Sources of Illicit Discharges 8/25/2015. Why IDDE is important and how it can help managers in meeting the Bay TMDL

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1 Why IDDE is important and how it can help managers in meeting the Bay TMDL APWA, Mid-Atlantic Chapter Lynchburg Lunch n Learn August 20, 2015 What can Illicit Discharge Detection & Elimination Do For You Cost effective way to reduce pollutants Good method in urban areas where retrofits are limited Play an important role in addressing waterways with nutrient & bacteria TMDLs Sources of Illicit Discharges Illegal dumping practices (95%) Broken sanitary sewer line (81%) Cross-connections (71%) Connection of floor drains to storm sewer (62%) Sanitary sewer overflows (52%) Inflow / infiltration (48%) Straight pipe sewer discharge (38%) Failing septic systems (33%) Improper RV waste disposal (33%) Pump station failure (14%) 1

2 MS4 Minimum Measure #3 Schedule (Table 1) What MS4s HAVE To Do IDDE Procedures 12 months from coverage Outfall Map 48 months, keep updated MS4 Pollutant Credits, Expert Panel (2014) What MS4s CAN Do Enhanced Program Individual Discharge Removal & Documentation PRIORITIZE! Map Illicit Discharge Potential by Subwatershed 2

3 Most Common Approach to Outfall Screening Visual inspection of the outfall Qualitative assessment of any flow present, including examination of water color, odor, turbidity, floatables, & sedimentation Follow-up grab sample for quantitative analysis, either using more sophisticated field equipment or a laboratory Qualitative Assessment Outfall Damage Pipe Benthic Growth Deposits/Stains Abnormal Vegetation Poor Pool Quality Floatables Smell test Quantitative Assessment (Parameters) Parameter Ammonia (NH 3 ) Detergents (surfactants) Optical Brighteners Potassium Fluoride, chlorine Conductivity Bacteria Indicator of: Sewage, septage, laundry washwater Washwater Laundry washwater Sewage, septage, industrial waste Tap water, sewage Industrial waste, washwater Sewage, septage 3

4 IDDE manual for Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4) 13 Ammonia Meter (Spectrophotometer) in Field 4

5 Bacteria Testing secondary indicator 5

6 Percent 8/25/2015 We found indicators almost everywhere Average Dry Weather Flow "Hit" Frequency for 6 Mid-Atlantic Watersheds Hit for ammonia, Ammonia > 0.1 mg/l Fluoride > 0.25 mg/l Detergents > 0.25 fluoride or detergents mg/l E. coli > 235 CFU/100 ml Indicator The Illicit Discharge Load Adds Up 66.4 million gallons per year Total Nitrogen load 1,858 lb/yr E. Coli load 4x10^13 CFU/year Cost to fix - $300K April 19, 2011 Petroleum smell Ammonia: 0.27 mg/l E. coli: 13,200 CFU/100 ml Obvious should be fixed ASAP Old combined sewer Periodic reinspection for intermittent problem Case Study: Durham, NC -- Shopping Mall Outfall screening Issue: Renovation resulted in public restroom directly connected to stormdrain system for 5+ years. Resolution: Required to connect to sanitary sewer system. Pollution eliminated: 2.6 million gallons/yr Credit: John Cox, Water Quality Manager, City of Durham, NC 6

7 Video Surveys Closed caption television (CCTV) robot camera Use for sanitary sewer or storm pipes Live image to see cracks, leaks, breaks, and blockages Best for continuous discharges Photo credits: Center for Watershed Protection Dye Testing Add to plumbing fixtures to see if/where dye comes into storm sewers (crossconnection) Use when discharge has been isolated to very small drainage area (<10 properties) Must gain access to private property; inform residents & agencies Requires extra staff to find dye Photo credits: Center for Watershed Protection We estimate that the elimination of illicit discharges can meet 57% of the total nitrogen TMDL target for Western Run Other activities Removal of illicit discharges 43% 57% *Based on load assumptions derived from CWP and Phase I Watershed Implementation Plan estimates for the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. 7

8 We estimate that the elimination of illicit discharges can meet 51% of the bacteria TMDL target for Western Run Removal of illicit discharges Other activities 49% 51% *Based on TMDL for the Jones Falls apportioned for Western Run. Cost-Effectiveness Study of Urban Stormwater BMPs in the James River Basin for James River Association Cost-Effectiveness of Urban Stormwater BMPs BMP Cost Effectiveness ($/lb) TN TP TSS Bioretention (retrofit, highly urban C soils)(cbp Expert Panel) $2, $12, $22.25 Bioswale (new) $ $2, $5.23 Dry Detention Ponds (new) $4, $21, $44.43 Dry Extended Detention Ponds (new) $1, $10, $7.41 Filtering Practices (sand, below ground) $1, $4, $7.04 Forest Buffers $ $1, $7.66 Urban Stream Restoration (recommended 2014 default efficiencies) $ $ $1.16 Illicit discharges- correction of cross-connections $17.70 $70.79 $6.69 Illicit discharges- sewer repair $8.86 $35.43 $0.89 IDDE Program Limitations Finding Tracking Fixing Mapping Staff time Interagency conflict Determining responsibility Enforcement authority Private property Methods to find outfalls Pipe size Indicators 8

9 Activities: Regional Capacity Building IDDE clinic Equipment kit Field procedures manual One-on-one assistance 1-Day IDDE Clinic Classroom: Intro, Indicator Monitoring, Field Procedures Field: Outfall Screening, Portable Test Kits Lab: Lab Test Kits Follow-Up Technical Assistance Waynesboro Augusta County Staunton Harrisonburg 9

10 Field Guide & Procedures Common Pollution Problems Illicit Discharge Characteristics Odor Color Turbidity Floatables Written Procedures Field Guide: Common Problems Figure 6. Building power washing and outdoor vehicle washing Low Severity Washing Individual power washing building side without soap Moderate Severity Suds accumulating at outfall High Severity Fleet vehicle washing next to storm drain Field Guide: Illicit Discharge Characteristics Figure 17. Suds Natural Foam - Do not record. Note: Suds caused by turbulence Low Severity Suds Score: 1 Note: Suds do not appear to travel; very thin foam layer Moderate severity suds Score: 2 High severity suds Score: 3 10

11 Field Guide: Discharge vs. Natural Conditions Figure 13. Iron Floc Iron floc in an outfall pipe Iron floc in a stream Figure 16. Synthetic vs. Natural Sheen Sheen from bacteria such as iron floc forms a sheet -like film that cracks if disturbed Synthetic oil forms a swirling pattern Field Guide: Written Procedures Inspections Sampling Measuring Flow Table 3. Illicit Disch arge Tracking Sheet Date Illicit Discharge Observed & Reported: Report Initiated by: Phone, drop - in, contact information, etc. Location of Discharge: If known lat/long, stream address or outfall #, nearby landmark, etc. Description of Discharge: E.g. dumping, wash water suds, oil, etc. Investigations Confirmation & Elimination Tracking Actions to be Taken: Who What, When and How (what should be done) Results & Follow - Up of Investigation: Outcome of Actions taken and any necessary follow -up (what was done) Date Investigation Resolved or Closed: ent/programs_environment.htm Field Guide & Other Resources 11