal Disinfection byproducts Eliminates RO concentrate No TDS reduction Reduces capital and O&M costs Higher product water TOC Source: Trussell Technologies 42 42

109 Differences in Effluent Quality Between Advanced Water Treatment Processes Source: Tchobanoglous,

110 5. Reliability of Treatment Trains Source: Tchobanoglous,

111 6. Monitoring and Instrumentation Requirements Strategies for process control and monitoring Pathogen credit allocation for treatment processes Strategies for MCLs, Secondary MCLs, and CECs Pilot and/or demonstration Start-up and commissioning Long-term performance monitoring Critical Control Points 45

112 Performance Monitoring: Example Online and Calibration Sampling (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015) Process Test Type and Frequency of Sampling Secondary effluent MF or UF Turbidity and microbial indicators Ammonia, TSS, and BOD PDT Turbidity Turbidity: online (continuous) and grab (weekly); microbial: grab (weekly) Grab (weekly) Offline testing (daily) Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) RO Influent and effluent EC and TOC Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) UV-AOP UV sensors Influent UVT Online (continuous) and verification (weekly) Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) ESB with free chlorination Influent and effluent chloramine Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) Effluent free chlorine residual Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) 46

113 Regulation Permit Guidance 7. Critical Control Points What? Point in the treatment train (i.e., a unit treatment process) that is designed to reduce, prevent, or eliminate a human health risk and for which controls exist to ensure the proper performance of that process. Why? Systematic approach to inform the effective operation of AWTF through performance-based monitoring (augment end-of-pipe monitoring) Specific recommendations: Steps: Identify hazards Identify CCPs Identify monitoring procedures Identify corrective actions and procedures 47

114 Example: Control Control Points Source: Tchobanoglous,

115 8. Facility Operation Importance of facility operation to produce advanced treated water Facility startup and commissioning Use of Operations and Maintenance Plan Operator requirements for potable reuse facilities Endorsement for advanced treatment. 49

116 Components of an O&M Plan for a DPR System (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015) Staffing (i.e., for daily operations and emergencies) Operator training and certification Checklists for operations procedures (daily, weekly, and monthly) Routine maintenance of equipment Critical spare parts and failure training Control system (e.g., SCADA, shutdown procedures, and alarms) Process monitoring and control Regulatory compliance Frequency of monitoring Distribution System Response time to treatment failures or non-compliant water quality 50

117 9. TMF Capacity What? Technical, Managerial, and Financial Capacity ability of a water utility to provide safe and dependable water (required by SDWA) Why? Regulators can assess a utilities potential or existing weaknesses to provide safe and reliable advanced treated water. Specific recommendations: Build on existing capacity develop program for PWSs Expand current TMP program to address DPR Ability to review small systems 51

118 10. Public Acceptance Is public attitude the biggest challenge to potable reuse? 52

119 Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015 Public Outreach: Key Activities Outreach Activity Provide a rationale for the need for DPR Identify public perception challenges to the DPR project Develop a DPR Communication Plan Develop and disseminate communications materials on the DPR project Connect with outreach staff at other AWTFs Prepare a participation program for source control Purpose Raise public confidence of the benefits and value of the DPR project to the community. Use to assist in the development of strategies to alleviate these concerns and improve public perception. Provide strategies to communicate about the DPR project to the public, elected officials, and others, with the goal of building public confidence in and support of the DPR project. Provide objective, accurate, and timely information to raise awareness of the DPR project and address public concerns. Gain practical information and lessons learned from the real-world experiences of other potable reuse public outreach efforts. Engage industrial and commercial dischargers, as well as the public, on means to eliminate or control the discharge of constituents into wastewater that can impact the production of ATW. 53

120 11. Other considerations Inter-agency coordination (MOU) Blending water into drinking water supply Bioassays Antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes Research

121 55

122 Support from WRRF #15-01 Objective: Summarize and synthesize key results of 34 research projects on DPR undertaken as part of WateReuse s DPR Initiative. End product: Collection of nine synthesis documents addressing specific DPR research topics. Provide a better understanding of the state-of-the-science on DPR and identify remaining research needs. Organize into one cohesive summary document and provide to the Expert Panel to help complete its charge. PI: NWRI and George Tchobanoglous WateReuse Project Manager: Julie Minton 56

123 WRRF Topics 1. Source Control Program Robert Emerick, Consultant 2. Evaluation of Potential DPR Treatment Trains Larry Schimmoller, Jim Lozier, and Ufuk Erdal, CH2M Hill 3. Pathogens (surrogates, credits) Phil Brandhuber, HDR 4. Pathogens (rapid/continuous monitoring) Channah Rock, University of Arizona Dan Gerrity, UNLV 5. CEC Removal and Risk Jean Debroux and Laura Kennedy, Kennedy/Jenks Megan Plumlee, OCWD 57

124 WRRF Topics 6. Monitoring DPR Systems and the Critical Control Point Approach Andy Salveson, Carollo Engineers 7. Operations, Maintenance, and Operator Training/Certification Debbie Burris, DDB Engineering 8. Resilience in Potable Reuse Brian Pecson and Sarah Triolo, Trussell Technologies 9. Demonstration of Reliable, Redundant Treatment Performance Ben Stanford, Hazen and Sawyer 58

125 59

126 Research Topics Non-Reverse Osmosis (RO) DPR treatment trains Evaluate Ozone-BAC for DPR treatment trains Control for chemicals with out RO and characterize TOC Source control Control for industrial and commercial chemicals Technology Validation Characterize concentrations of pathogens (viruses, Crypto, Giardia) in wastewater (and removal) ARB/ARG Monitoring and operations Shift from compliance monitoring to performance monitoring DPR System Performance 60

127 Future of DPR DPR criteria and regulations Criteria are feasible Develop formal regulations (or use existing regulations to permit DPR projects) Driver: Planning for water sustainability IPR will continue to grow Including surface water augmentation DPR planning will continue Pilot and demonstration projects Research and Pilot Projects WE&RF, states, etc. 61

128 Thank you for listening! Questions? Jeff Mosher National Water Research Institute 62

129 mmwd1013i1.pptx/1 Potable Water Reuse Water Quality and Treatment Andrew Salveson, P.E. Water Reuse Practice Director at Carollo Engineers with thanks to many people and organizations

130 mmwd1013i1.pptx/2 Experts and Regulators Agree on Water Quality Goals for Potable Reuse

131 mmwd1013i1.pptx/3 Properly Engineered Potable Water Reuse is Supported by National Health Experts Organization State of California Division of Drinking Water (formerly CDPH) National Research Council California Medical Association Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Arizona, Virginia, Colorado, New Mexico, etc. Confidence in the Safety of Potable Water Reuse? Yes, formal regulations finalized in 2014 Yes, 2012 report documents safety of potable water reuse and demonstrates comparative safety of potable reuse to conventional water supplies Yes, CMA demonstrates support for potable reuse in 2012 Yes, multiple approved projects based upon a case by case analysis Yes, many states have potable reuse projects safely producing water based upon different regulatory approaches

132 mmwd1013i1.pptx/4 Water Quality Targets for Potable Water Reuse are Defined Pathogens 173-page DPR Framework Chemicals

133 mmwd1013i1.pptx/5 Regulations are Clear for Indirect Potable Reuse in California Pathogen Removal from Raw Sewage to Potable Water o 12-log Virus ( %) o o 10-log Giardia 10-log Cryptosporidium Water Quality o o o Maximum TOC of 0.5 mg/l of wastewater origin Maximum TN 10 mg/l Advanced oxidation for direct injection projects 0.5-log 1,4-dioxane

134 mmwd1013i1.pptx/6 Potable reuse treatment includes a multifaceted monitoring system for real-time water quality confidence Screenshot from Ways of Water

135 mmwd1013i1.pptx/7 Different Treatment Trains Can Reliably Meet Water Quality Goals

136 mmwd1013i1.pptx/8

137 mmwd1013i1.pptx/9

138 mmwd1013i1.pptx/10

139 mmwd1013i1.pptx/11 Full-Scale MBRs Produce High Quality Water With Minimal Pathogens Project Partners: GE and Evoqua Research Team: SCVWD, Carollo, NWRI, BioVir, and SNWA Host Utilities: Ironhouse SD (CA), Hamby (TX), Modesto (TX), Healdsburg (CA), King County (WA) 12 months of full-scale testing

140 mmwd1013i1.pptx/12

141 mmwd1013i1.pptx/13 No protozoa in MBR effluent 4+ LRV Virus 3+ LRV Protozoa Under all conditions (fouled, clean, etc)

142 mmwd1013i1.pptx/14 O₃/BAF Pollutant Destruction (and DBPs)

143 mmwd1013i1.pptx/15 O₃/BAF Pollutant Destruction (and DBPs)

144 mmwd1013i1.pptx/16 Ozone Disinfection in Wastewater Ct Does Not Tell the Story

145 mmwd1013i1.pptx/17 Ozone Disinfection in Wastewater Ct Does Not Tell the Story

146 mmwd1013i1.pptx/18 MF Continues to Perform for Protozoa Removal 4 LRV Protozoa demonstrated daily

147 mmwd1013i1.pptx/19 RO Provides Robust Pathogen Removal But conventional monitoring limits credit

148 mmwd1013i1.pptx/20 High Dose UV Provide 6+ LRV Virus Even Under Damaged Conditions

149 mmwd1013i1.pptx/21 UV AOP Needs 0.5-log removal of 1,4- dioxane Credit: David Hokanson, Trussell Tech

150 mmwd1013i1.pptx/22 UV AOP Well Proven But Well Controlled? Oxidant Weighted Dose Demonstrates Accuracy

151 mmwd1013i1.pptx/23 UV AOP Well Proven But Well Controlled? Oxidant Weighted Dose Demonstrates Accuracy Peroxide Weighted UV Dose

152 mmwd1013i1.pptx/24 Putting It All Together For DPR

153 mmwd1013i1.pptx/25

154 mmwd1013i1.pptx/26 Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for VenturaWaterPure Demonstration Facility Advanced Disinfection Pasteurization Kills A LOT of Pathogens Tertiary Filtration Pressure Filters Removes turbidity and TSS Secondary Effluent Disinfection and Advanced Oxidation Membrane Processes Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis NaOCl or H 2 O 2 UV Engineered Storage Finished Water Filters Pathogens, Pretreats ahead of RO Removes Pathogens, Removes Salt, Removes Trace Pollutants Kills Pathogens, Destroys NDMA and Trace Pollutants

155 mmwd1013i1.pptx/27 Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification Process Pathogen Removal Chemical Removal Salt Removal Pasteurization X Membrane Filtration Reverse Osmosis Ultraviolet Light Advanced Oxidation Engineered Storage

156 mmwd1013i1.pptx/28 Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification Process Pathogen Removal Chemical Removal Salt Removal Pasteurization X Membrane Filtration X Reverse Osmosis Ultraviolet Light Advanced Oxidation Engineered Storage

157 mmwd1013i1.pptx/29 Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification Process Pasteurization Membrane Filtration Reverse Osmosis Ultraviolet Light Advanced Oxidation Engineered Storage Pathogen Removal X X Chemical Removal Salt Removal X X X

158 mmwd1013i1.pptx/30 Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification Process Pasteurization Membrane Filtration Reverse Osmosis Ultraviolet Light Advanced Oxidation Engineered Storage Pathogen Removal X X Chemical Removal Salt Removal X X X X X

159 mmwd1013i1.pptx/31 Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification Process Pasteurization Membrane Filtration Reverse Osmosis Ultraviolet Light Advanced Oxidation Engineered Storage Pathogen Removal X X Chemical Removal Salt Removal X X X X X X X

160 mmwd1013i1.pptx/32 Advanced Monitoring of RO Shows Substantial Pathogen Removal and Much Improved System Monitoring

161 mmwd1013i1.pptx/33

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163 mmwd1013i1.pptx/35 Innovative UV AOP Without Oxidants Patented electrode system for in-situ radical generation (for UV AOP)

164 mmwd1013i1.pptx/36 UV AOP Meets DDW Criteria Without Peroxide UV w/peroxide UV W/Electrode CA Regulatory Standard Electrode Only

165 mmwd1013i1.pptx/37 Final Water Quality Results Show High Quality Water that is Protective of Public Health

166 mmwd1013i1.pptx/38 DPR Treatment Train Virus Giardia Crypto Potable Reuse Goals 12-log 10-log 10-log Primary and Secondary Treatment 1.9-log 0.8-log 1.2-log Pasteurization 5+ log 3.8+ log 3.8+ log Ultrafiltration 4-log 4-log Advanced Fluorescent Monitoring RO 4-log 4-log 4-log CEC Treatment and Salt Removal GAC (if needed) CEC Treatment CEC Treatment UV (high-dose) AOP 6-log 6-log 6-log Engineered Storage with Chlorine (future) CEC Treatment Failure & Response 4-log 0.5-log Subtotal Time 20.9-log 19.1-log 19.0-log Safety Factor of 100,000,000 to 1,000,000,000

167 mmwd1013i1.pptx/39 Continue to Address Emerging Concerns

168 mmwd1013i1.pptx/40 % Total Sequences WRF 4536 Tackling ARGs in Finished Water Supplies Chart Title (including DPR) Biofilm Biofilm Bulk Water (Culturable) Biofilm Bulk Water Bulk Water Bulk Water CD18.0 CD28.0 CE28.5 CG18.0 AD28.0 AE18.5 AE28.5 BD18.0 BD28.0 BE % DPR 90% Potable 10% DPR w/ Biofiltration 90% Potable 100% Potable

169 mmwd1013i1.pptx/41 Conclusions 1. Multiple Barriers and Advanced Monitoring Provide Water Quality Confidence 2. Different Treatment Trains, including those without RO, can purify reclaimed water.

170 mmwd1013i1.pptx/42 Questions?

171 Speaker Contact Information Jeff Mosher National Water Research Institute Executive Director Andrew Salveson Carollo Engineers Vice President & WateReuse Practice Lead Amy Tracy, President Florida WateReuse England - Thims & Miller, Inc Senior Scientist Tracya@etminc.com