A Compact, Inexpensive Black Carbon Sensor For Biomass Cookstove Emissions

Transcription

1 A Compact, Inexpensive Black Carbon Sensor For Biomass Cookstove Emissions Julien Caubel 1,2, Daniel Wilson 1,2, Abhinav Saksena 3, Advait Kumar 3, Vipul Lalchandani 4, Amit Misra 4, Sachi Tripathi 4, Thomas Kirchstetter 1,2, Ashok Gadgil 1,2 1. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2. University of California, Berkeley 3. Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 4. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur January 25 th, 2015 ETHOS Conference Kirkland, WA

2 Acknowledgements We d like to thank the following organizations for their support: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California, Berkeley Center for Effective Global Action Institute for International Studies, UC Berkeley 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

3 Cooking on Biomass is the World s Greatest Environmental Health Risk 3 billion people rely on solid biomass fuels for residential cooking [WHO, 2014] Particulate matter (PM) from residential biomass combustion kills 4 million people annually [Lim et al., The Lancet, 2010] Inefficient Three-Stone Fire [ 3/10/15 Indoor Air Pollution [ Julien Caubel ETHOS

4 Cookstoves Generate Most BC Emissions in Developing Regions Black Carbon (BC) is major constituent of PM from biomass combustion BC is 2 nd greatest contributor to climate change after CO 2 [T. Bond, et al., Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013] 60-80% of BC emissions in developing regions are from biomass cookstoves [T. Bond, et al., Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013] BC Stalactites in Kenyan Kitchen [ BC in Tibetan Kitchen [ 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

5 Using BC Emissions to Monitor Biomass Cookstove Use Measure geographic/vertical distribution of BC in atmosphere Monitor where and how residential biomass is burned Study impact on health, climate, and environment Current tech is expensive, cumbersome or unreliable Need low-cost, compact instrument on the ground and in the air to measure BC distributions on large scale World BC Distribution from Satellite Data [H. Mitchell, NASA, 2009] 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

6 Current Commercial BC Instruments are Large and/or Expensive Magee Scientific Aethalometer AethLabs MicroAeth [ [ Price: ~$10, 000 Price: ~$6,000 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

7 Our Low-Cost, Compact BC Sensor Sensing Cell: Low cost: $200 Compact: 1 in3 Lightweight: 75 g Notes : Cost represents cost of materials Only sensing cell, sensor requires other components 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

8 Instrument Principle of Operation BC is deposited on a fibrous filter Light attenuation through filter is correlated to BC concentration Sampled air drawn through both signal and reference orifice to reduce sensitivity to relative humidity and temperature fluctuations 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

9 Sensor Testing and Calibration Testing carried out at Dr. Kirchstetter s Aerosol Emissions Lab, LBNL Inverted methane flame generates stable BC emissions Commercial instruments are used to validate and calibrate BC sensor measurements 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

10 Early Results: Proof of Concept Proof of Concept: Sensor effectively detects BC concentrations. Several limitations encountered with prototype: Low signal quality (random noise) Low measurement accuracy (does not correlate closely with commercial unit) 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

11 BC Sensor Performance after Refinement and Calibration BC sensor was refined and calibrated to improve the quality of measurements: Instrumentation circuit design Hardware design Signal calibration 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

12 Current BC Sensor Performance is Comparable to Commercial Units Following development, our BC sensor has demonstrated laboratory performance comparable to commercial instruments 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

13 Weather Balloon Platform to Measure Vertical Distribution of BC Incorporate BC sensor into high-altitude weather balloon to measure vertical distribution of BC in the atmosphere Vertical distribution of BC affects its impact on radiative forcing, climate, and atmospheric transport 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

14 Balloon Instrumentation Platform Small, lightweight, and inexpensive balloon platform for communication and instrumentation: Satellite modem Telemetry, GPS location Instruments Temperature and humidity sensors 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

15 Test Flight [Insert ~ 1 minute minute video of balloon release and ascent] 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

16 Test Flight Results Hardware performed perfectly over course of flight: Atmospheric data collected throughout Location and data output tracked in real time 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

17 Future Work: Sensor Development and Deployment Calibration: Improve at very low BC concentrations Hardware: Implement auxiliary hardware Platform: Incorporate BC sensor into balloon and terrestrial platforms Airflow Sensor Vacuum Pump 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

18 Project Summary Lightweight, inexpensive BC sensor: Laboratory performance similar to commercial instrument Balloon launched successfully in India with flight sensors Enable better monitoring of health and environmental impacts from biomass cookstoves in the developing world 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS

19 References [1] "Household Air Pollution and Health." Factsheet #292. World Health Organization (WHO), Mar Web. 20 Nov < [2] "Energy Department Announces $2.5 Million to Advance Technologies for Clean-Burning, Efficient Biomass Cookstoves." Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. US Department of Energy, 13 Apr Web. 26 Nov < apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/daily.cfm/news_id=20901>. [3] S. S. Lim, T. Vos, A. D. Flaxman, G. Danaei, K. Shibuya, A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, The Lancet (2013). [4] "Clean Cookstoves Check Black Carbon." The Energy and Resources Institute. N.p., 14 Oct Web. 26 Nov < [5] Bond, T. C., et al. "Bounding the Role of Black Carbon in the Climate System: A Scientific Assessment." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2013): [6] "Killer Cookstoves: Indoor Smoke Deadly in Poor Countries." Environmental Health News. N.p., 11 July Web. 26 Nov < [7] C. Venkataraman, A. D. Sagar, G. Habib, N. Lam, K. R. Smith, The Indian National Initiative for Advanced Biomass Cookstoves: The benefits of clean combustion, Energy for Sustainable Development 14, (2010). [8] "Dos Por Tres Stoves Reduce Global-warming Black Soot." A Carbon Offset Project Building Healthy, Fuel Efficient Cookstoves in Honduras. Proyecto Mirador, Web. 26 Nov < [9] Mitchell, Horace. "Atmospheric Black Carbon Density." Scientific Visualization Studio. NASA, 13 Dec Web. 26 Nov <http%3a%2f%2fsvs.gsfc.nasa.gov%2fcgi-bin%2fdetails.cgi%3faid%3d3668>. [10] "Magee Aethalometer." NASA: SMART-COMMIT-ACHIEVE. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov < instruments_commit.php>. [11] "Portable Aethalometer." Envilyse. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov < 3/10/15 Julien Caubel ETHOS