Global Energy Interconnection Development Index

Transcription

1 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218 Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization March 218

2 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218 Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization March 218

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4 Foreword Currently, resources constraints, climate change, environmental pollution and population without access to electricity pose severe challenges to the global sustainable development. To approach these challenges, it is pivotal to comply with the growing trend of the clean, electrified, interconnected and intelligent energy system, quicken the establishment of the cleanness-oriented, electricity-centered, interconnected, co-built and shared modern energy system. Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) refers to the development of a globally interconnected, ubiquitous robust smart grid, supported by backbone UHV grid (channels), and it is a vital platform for worldwide large-scale deployment, transportation and utilization of clean energy. Establishing GEI, and accelerating "two replacements, one increase and one restore" provide an efficient solution for all countries to realize energy system transition. The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization () aims to promote the establishment of a GEI system to meet the global electricity demand in a clean and green way, to actively build an international platform with co-commerce, co-build, share, win-win principles, and to realize the objectives of GEI and sustainable development. On a basis of deep research in the field of energy and electricity, proposes the global energy interconnection development index () based on the theory of GEI and the comprehensive evaluation methodology, which systematically reflects the development level of the global energy and power system from such three perspectives as Power Interconnection, Green & Low-Carbon and Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination development. The proposed provides basic analysis and forward-looking reference for governments, international organizations, enterprises, and institutions to carry out policies making, planning research, and investment consulting. The "Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218" firstly introduces the designing ideas and evaluating methodology of the. The regional and national ranking and the three subindex rankings are then evaluated and analyzed according to the collected data and analysis regarding to energy, electricity, economy, society, and environment in 14 countries and 1 regions around the world. Finally, a special subject on the GEI development of countries along the Belt and Road is carried out in this report since the Belt and Road Initiative will have an important impact on the global energy system transition.

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6 1 Index System Theoretical Basis Index Framework Evaluation Principles Evaluation Process 1 2 Global ing Regional ing Regional Evaluation Country ing 26 3 Special Subject on the Belt and Road Initiative The Belt and Road Initiative and Global Energy Interconnection Regional Characteristics Country ing 17 Conclusion 19 Appendix: Evaluation Methodology 11

7 1.1 1 Theoretical Basis Two Replacements One Increase One Restore Index System Four challenges The economic and social growth of the mankind has excessively depended on fossil fuel energy since the industrial revolution, which concurrently brings severe challenges, such as resources constraints, environmental pollution, climate change and serious problem of population without access to electricity. In accordance with the present exploitation intensity, the worldwide explored reserves of coal, petroleum and natural gas can be exploited for only 153 years, 51 years and 53 years, respectively. About 6.5 million deaths worldwide are caused by air pollution chiefly resulting from the pollutants during energy consumption each year. Stricter measures must be adopted to control global greenhouse gas emission within 4 billion tons before 23 so as to realize the goal of the Paris Agreement. Despite great progress in global power penetration over the past 3 years, more than 1 billion people still have no access to electricity, which has become an important bottleneck for getting out of poverty. Energy system transition Replace fossil fuels with clean alternatives such as solar, wind and hydropower in energy production. Replace coal, oil and gas by clean electricity from afar in energy consumption to solve the problems of the over-reliance on fossil fuels and carbon emissions at the root. Increase electrification, thus enlarging the proportion of electricity in energy consumption and reducing the total energy consumption on the premise of ensuring energy demand. Restore fossil fuel s basic attribute as an industrial raw material to create even greater value in socioeconomic development. Substantive characteristics To cope with the four challenges during energy development, prompt actions must be taken to accelerate energy system transition. The Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) is a modern energy system strategically oriented to "two replacements, one increase and one restore", led by clean energy as the domination, electricity as the center, global interconnection, co-construction and sharing. In essence, it is a "smart power grid + ultra-high voltage grid + clean energy" complex. GEI reflects the dialectical unity of the theory and practice to facilitate the world energy system transition. Theoretically, GEI proactively advocates and promotes the global energy system to achieve clean, low-carbon, electrified and networked development. The process of building a global energy interconnection is actually to accelerate the process of implementing global energy system transition. In practice, the GEI is a vital platform for massive deployment, transportation and utilization of clean energy around the world. Due to the uneven distribution of global clean energy resources, we must take advantage of UHV and smart grid technologies to promote the formation of an overall global grid interconnection so as to achieve clean energy deployment and to expedite the transition and upgrading of energy system development in the processes of energy production, allocation and consumption worldwide in an all-round way. 6 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

8 1.2 Index Framework Power interconnection as the key technology Green & low-carbon development as the fundamental orientation Energy, economy, society and environment coordination as the essential objective Index Connotation Based on the concept of "Green, Win-Win, Collaborative, and Sustainable" and the theory of GEI, the Global Energy Interconnection Development Index () is proposed to reflect the development level of national and regional power system, energy system, and economy, society and environment coordination. as a comprehensive index provides an integrated system to demonstrate and analyze the development level and implementation effectiveness of world s energy system transition. The is composed of three subindexes, namely the Power Interconnection Index,the Green & Low-Carbon Index, and the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index, which embody the core essential and strategic value of the GEI in promoting the world's energy system transition. Clean energy such as wind, solar, and hydropower needs to be converted into electricity for efficient and convenient use, which determines that the energy system dominated by clean energy will be the power system in the future. Relying on UHV and smart grid technologies, accelerating power grid interconnection is a necessary requirement for flexible access to all types of centralized and distributed clean energy and for meeting the needs in terms of access and service for various types of electrical equipment. It is necessary for each country to advance the popularization of power, the construction of domestic power grids, and transnational power trade across continents step by step according to the different development stages of power system. Accelerating transition of global primary energy consumption from high-carbon to lowcarbon and from fossil fuel energy domination to clean electricity domination is a common choice that meets the law of energy system development and simultaneously meets the national sustainable development goals. The clean energy resources are extensively rich in the world. Promoting the development and utilization of major river basins for hydropower, wind energy in Arctic regions and solar energy in equatorial regions (Arctic and equatorial regions), developing centralized and distributed clean energy according to national conditions, and accelerating the formation of clean energy-led energy systems is the fundamental guarantee for achieving sustainable development of mankind. Building the GEI to realize energy system transition will promote world energy supply system into a new stage characterized by clean energy as the domination, electricity as the center, and global allocation. It will meet global electricity demand in a clean and green way, thus fundamentally addressing environmental pollution and climate change issues, and it plays an important role in sustainable development for the economy and world s peace and harmony. 1 Index System 7

9 Index System Access rate to electricity Electricity consumption per capita Rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption Power Interconnection Index (Electrification and interconnection) Power Interconnection Index () Green & Low- Carbon Index () Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index () Grid structure and development level Rate of smart meter utilization Based on the theory of GEI, the is composed of three subindexes evaluated by 18 quantitative indicators. Imports & exports of electricity Proportion of transnational transmission channel capacity Global Energy Interconnection Development Index () Green & Low-Carbon Index (Clean energy and clean replacement) Proportion of non-fossil fuel power generation Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita Proportion of nonfossil fuel energy consumption CO 2 emission per unit energy consumption Proportion of electric vehicle inventory The Global Energy Interconnection Development Index framework Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index (Energy, economy, society and environment coordination development) Proportion of commercial energy consumption Energy conversion efficiency GDP per capita GDP growth rate Air quality (PM2.5) Gini coefficient is a subindex that reflects the national and regional electricity popularity, grid structure and development level, the level of electrification, as well as the development level of transnational interconnection. According to these substantial fields, is divided into three major aspects: the popularization of electricity, the development of domestic power grids, and transnational interconnection. When evaluating popularization of electricity, access rate to electricity, electricity consumption per capita and rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption are selected as the indicators. In terms of development of power grids, grid structure and development level and rate of smart meter utilization are selected as the indicators. Imports and exports of electricity and proportion of transnational transmission channel capacity are chosen as the indicators to reflect the development level of transnational interconnection. is a subindex reflecting the regional and national development level of low carbonization and cleanliness of energy and power systems. It is used to evaluate the degree of clean energy exploitation and utilization in energy production and consumption process. In the energy production, proportion of non-fossil fuel power generation and non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita are selected as the indicators, while proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption, CO 2 emission per unit energy consumption and proportion of electric vehicle inventory are selected as the indicators in energy consumption process. is a subindex that reflects the security level supported by the energy and power systems for regional and national economic and social development, as well as the development level of coordinated economy, society and environment. The security level by energy system is evaluated by proportion of commercial energy consumption and energy conversion efficiency. Based on the review on international experience and consideration of actual national situation at different stages of development, GDP per capita, GDP growth rate, air quality (PM2.5), and Gini coefficient are selected as the indicators to reflect development level of economy, environment, and society, respectively. 8 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

10 1.3 Evaluation Principles Establishment of index system, process of indicator selection, data processing and calculation generally follow the rules of comprehensiveness, objectivity, adaptability and continuity. Comprehensiveness The indicator selection covers various aspects, including power system, energy system, economy, society and environment. The index system is systematic and has wide coverage, and comprehensively reflects the development level of each country. Three indicators in the energy sector, ten in the power sector, two in the economic sector, and three cross-domain indicators in the society and environment are determined to reflect the development of GEI. Adaptability With full respect of national conditions of each country and full consideration of the differences in the development stages, adaptability of assessment is taken into account. 14 proportional indicators and 4 quantitative indicators are determined in the index system. Objectivity In order to objectively reflect the actual developing situation of each country, based on quantitative statistical data, scientifical method is used for data processing and assessment techniques. Continuity The index system design focuses on continuously reflecting and tracking global power interconnection, green & low-carbon development trends and priorities. The evaluation results can guide the direction of development and provide reference for sustainable development in all countries. 1 Index System 9

11 1.4 Evaluation Process Building the index system Determination of weighting and index composite methods Statistical methods and multiple evaluation methods are comprehensively used for index system construction, index data processing, and weight matrix and index ranking calculations. National, regional, and subindex rankings and distribution are analyzed and displayed. Acquisition of indicator data Collect data from multiple channels and carry out data cleaning and verification to ensure data accuracy and integrity. Weights for the Power Interconnection Index + Example test Select 18 quantitative indicators from The analytic hierarchy process method The master-slave type multiplication operator method the Green & Low-Carbon Index evaluation are determined by the weight matrix power interconnection + green & low-carbon + energy, economy, society and environment coordination three dimensions to establish the index system. The logarithmic range method The interval membership method Index evaluation and calculation The Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Index is evaluated by the master-slave type multiplication operator. Select typical countries or regions for example test and further optimize the index system and weighting functions according to the results from the example test. Global Evaluation Data normalization Make actual calculations in worldwide 1 regions and 14 countries to acquire the evaluation results. 1 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

12 2.1 2 Regional ing Global ing Evaluation has been applied to calculate the and the three subindexes relating to power interconnection, green & low-carbon and energy, economy, society and environment coordination of the 1 regions and 14 countries in the world. ing Area According to the regional distribution of the, Europe, North America, East Asia and Oceania are at the advanced level, whose subindexes have no obvious short slabs. Russia and Central Asia, Central and South Africa are at the middle level, with Russia and Central Asia having better electricity interconnection while Central and South America growing better in green & low-carbon development. Southeast Asia, West Asia and North Africa, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are relatively backward, and they are highly dependent on fossil energy. The challenges and opportunities for energy system transition coexist. for the 1 regions Power Interconnection Index Green and Low- Carbon Index Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index 1 Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa World s average Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2 Global ing 11

13 Distribution of the 1 Regions for Europe North America CO No No Sub-Saharan Africa North America D No Central and South America No EI Canada, Mexico, USA (United States of America) West Asia and North Africa Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen Sub-Saharan Africa G Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Congo (Kinshasa), Cote d'lvoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe Central and South America Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela 12 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

14 Europe Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom Russia and Central Asia CO No East Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia No Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan East Asia D No Russia and Central Asia No China, DPRK (Democratic People's Republic of Kore), Japan, Mongolia, ROK (Republic of Korea) Southeast Asia G EI No This map is for illustrative purposes only and is not drawn to display scale. It does not reflect the position of the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization on the legal status of any country or territory or the demarcation of any boundaries (The same as follows). South Asia Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Oceania No Southeast Asia Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam Oceania Australia, New Zealand 2 Global ing 13

15 Power Interconnection Index ing Europe, East Asia and North America feature high Power Interconnection Index, with complete energy and electricity infrastructure, high degree of electrification and intelligence and obvious advantages of large-scale deployment of clean resources in the power grid. The Power Interconnection Index of Oceania, Russia and Central Asia, West Asia and North Africa, Central and South America are at a global average, characterizing by better grid structure and development degree. However, in some countries, the development of intelligent power system is slow, and transnational power trade is small. In Southeast Asia, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, due to the low level of development of energy and power, insufficient electricity consumption as well as less cross-border interconnection, the Power Interconnection Index is low Europe 63.6 North America 61.3 Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ing Europe, Oceania and North America have established relatively sound energy security system with high Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Indexes. Overall energy conversion efficiencies in Russia and Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central and South America are not high. Fossil energy in West Asia, North Africa, and South Asia poses serious air pollution. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio of fuelwood utilization is high, and energy supply and security capabilities are low Europe Europe 73.6 East Asia North Oceania Russia and West Asia Central Southeast America Central and North and South Asia Asia Africa America Oceania North America Russia and Central Asia South Asia 47.7 East Asia West Asia and North Africa Southeast Asia 55. South Asia Green & Low-Carbon Index ing Europe, North America and Oceania feature high Green & Low-Carbon Index. They attach importance to the development and utilization of renewable energy such as wind, solar, hydropower, and nuclear energy. And energy is gradually transformed into low carbon. As for Central and South America, East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Green & Low-Carbon Index is slightly higher than the global average, and there are significant differences in the development model and utilization level of inter-regional clean energy. In Russia and Central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia and North Africa, the energy supply is dominated by fossil energy, proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption is not high, and the pressure for clean and low carbon transition is high Central and South America West Asia and North Africa South Asia 33.7 Sub- Saharan Africa Oceania Central East Asia Sub- Russia and Southeast and South America Saharan Africa Central Asia Asia 3.3 Sub- Saharan Africa 14 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

16 2.2 Regional Evaluation The grid structure and development level are relatively good. The Power Interconnection Index ranks first and is significantly higher than the global average. Renewable energy accounts for a relatively high proportion, ranking first in the Green & Low-Carbon Index, significantly higher than the global average. The energy security system is established, with the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranking first, higher than the global average. Europe Europe features high degree of economic integration, sound energy and electricity infrastructure, fundamental establishment of the synchronous power grid interconnection pattern and high proportion of clean energy. In recent years, it has vigorously promoted such policy measures as energy system transition, green & low-carbon development, integrated market and energy-saving and efficiency enhancement, with ranking first in terms of. The rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption is high and tends to be stable, with electricity consumption per capita exceeding 5,4kWh. Except for Iceland and Cyprus, European countries have formed five synchronous power grids in the continent of Europe, North Europe, Baltic Sea, Britain and Ireland, coordinated operation through the DC transmission line. The area features a complete power market mechanism, a high proportion of imports and exports of electricity and a high proportion of transnational transmission channel capacity. Renewable energy consumption accounts for 14.7% of total primary energy consumption, which is 4.7 percentage higher than the global average. The installed capacity of renewable energy accounts for approximately 42%. European countries have always attached importance to low-carbon development. It has started early and achieved remarkable results in addressing climate change and energy conservation and emission reduction. According to the 25 Energy Roadmap, the EU will achieve the goal of carbon reduction of 8%-95% by 25, and the proportion of clean energy will exceed 8%. The proportion of commercial energy consumption is high, energy efficiency technology is advanced, air quality is good, GDP per capita is high, and the guarantee effect of energy power on the economic and social environment is fully reflected. Europe has a large energy consumption demand, but it has limited clean energy resources and high development costs. In the future, it is necessary to further develop the power interconnection platform, promote clean energy development in the surrounding areas, and pay attention to intra-continental development and transcontinental deployment Distribution of in European countries 2 Global ing 15

17 Regional and global rankings in European countries Reginal ing Country Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 Norway 1 23 Romania 27 2 Sweden 2 24 Latvia 29 3 Finland 3 25 Montenegro 3 4 Austria 4 26 Malta 32 5 Switzerland 5 27 Georgia 37 6 Denmark 7 28 Lithuania 38 7 France 8 29 Turkey 4 8 Luxembourg 9 3 Poland 41 9 Iceland 1 31 Albania 43 1 Slovenia Estonia Germany Greece Belgium Bulgaria Spain Armenia 5 14 Slovakia Belarus Italy Bosnia and Herzegovina 16 Netherlands Ukraine Hungary Serbia United Kingdom 19 4 Macedonia Croatia 2 41 Cyprus 78 2 Portugal Moldova Czech Ireland Azerbaijan Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

18 North America North America has a developed economy. Coal, oil, natural gas and clean energy resources are all relatively abundant. It has complete energy and power infrastructure, and a high level of regional grid interconnection, in which clean energy has been developed very earlier, with ranking second The overall development level of power grid is high, and the Power Interconnection Index ranks third, significantly higher than the global average. The energy system transition takes place earlier and the Green & Low-Carbon Index ranks second, significantly higher than the global average. The energy utilization efficiency is high, and Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks third, higher than the global average Distribution and regional rankings of in North American countries Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 Canada 6 2 USA 23 3 Mexico 74 North America is the main region of global energy consumption. The rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption and the access rate to electricity are higher. The electricity consumption per capita in Canada and the USA are 5. times and 4.2 times the global average respectively. The grid has a good foundation for development, a strong interconnection shelf, and a high degree of intelligence. The USA, as the main power receiving centre, has multiple interconnection lines with Canada and Mexico. Transnational power trading is active, and power import and export transactions are relatively large. North America has abundant clean energy resources, strong technological innovation capability, and a high degree of development. The proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption in Canada accounts for 78% of the total. In 215, wind and solar power generation in the USA increased by 3 times and 4 times respectively compared to 28. The rapid development of electric vehicles has ranked the top in the world for many consecutive years. North America has strong energy and power security capability. In recent years, the development of clean energy drives employment and economic growth, which has a positive effect on the coordinated development of economy, society and environment. The GDP per capita of the countries in the region is relatively high and the economic growth is relatively stable. By protecting the environment through legislation, the air quality is good. 2 Global ing 17

19 East Asia The economy of East Asia is full of vitality. The infrastructure is relatively complete. Energy and power consumption is growing rapidly, and the proportion of installed capacity of clean energy power generation continues to increase. The of East Asia ranks third. The grid structure is well developed, and the Power Interconnection Index ranks second, higher than the global average. Non-fossil fuel energy develops rapidly, and the Green & Low- Carbon Index ranks fifth, slightly higher than the global average. There are large differences in energy development, with the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranking fifth, slightly higher than the global average. Distribution and regional rankings of in East Asia Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 China 21 China, Japan and ROK have realized full coverage of electricity and high proportion of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption and electricity consumption per capita. The rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption in Japan has reached 28%. The electricity consumption per capita in ROK has exceeded 1,kWh. Smart grid construction is robust. Especially, China is accelerating the establishment of the world s leading UHV backbone grid to achieve a wide range of optimal configuration of power energy. The level of interconnection of multinational power grids is relatively low, and the scale of power trading is small. There is no transnational interconnected power grid other than China. China's wind, solar power installed capacity and generation are among the highest in the world. ROK's non-fossil fuel energy consumption and non-fossil fuel power generation respectively account for more than 18% and 32%. Japan's per capita non-fossil fuel energy installed capacity exceeds.8kw. Due to huge energy consumption and robust power demand, green & low-carbon development has a long way to go and has great potential for future development. Different countries have different stages of economic development, and there is a great difference in the ability of energy to guarantee the development of the economy, society and environment. The rapid economic increases of Japan and ROK started earlier, and the energy and power infrastructure is better, which ensures the coordinated development of the economy, society and environment. In these countries, GDP per capita is high and the environment quality is good. The developing countries such as China started their economic development later, but the growth rate is very fast. The rapid increase in the level of development has promoted economic and social development, but the coordinated development of energy and environment still faces great challenges Japan 28 3 ROK 39 4 Mongolia 12 5 DPRK Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

20 Oceania Oceania is sparsely populated with abundant energy resources, developed economy, complete energy and power infrastructure, high level of power consumption, and good environmental quality. The ranks fourth. The degree of electrification is high, and the Power Interconnection Index ranks fourth, higher than the global average. The proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption is high. The Green & Low-Carbon Index ranks third, higher than the global average. Development of energy system is characterized by low-carbon and high-efficiency. The Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks second, significantly higher than the global average. Australia and New Zealand have realized full coverage of grid, featuring high proportions of power energy in total final energy. The electricity consumption per capita exceeds more than 9,kWh. The domestic power grid interconnection is relatively well developed. However, due to geographical constraints, the interconnection between national grids has not yet been achieved, and the transnational energy allocation capacity is not strong. The countries in Oceania have a good foundation for green & low-carbon energy development. The proportion of non-fossil fuel power generation of New Zealand has reached 8% and the proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption, chiefly hydropower, subterranean heat and wind power, has exceeded 4%. Australia is rich in clean energy resources, and clean energy is developing rapidly. Non-fossil fuel energy power generation capacity in Australia has exceeded 17 million kw, with a large potential for green and low-carbon energy development. Proportion of commercial energy consumption is high in Oceania. Energy utilization technologies are advanced. Economic development is well balanced with higher GDP per capita, higher economic growth, and well social stability. At the same time, countries in the region focus on environmental protection. The ability to support the coordinated development of the energy, economy, society and environment is strong Distribution and regional rankings of in Oceania Reginal ing 1 Country New Zealand Global ing 25 2 Australia Global ing 19

21 Russia and Central Asia Russia and Central Asian countries have abundant energy resources with varieties and large reserves. They are important oil and gas supply regions in the world. However, the clean energy development is relatively backward. The ranks fifth. Distribution and regional rankings of in Russia and Central Asia Reginal ing Country The power grid has a good foundation. The Power Interconnection Index ranks fifth, slightly higher than the global average. Non-fossil fuel energy is underutilized and the Green & Low-Carbon Index ranks seventh, lower than the global average. The growth rate of energy consumption is slow, and the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks fourth, slightly higher than the global average. Global ing 1 Russia 34 2 Tajikistan 42 3 Kyrgyzstan 45 4 Uzbekistan 59 5 Kazakhstan 6 6 Turkmenistan The Access rate to electricity of the countries in the region is high. But the rates of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption in most countries are lower than 15% and their electricity consumption per capita is no more than 5,5kWh. All the countries feature relatively slow smart grid construction. Based on the previous regional power market development, Russia and the Central Asian countries have realized initial interconnection of the backbone grid. All countries in this area have made power transactions at a certain scale. Most of the countries in the region have abundant clean energy resources and have basic conditions for building large-scale wind power, hydropower, and photovoltaic bases. However, the level of development and utilization needs to be improved. Most countries have great dependence on fossil fuels. Non-fossil fuel energy consumption accounts for a lower proportion of 1%. Non-fossil fuel energy generation per capita is below.5kw. The energy consumption of various countries accounts for a relatively high proportion. The level of energy efficiency and overall energy security capability are ordinary. Despite the relatively high GDP growth in recent years, GDP per capita is low and the gap between rich and poor is relatively large Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

22 Central and South America Regional economic development in Central and South America fluctuates greatly. The energy and power infrastructure is ordinary. Fossil fuel energy and renewable resources are abundant. There are great potentials in clean energy development and ecological environment development. The ranks sixth Central and South America has a low electrification level and the Power Interconnection Index is slightly lower than the world s average. The Power Interconnection Index ranks seventh. The grid in the region has not yet achieved full coverage. The rate of electricity consumption in terminal energy consumption and the electricity consumption per capita are relatively low, and drastically different in different countries. For instance, electricity consumption per capita is more than 3,kWh in Chile, Surinam and Uruguay, while only 719kWh in Bolivia. Cross-border power grids are generally weak. Cross-border power exchange is concentrated on hydropower exported to Brazil and Argentina from Paraguay. Most of grid interconnection channels in other countries are used only for power supply in the border areas, seasonal power exchange, or emergency power support Distribution and regional rankings of in Central and South America Reginal ing Country Central and South America boasts a higher proportion of hydropower installation. The Green & Low-Carbon Index is slightly higher than the world s average and ranks fourth. The production of fossil fuel energy in Central and South America is dominated by oil and natural gas, and the proportion of coal is low. The proportion of nonfossil fuel energy consumption and power generation are relatively high, and clean energy is well developed and utilized. Brazil's clean energy power generation accounts for nearly 8%, but the development of non-hydro renewable energy such as solar and wind energy has just started. Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 Brazil Honduras 77 2 Paraguay Venezuela 8 3 Uruguay Nicaragua 85 4 Costa Rica Cuba 98 5 Argentina Dominican Republic 14 6 Panama Suriname 15 7 Chile Bolivia 19 8 Colombia 66 2 Jamaica Ecuador Trinidad and Tobago 1 Peru 7 22 Curacao Guatemala El Salvador Haiti 138 The foundation of energy and electricity development in Central and South America is not solid, and its Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks seventh, which is slightly lower than the world s average. Due to a high proportion of hydropower, the power supply in this area is significantly influenced by seasonal changes and the energy security capacity is ordinary. Most countries feature slow economic growth, low GDP per capita, relatively high Gini coefficients, ordinary air quality and great potentials for improvement in development of energy, economy, society and environment coordination. 2 Global ing 21

23 Southeast Asia The overall level of economic development in Southeast Asia region is low, but the growth rate is high. Regional economic cooperation is tight, and the degree of integration is relatively high. The energy and power infrastructure is lagging. The level of cross-border interconnection is low, and the development of clean energy is slow. The ranks seventh The power grid in Southeast Asia features an ordinary development level, with the Power Interconnection Index ranking eighth, manifestly lower than the world s average. 5.8 The electricity consumption per capita and rate of electricity consumption in terminal energy consumption in Southeast Asia are rather low. Electricity is not available to a large population and smart power grid undergoes slow. The backbone grids of all countries urgently need to be enhanced. Now weak interconnection covering most of the countries in this area has been established, but the integrated regional power market mechanism has not been formed The development of clean energy has not been fully valued, and the Green & Low- Carbon Index ranks eighth, which is obviously lower than the global average Some countries in Southeast Asia are sensitive to energy prices. To meet the rapidly growing demand for energy and power, a large amount of fossil fuel energy is still being used to generate electricity. Non-fossil fuel energy sources have less installed capacity and generate less electricity. In order to avoid re-entrant detours after pollution first, it is necessary to accelerate the development and utilization of clean energy and achieve leapfrog development. Distribution and regional rankings of in Southeast Asia Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 Singapore 47 2 Vietnam 58 3 Thailand 65 4 Malaysia 67 5 Indonesia 79 6 Laos 82 7 Philippines 97 8 Cambodia 99 9 Myanmar 1 1 Brunei 119 The efficiency of energy conversion and utilization is generally low in this region. The Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks sixth, lower than the global average. Some countries in Southeast Asia have a lower share of energy consumption and energy conversion efficiency. They have a higher proportion of fossil fuels and depend on imports. Their energy security capabilities are not strong. The gap between the rich and the poor is relatively large, and the air quality is relatively poor. Coordination and development efforts should be strengthened. 22 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

24 West Asia and North Africa West Asia and North Africa stretch across Asian and African continents and are important oil and natural gas energy production areas featuring drastic differences in economic growth level. Some countries have relatively complete energy and electricity infrastructure and the level of clean energy development in this region is relatively low. The ranks eighth in the region. Reginal ing Country Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 Israel 49 8 Jordan Libya Morocco 63 9 Qatar Syria Saudi Arabia 68 1 Lebanon Iraq United Arab Emirates Algeria Oman Iran Bahrain Yemen Egypt Sudan Tunisia Kuwait Distribution and regional rankings of in West Asia and North Africa The development of the power grid has a certain basis, and the Power Interconnection Index ranks sixth, at a global average level. The level of electrification differs greatly among countries. Except for Yemen and Sudan, where the access rate to electricity is high, the average electricity consumption per capita in Bahrain is 6.6 times the global average. Yemen is only 1/2 of the global average level. Now the interconnected power systems in the six Gulf countries and in the northern part of Middle East have been formed. The 5kV AC transmission line of North Africa and West Asia crossing the Sinai has realized synchronous power grid interconnection. But this area lacks regional power market mechanism and has a small volume of transnational power transaction. West Asia and North Africa has a low proportion of clean energy, with the Green & Low-Carbon Index much lower than the world s average, ranking tenth. Almost of all the primary energy consumed in oil producers such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar are petroleum and natural gas. They abound with clean energy resources such as solar energy. However, their clean energy development degree is rather low, and the installed non-fossil fuel energy generation capacity and electric energy production are limited. Efforts should be made to fully utilize the existing power interconnection facilities, promote clean energy development, optimize energy allocation and realize green and low carbon energy transition. West Asia and North Africa has launched insufficient environmental protection. The Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index is lower than the world s average, ranking eighth. Although some countries in West Asia and North Africa have high GDP per capita, their overall energy conversion and energy conversion efficiency are quite low, and its Gini coefficient is large. Besides, extensive use of the fossil fuel energy makes the air quality worse Global ing 23

25 South Asia This area features a large and dense population. The level of economic development is ordinary, but the momentum of development is good. The infrastructure of energy and power is weak. This area has insufficient oil and natural gas resources, high proportion of coal in primary energy consumption, more priorities to clean energy and great potentials for GEI development. The ranks ninth The grid structure in South Asia is less complete, with the Power Interconnection Index lower than the world's average, ranking ninth. Fossil fuel energy consumption plays a dominating role in South Asia. The Green & Low-Carbon Index rank ninth, lower than the world s average. South Asia adopts the extensive energy development pattern and its Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index is tremendously lower than the world s average, ranking ninth Distribution and regional rankings of in South Asia Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 India 76 2 Pakistan 89 3 Nepal 9 4 Sri Lanka 91 5 Bangladesh 12 The electricity in this area is quite insufficient. The power consumption stays at a low level. The electricity consumption per capita is less than 1/4 of the world s average and the population without access to electricity accounts for about 35% of the world. The energy and electricity infrastructure maintains at a low level concurrently with low reliability and security condition. The penetration rate of intelligent technologies such as smart meters needs to be increased. The volume of electricity of imports and exports with neighboring countries is low. The energy consumption in this area highly depends on fossil fuels. The utilization degree of renewable resources such as hydropower is rather low. In recent years, governments have continuously invested in clean energy development. Fast development of wind power and solar power generation in some countries such as India can be seen. It has greater potentials for improvement in the green and low-carbon development in the future. This area features a low proportion of commercial energy consumption, moderate energy conversion efficiency, drastic gap of social wealth, worse air quality and weak energy security capabilities in most of countries. 24 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

26 Sub- Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa features a weak infrastructure of energy and power. The Power Interconnection Index ranks tenth, significantly lower than the global average. Sub-Saharan Africa still uses lots of low-level biomass energy and its Green & Low- Carbon Index is slightly higher than the world s average, ranking sixth. Sub-Saharan Africa has weak energy security capabilities, ranking tenth in the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index, significantly lower than the global average Sub-Saharan Africa covers many countries, most of which are the world s least developed countries. The total amount of energy production and consumption is limited, and many regions have not yet been electrified. Nevertheless, it enjoys a promising trend of economic growth. It is anticipated that the demand for energy and power will be large and GEI development urgently needs to be enhanced. The ranks tenth Reginal ing Distribution and regional rankings of in Sub-Saharan Africa Country Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 South Africa Togo Namibia Botswana Ghana Congo Gabon Senegal Zambia Angola Zimbabwe Tanzania Mozambique Benin Cameroon 96 2 Congo (Kinshasa) 9 Nigeria Eritrea Cote d'lvoire Niger Ethiopia South Sudan Kenya 111 The rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa is not high, with more than half of global population without access to electricity living there. The annual electricity consumption per capita in the area is 53kWh, and only that of South Africa is higher than the world s average. The power interconnection level in this area is relatively low and there are few power transactions in this area. In the region, there are abundant clean energy resources such as solar power and hydropower, but there is a lack of investment and technology. The development and utilization of clean energy is relatively low. There are a few non-fossil fuel energy power generation installations. There are great potentials for large-scale development and utilization of clean energy in the future. Sub-Saharan Africa has a low share of commercial energy consumption and has not yet established an energy security system. GDP per capita of most countries is low and less than USD 2,. The gap between rich and poor is large, and the coordination of energy, economy, society and environment is weak Global ing 25

27 2.3 Country ing Global Distribution Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

28 2 Global ing 27

29 Country ing ing Country ing Country ing Country 1 Norway China Poland Sweden Portugal Tajikistan Finland USA Albania Austria Czech Estonia Switzerland New Zealand Kyrgyzstan Canada Ireland Greece Denmark Romania Singapore France Japan Bulgaria Luxembourg Latvia Israel Iceland Montenegro Armenia Slovenia Brazil Costa Rica Germany Malta Belarus Belgium Paraguay Bosnia and Herzegovina 14 Spain Russia Argentina Slovakia Australia Ukraine Italy Uruguay Panama Netherlands Georgia Serbia Hungary Lithuania Vietnam United Kingdom ROK Uzbekistan Croatia Turkey Kazakhstan 52.5 ed by scores, only one digit after the decimal point is remained First echelon Second echelon Third echelon 28 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

30 ing Country ing Country ing Country ing Country 61 Chile Egypt Nigeria Sudan Macedonia Laos Mongolia DPRK Morocco Namibia Azerbaijan Congo South Africa Ghana Dominican Republic Senegal Thailand Nicaragua Suriname Angola Colombia Gabon Turkmenistan Kuwait Malaysia Tunisia Cote d lvoire Libya Saudi Arabia Zambia Ethiopia Syria Ecuador Pakistan Bolivia Tanzania Peru Nepal Qatar Trinidad and Tobago 71 Guatemala Sri Lanka Kenya Iraq United Arab Emirates Zimbabwe Togo Oman Iran Moldova Botswana Benin Mexico Jordan Lebanon Congo (Kinshasa) 75 El Salvador Mozambique Algeria Eritrea India Cameroon Jamaica Niger Honduras Philippines Bahrain Curacao Cyprus Cuba Mauritius Haiti Indonesia Cambodia Brunei Yemen Venezuela Myanmar Bangladesh South Sudan Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2 Global ing 29

31 Country ing (Top 4) Norway Sweden Finland Austria Switzerland Canada Denmark France Luxembourg Iceland Slovenia Germany Belgium Spain Slovakia Italy Netherlands Hungary United Kingdom Croatia China Portugal USA Czech New Zealand Ireland Romania Japan Latvia Montenegro Brazil Malta Paraguay Russia Australia Uruguay Georgia Lithuania ROK Turkey Power Interconnection Index Green & Low- Carbon Index Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index 3 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

32 Country ing for the Power Interconnection Index (Top 4) The top 4 countries in the Power Interconnection Index are mainly European countries, accounting for 77% of the total, featuring high electrification rates, more mature power grid development and massive transnational electricity transactions. Some countries in West Asia and North Africa boast a good foundation of power grids. East Asia plays a world leading role in the development of ultra-high voltage technology and backbone grid. ing Country Top 4 countries for the Power Interconnection Index Power Interconnection Index ing Country Power Interconnection Index 1 Luxembourg United Kingdom Norway Poland China Romania Austria Israel Sweden Belgium Netherlands Singapore Italy Portugal Czech Russia Denmark Malta Finland Bosnia and Herzegovina 11 Canada Saudi Arabia France Estonia Germany Montenegro Hungary Ireland Switzerland South Africa Spain Iceland Slovenia Turkey Slovakia Greece Croatia Bulgaria USA Japan Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2 Global ing 31

33 Country ing for the Green & Low-Carbon Index (Top 4) Among the top 4 countries in terms of the Green & Low-Carbon Index, those in North America, North Europe and Oceania boast a relatively cleaner energy structure. Carbon emissions of most these countries have reached the peak. They actively promote clean and low-carbon transition in the energy sector. Some countries in Central and South America, Russia and Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are characterized by abundant clean energy, higher proportion of hydropower, lower energy consumption per capita, and low carbon emissions. ing Country Top 4 countries for the Green & Low-Carbon Index Green & Low-Carbon Index ing Country Green & Low-Carbon Index 1 Iceland Brazil Sweden Spain Norway United Kingdom France Portugal Switzerland Congo Finland Costa Rica Austria Nepal Canada Congo(Kinshasa) Paraguay Gabon Denmark Kenya New Zealand Tajikistan Belgium USA Zambia Croatia Slovakia Albania Slovenia Italy Ethiopia Guatemala Georgia Cameroon Mozambique Hungary Germany Togo Uruguay Latvia 58.3 Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 32 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

34 Country ing for the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index (Top 4) The top 4 countries for the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index are mainly in the developed countries distributed in Europe, Oceania and North America, accounting for 77% of the total, featuring complete energy security capabilities with higher energy efficiency and higher economy, society and environment development level than the world s average. ing Top 4 countries for the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index Country Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ing Country Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index 1 Luxembourg Lithuania Ireland Panama Finland Italy Denmark Kazakhstan Malta Kyrgyzstan Netherlands Spain Canada Uruguay Austria Cyprus Belgium United Kingdom Slovenia Singapore Norway Albania New Zealand USA Germany Georgia Switzerland Sweden Latvia Poland Croatia Japan Portugal Slovakia Hungary Greece Romania Czech Australia Belarus 53. Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2 Global ing 33

35 Index of Countries Albania Algeria Albania subindexes score Albania ranking 4 2 Algeria subindexes score Land area (km 2 ) 28,7 Population (millions) 2.9 GDP (billion USD) 11.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6. CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.8 distribution 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 53.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 73.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 63.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Land area (km 2 ) 2,38, Population (millions) 39.7 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 57.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) 13.4 distribution 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level Electricity consumption per capita 48.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Algeria ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 11.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

36 Angola distribution Argentina Angola subindexes score Angola ranking Argentina subindexes score Land area (km 2 ) 1,246, Population (millions) 25. GDP (billion USD) 13. Energy production (Mtoe) 99.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 2.4 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2,78, Population (millions) 43.4 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 73.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 58.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Access rate to electricity 28.8 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 27.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 81.3 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 23.6 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 49.7 Argentina ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 35

37 Armenia Australia Australia subindexes score Armenia subindexes score Armenia ranking Australia ranking distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 29, Population (millions) 3. GDP (billion USD) 1.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 51.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 74.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 6.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 96.2 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 7,692, Population (millions) 24.1 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 38.9 Access rate to electricity 1 Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 75.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 5. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 64.6 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

38 Austria Austria subindexes score Austria ranking Azerbaijan Azerbaijan subindexes score 14 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 83, Population (millions) 8.6 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 12. Electricity consumption (TWh) 72. CO 2 emission (Mt) 62.1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 73.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 71.5 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 8.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 86,6 Population (millions) 9.7 GDP (billion USD) 5.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 58.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 21.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 54.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 39.9 Azerbaijan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 37

39 Bahrain distribution Land area (km 2 ) Population (millions) Bahrain subindexes score Bahrain ranking Bangladesh GDP (billion USD) 31.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 22.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 27.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 85.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 5.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. distribution Land area (km 2 ) 147, Population (millions) 161. GDP (billion USD) 26.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 31.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 52.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) Bangladesh subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 82.7 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 26.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.5 Bangladesh ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

40 Belarus distribution Belarus subindexes score Belgium Belarus ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 27, Population (millions) 9.5 GDP (billion USD) 56.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 33.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 6.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 38.6 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 21.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 34, Population (millions) 11.2 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 1.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 87.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) Belgium subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 72.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 7.5 Belgium ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 39

41 Benin distribution Bolivia Benin subindexes score Benin ranking Land area (km 2 ) 112,6 Population (millions) 1.9 GDP (billion USD) 8.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 32.5 Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita 1.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 84.2 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 72.4 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,98, Population (millions) 1.7 GDP (billion USD) 33.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 21. Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Bolivia subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 93.4 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 38.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3. Bolivia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

42 Bosnia and Herzegovina distribution Bosnia and Herzegovina subindexes score Bosnia and Herzegovina ranking Botswana 14 Land area (km 2 ) 51,2 Population (millions) 3.8 GDP (billion USD) 16.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 6.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 12.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 59.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 66.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 57.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 581, Population (millions) 2.3 GDP (billion USD) 14.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) Botswana subindexes score Access rate to electricity 63.6 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.9 Botswana ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 41

43 Brazil distribution Land area (km 2 ) 8,514, 4 Population (millions) 27.9 Brazil subindexes score Brunei Brazil ranking 4 2 Brunei subindexes score GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 523. CO 2 emission (Mt) 45.8 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 55.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 76.9 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 61.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 87.8 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 5,7 Population (millions).4 GDP (billion USD) 12.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 16.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 74.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.4 Brunei ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

44 Bulgaria distribution Bulgaria subindexes score Cambodia Bulgaria ranking Cambodia subindexes score Cambodia ranking Land area (km 2 ) 111, Population (millions) 7.2 GDP (billion USD) 5.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 12.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 34.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 43.8 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 65.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 72. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 66.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 95.1 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 181, Population (millions) 15.6 GDP (billion USD) 18.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 4.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 63.6 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 26.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 85.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 29.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 43

45 Cameroon distribution Land area (km 2 ) 475, 4 Population (millions) 23.3 Cameroon subindexes score Canada Cameroon ranking Canada subindexes score GDP (billion USD) 28.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 6. Access rate to electricity 64.7 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 23. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 87.4 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 21.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 52.7 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 9,98, Population (millions) 35.8 GDP (billion USD) 1,552.8 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 81.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 85.8 Canada ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

46 Chile distribution Chile subindexes score China Chile ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 756, Population (millions) 18.1 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 12.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 71.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 62.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 68.2 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 6.6 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 9,6, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 11,751.4 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) China subindexes score 21 3 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 95. Electricity consumption per capita 62.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 56.2 China ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 45

47 Colombia distribution Colombia subindexes score Congo 25 Colombia ranking Land area (km 2 ) 1,141, Population (millions) 48.2 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 59.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 98.7 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 45.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 64.9 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 48.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 95.2 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 342, Population (millions) 4.6 GDP (billion USD) 8.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 15.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1. CO 2 emission (Mt) Congo subindexes score Congo ranking Access rate to electricity 47.1 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 2.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 84.4 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 61. Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

48 Congo(Kinshasa) distribution Congo(Kinshasa) subindexes score Congo(Kinshasa) ranking Costa Rica 14 Land area (km 2 ) 2,344, Population (millions) 77.3 GDP (billion USD) 38.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 29.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 9. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 94. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 51, Population (millions) 4.8 GDP (billion USD) 55.5 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 9.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) Costa Rica subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 24. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 61.5 Costa Rica ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 47

49 Cote d'ivoire distribution Land area (km 2 ) 322, 4 Population (millions) 22.7 Cote d'ivoire subindexes score Croatia Cote d'ivoire ranking GDP (billion USD) 32.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 12.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 9.7 Access rate to electricity 69.9 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 24.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 88.3 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 19.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 61.3 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 56, Population (millions) 4.2 GDP (billion USD) 48.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 4.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Croatia subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 62.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.6 Croatia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

50 Cuba distribution Cuba subindexes score Curacao Cuba ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 19, Population (millions) 11.4 GDP (billion USD) 87.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 5.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 17.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 48.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 55.7 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 4 Population (millions).2 GDP (billion USD) 1.9 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh).7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Curacao subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita 64.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 53. Curacao ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. 2 Global ing 49

51 Cyprus distribution Land area (km 2 ) 9, 4 Population (millions).9 Cyprus subindexes score Czech Cyprus ranking GDP (billion USD) 19.6 Energy production (Mtoe).1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 4.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 5.9 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 66. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 44.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 46.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 98.6 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 78, Population (millions) 1.5 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 29.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 67.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Czech subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 69.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 66. Czech ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

52 Denmark distribution Denmark subindexes score Denmark ranking 14 Dominican Republic Land area (km 2 ) 43, Population (millions) 5.7 GDP (billion USD) 31.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 15.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 33. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 67.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 71.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 72.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 48, Population (millions) 1.5 GDP (billion USD) 68.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 1. Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Dominican Republic subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.3 Dominican Republic ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 51

53 DPRK distribution Land area (km 2 ) 123, 4 Population (millions) DPRK subindexes score Ecuador DPRK ranking 2 14 GDP (billion USD) 16.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 18.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 11.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) 22.5 Access rate to electricity 28.8 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 31.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 66.9 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 47.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 94.4 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 256, Population (millions) 16.1 GDP (billion USD) 1.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 23. CO 2 emission (Mt) Ecuador subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 99.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 47.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 5.6 Ecuador ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

54 Egypt distribution Egypt subindexes score Egypt ranking El Salvador 14 Land area (km 2 ) 1,1, Population (millions) 91.5 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 69.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 5.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 32.3 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 24.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 21, Population (millions) 6.1 GDP (billion USD) 26.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) El Salvador subindexes score Access rate to electricity 96.8 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 44.3 El Salvador ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 53

55 Eritrea distribution Estonia 32 Eritrea subindexes score Eritrea ranking Land area (km 2 ) 124, Population (millions) 5.3 GDP (billion USD) 4.7 Energy production (Mtoe).7 Electricity consumption (TWh).4 CO 2 emission (Mt).6 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita 4.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 89.3 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 18.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 45, Population (millions) 1.3 GDP (billion USD) 22.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 5.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.8 Estonia subindexes score CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 69.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 55.2 Estonia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

56 Ethiopia distribution Ethiopia subindexes score Finland Ethiopia ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 1,13,6 Population (millions) 99.4 GDP (billion USD) 64.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 46.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 18.3 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 7.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 93.3 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 24.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 338, Population (millions) 5.5 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 17.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 82.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) Finland subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 81.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 77.6 Finland ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 55

57 France distribution Gabon Land area (km 2 ) 55, 4 Population (millions) France subindexes score France ranking 4 2 Gabon subindexes score GDP (billion USD) 2,434.8 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 29.5 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 7.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 82.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 76.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 96.8 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 268, Population (millions) 1.7 GDP (billion USD) 14.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 15.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 2. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 92.7 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 44.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 44.9 Gabon ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

58 Georgia distribution Georgia subindexes score Germany Georgia ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 69, Population (millions) 3.7 GDP (billion USD) 14. Energy production (Mtoe) 1.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 57.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 66.6 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 65.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 357, Population (millions) 81.7 GDP (billion USD) 3,377.3 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 573. CO 2 emission (Mt) Germany subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1 Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 7.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 74.2 Germany ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 57

59 Ghana distribution Ghana subindexes score Greece Ghana ranking Greece subindexes score Greece ranking Land area (km 2 ) 238, Population (millions) 27.4 GDP (billion USD) 36.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 84.4 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 26.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 77.4 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 83.2 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 131, Population (millions) 1.9 GDP (billion USD) 195. Energy production (Mtoe) 8.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 56.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 66.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 53.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 65.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

60 Guatemala distribution Guatemala subindexes score 36 Haiti Guatemala ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 18, Population (millions) 16.3 GDP (billion USD) 63.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 8.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 9.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 89.8 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 35.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 85.3 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 42.6 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 27, Population (millions) 1.7 GDP (billion USD) 8.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.3 Electricity consumption (TWh).4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Haiti subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita. 13 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 6.2 Haiti ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 59

61 Honduras distribution Land area (km 2 ) 112, 4 Population (millions) 8.1 Honduras subindexes score Hungary 18 Honduras ranking GDP (billion USD) 2.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 9.2 Access rate to electricity 92.7 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 42.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 79.5 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 44. Proportion of commercial energy consumption 76.2 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 93, Population (millions) 9.8 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 11.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 4.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Hungary subindexes score 14 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 51.9 Hungary ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

62 Iceland distribution Iceland subindexes score India Iceland ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 13, Population (millions).3 GDP (billion USD) 16.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 4.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 18.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 1. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 92.2 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1. Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2,98, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 2,89.9 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) India subindexes score Access rate to electricity 85.2 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption India ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 61

63 Indonesia distribution Iran Land area (km 2 ) 1,94, 4 Population (millions) Indonesia subindexes score Indonesia ranking GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 98.1 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 4. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 72.6 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 22.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 84.2 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,645, Population (millions) 79.1 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Iran subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 99.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 58.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 41. Iran ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

64 Iraq distribution Iraq subindexes score Ireland Iraq ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 438, Population (millions) 36.4 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 44.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 99.4 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 45.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 9.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3. Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 7, Population (millions) 4.6 GDP (billion USD) 29.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 27. CO 2 emission (Mt) Ireland subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Ireland ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 64.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 63

65 Israel distribution 24 Italy Israel subindexes score Israel ranking Italy subindexes score 14 Land area (km 2 ) 25, Population (millions) 8.4 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 7.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 56.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 7. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 23.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 36.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. distribution Land area (km 2 ) 31, Population (millions) 6.7 GDP (billion USD) 1,825.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 36.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 39.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 66. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 66.4 Italy ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

66 Jamaica distribution Jamaica subindexes score Japan Jamaica ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 11, Population (millions) 2.8 GDP (billion USD) 14.2 Energy production (Mtoe).5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 43.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 61. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 378, Population (millions) 127. GDP (billion USD) 4,379.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Japan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 72.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 67.1 Japan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 65

67 Jordan distribution Jordan subindexes score Jordan ranking Kazakhstan Kazakhstan subindexes score Kazakhstan ranking Land area (km 2 ) 89, Population (millions) 7.6 GDP (billion USD) 37.6 Energy production (Mtoe).3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 17.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 54.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 23.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 2,724, Population (millions) 17.5 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 11.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 67.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 15.6 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 42.6 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

68 Kenya distribution Kenya subindexes score Kuwait Kenya ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 582, Population (millions) 46.1 GDP (billion USD) 64. Energy production (Mtoe) 2.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 36.1 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 17.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 9.4 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 25.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 17, Population (millions) 3.9 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 58.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Kuwait subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Kuwait ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. 2 Global ing 67

69 Kyrgyzstan distribution Laos 67 Kyrgyzstan subindexes score Kyrgyzstan ranking Land area (km 2 ) 199, Population (millions) 5.9 GDP (billion USD) 6.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 51.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 66.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 58.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. distribution Land area (km 2 ) 236, Population (millions) 6.8 GDP (billion USD) 14.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 6. Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) Laos subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 84.4 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 35.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 61. Laos ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

70 Latvia distribution Latvia subindexes score Lebanon Latvia ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 64, Population (millions) 2. GDP (billion USD) 27. Energy production (Mtoe) 2.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 6.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 74.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 67.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1, Population (millions) 5.9 GDP (billion USD) 49.5 Energy production (Mtoe).2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Lebanon subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Lebanon ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 69

71 Libya distribution Lithuania Libya subindexes score Libya ranking Land area (km 2 ) 1,76, Population (millions) 6.3 GDP (billion USD) 17.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 31.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 98.7 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 5. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 13. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 99.3 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 65, Population (millions) 2.9 GDP (billion USD) 41.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 11.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Lithuania subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 58.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 49.2 Lithuania ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

72 Luxembourg distribution Luxembourg subindexes score Luxembourg ranking Macedonia 14 Land area (km 2 ) 3, Population (millions).5 GDP (billion USD) 58.1 Energy production (Mtoe).2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) distribution Land area (km 2 ) 25, Population (millions) 2.1 GDP (billion USD) 1.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 8.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 41.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 56.6 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Macedonia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 6.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 53.3 Macedonia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 71

73 Malaysia distribution Malta Malaysia subindexes score Malaysia ranking Land area (km 2 ) 33, Population (millions) 3.3 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 96.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 64.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 31.6 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 47.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 99. distribution Land area (km 2 ) 316 Population (millions).4 GDP (billion USD) 1.3 Energy production (Mtoe).1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 2.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Malta subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 65.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 45.4 Malta ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

74 Mauritius distribution Mauritius subindexes score Mexico Mauritius ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 2, Population (millions) 1.3 GDP (billion USD) 11.5 Energy production (Mtoe).3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 2.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita 54.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 59.9 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 41.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,964, Population (millions) 121. GDP (billion USD) 1,152.3 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Mexico subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 42. Mexico ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 73

75 Moldova distribution Moldova subindexes score Mongolia Moldova ranking Mongolia subindexes score Mongolia ranking Land area (km 2 ) 34, Population (millions) 3.6 GDP (billion USD) 6.5 Energy production (Mtoe).4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 2.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 49.7 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 16.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 94.6 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 1,566, Population (millions) 2.9 GDP (billion USD) 11.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 14.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 9.5 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 53.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 29.4 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 2.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

76 Montenegro distribution Montenegro subindexes score Morocco Montenegro ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 13, Population (millions).6 GDP (billion USD) 4. Energy production (Mtoe).7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 2.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) distribution Land area (km 2 ) 459, Population (millions) 34.4 GDP (billion USD) 11.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 64.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 7.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 7.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Morocco subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.3 Morocco ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 75

77 Mozambique distribution Mozambique subindexes score Myanmar 53 Mozambique ranking Land area (km 2 ) 799, Population (millions) 28. GDP (billion USD) 14.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 19.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 14.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 3. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 33.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 9.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 32.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 43.4 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 676, Population (millions) 53.9 GDP (billion USD) 59.5 Energy production (Mtoe) 26.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 13.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Myanmar subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 58.9 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 22.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.6 Myanmar ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

78 Namibia distribution Namibia subindexes score Nepal Namibia ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 824, Population (millions) 2.5 GDP (billion USD) 11.6 Energy production (Mtoe).5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) distribution Land area (km 2 ) 147, Population (millions) 28.5 GDP (billion USD) 21.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 9.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 56.5 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 48.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 62.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 41.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Nepal subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 21.7 Nepal ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 77

79 Netherlands distribution Netherlands subindexes score Netherlands ranking New Zealand New Zealand subindexes score New Zealand ranking Land area (km 2 ) 41, Population (millions) 16.9 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 47.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 69.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 43.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 57.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 99.2 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 27, Population (millions) 4.6 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 16.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 41.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 74.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 76.5 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 75.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

80 Nicaragua distribution 2 Niger Nicaragua subindexes score Nicaragua ranking Niger subindexes score Land area (km 2 ) 13, Population (millions) 6.1 GDP (billion USD) 12.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 87.5 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 35.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 83. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 37.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 78.9 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,267, Population (millions) 19.9 GDP (billion USD) 7.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 3. Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity. Grid structure and development level Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.6 Niger ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 4. 2 Global ing 79

81 Nigeria distribution 2 Norway Nigeria subindexes score Nigeria ranking Norway subindexes score Land area (km 2 ) 923, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 26.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 65.8 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 15.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 9.2 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 11.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 46.2 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 385, Population (millions) 5.2 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 28.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1 Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 87.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 96.4 Norway ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

82 Oman distribution Oman subindexes score Pakistan Oman ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 39,5 Population (millions) 4.5 GDP (billion USD) 69.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 77.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 29.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 69.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 796, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 27.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 7.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 92.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Pakistan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 98.7 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 32.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 27. Pakistan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 81

83 Panama distribution Panama subindexes score Paraguay Panama ranking Paraguay subindexes score Paraguay ranking Land area (km 2 ) 75,5 Population (millions) 3.9 GDP (billion USD) 52.1 Energy production (Mtoe).9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 1.7 Access rate to electricity 94.7 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 54.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 63.5 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 59.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 97. distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 46,8 Population (millions) 6.6 GDP (billion USD) 27.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 7.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 11. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 5. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 1. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 73.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

84 Peru Peru subindexes score Peru ranking Philippines 14 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 1,285, Population (millions) 31.4 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 25.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 42.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 49.2 Access rate to electricity 95.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 47.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 62.7 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 42.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Philippines subindexes score Land area (km 2 ) 299, Population (millions) 1.7 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 26.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 74.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 92.7 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Philippines ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 83

85 Poland distribution Poland subindexes score Portugal Poland ranking Portugal subindexes score Portugal ranking Land area (km 2 ) 312, Population (millions) 38.5 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 67.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 62.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 49.2 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 46.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 96.4 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 92, Population (millions) 1.4 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 5.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 49.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 65.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 65.4 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 71.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

86 Qatar distribution Qatar subindexes score 56 ROK Qatar ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 11, Population (millions) 2.2 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 39. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 83.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 16.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1, Population (millions) 5.6 GDP (billion USD) 1,382.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 51.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) ROK subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.7 ROK ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 85

87 Romania distribution Romania subindexes score Russia Romania ranking Russia subindexes score Russia ranking Land area (km 2 ) 238, Population (millions) 19.8 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 26.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 52.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 56.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 69.4 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 93.2 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 17,98, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 1,365.9 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 69.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 49.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 59.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

88 Saudi Arabia distribution Saudi Arabia subindexes score Senegal Saudi Arabia ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 2,25, Population (millions) 31.5 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 75.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 16.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 197, Population (millions) 15.1 GDP (billion USD) 13.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Senegal subindexes score Access rate to electricity 68.9 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.6 Senegal ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 87

89 Serbia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 88, 4 Population (millions) Serbia subindexes score Serbia ranking Singapore GDP (billion USD) 37.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 32.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 44.5 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 64.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 54.3 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 53.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 94.9 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 7 Population (millions) 5.5 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe).6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 49.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) Singapore subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 74.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 25.7 Singapore ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

90 Slovakia distribution Slovakia subindexes score Slovenia 8 1 Slovakia ranking Land area (km 2 ) 49, Population (millions) 5.4 GDP (billion USD) 87.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 6.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 27.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 66.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 73.6 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 65.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2, Population (millions) 2.1 GDP (billion USD) 43.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 14.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Slovenia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 7.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 69.4 Slovenia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 89

91 South Africa distribution 35 South Africa subindexes score South Africa ranking South Sudan South Sudan subindexes score South Sudan ranking Land area (km 2 ) 1,219, Population (millions) 55. GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 9.5 Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 63.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 55.2 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 36.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 93.4 distribution 1 Land area (km 2 ) 62, Population (millions) 12.3 GDP (billion USD) 12.5 Energy production (Mtoe) 7.7 Electricity consumption (TWh).3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity. Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 74.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita. Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

92 Spain distribution Spain subindexes score Sri Lanka Spain ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 56, Population (millions) 46.4 GDP (billion USD) 1,193.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 33.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 67.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 68.2 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 71.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 65, Population (millions) 21. GDP (billion USD) 79.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 5.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 12.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Sri Lanka subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 34.3 Sri Lanka ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 91

93 Sudan distribution Suriname Sudan subindexes score Sudan ranking Suriname subindexes score Land area (km 2 ) 1,88, Population (millions) 4.2 GDP (billion USD) 81.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 15.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 49.9 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 23.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 86.4 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 25.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 69.1 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 164, Population (millions).5 GDP (billion USD) 4.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 1. Electricity consumption (TWh) 2. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 61.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 53.4 Suriname ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

94 Sweden distribution Sweden subindexes score Switzerland 8 Sweden ranking Land area (km 2 ) 45, Population (millions) 9.8 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 34. Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 8. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 89.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 89. Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 41, Population (millions) 8.3 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 12.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 62.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) Switzerland subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 71.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 81. Switzerland ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 93

95 Syria distribution Syria subindexes score Tajikistan Syria ranking Land area (km 2 ) 185, Population (millions) 18.5 GDP (billion USD) 17. Energy production (Mtoe) 4.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 15. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 97.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 39.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 7.2 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. distribution Land area (km 2 ) 143, Population (millions) 8.5 GDP (billion USD) 7.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 13.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) Tajikistan subindexes score Tajikistan ranking 14 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 49. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 82.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

96 Tanzania distribution Tanzania subindexes score Thailand Tanzania ranking 14 Land area (km 2 ) 945, Population (millions) 53.5 GDP (billion USD) 45.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 22.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 9.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 91.3 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 12. Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 513, Population (millions) 68. GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 75.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Thailand subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 39.1 Thailand ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 95

97 Togo distribution Togo subindexes score Togo ranking 14 Trinidad and Tobago Land area (km 2 ) 56, Population (millions) 7.3 GDP (billion USD) 4.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 51.3 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 17.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 89.9 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 9.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 56.1 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 5, Population (millions) 1.4 GDP (billion USD) 23.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 37.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) Trinidad and Tobago subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 71.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3. Trinidad and Tobago ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

98 Tunisia distribution Tunisia subindexes score Turkey Tunisia ranking Land area (km 2 ) 162, Population (millions) 11.3 GDP (billion USD) 43.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 6.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 48.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 5.5 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 21.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 783, Population (millions) 77.5 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 31.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Turkey subindexes score 4 37 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 57.2 Turkey ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 97

99 Turkmenistan distribution Turkmenistan subindexes score Ukraine Turkmenistan ranking Land area (km 2 ) 491, Population (millions) 5.4 GDP (billion USD) 36.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 81.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 58.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption.5 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. distribution Land area (km 2 ) 63, Population (millions) 45.2 GDP (billion USD) 9.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 61.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Ukraine subindexes score Ukraine ranking 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 59.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 69.4 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 56.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

100 United Arab Emirates distribution United Arab Emirates subindexes score United Arab Emirates ranking United Kingdom 14 Land area (km 2 ) 83,6 Population (millions) 9.2 GDP (billion USD) 358. Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 79.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 3. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 244, Population (millions) 65.1 GDP (billion USD) 2,863.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 119. Electricity consumption (TWh) 33.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) United Kingdom subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption United Kingdom ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 99

101 Uruguay distribution USA Land area (km 2 ) 176, 4 Population (millions) Uruguay subindexes score Uruguay ranking GDP (billion USD) 53.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 6.4 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 59.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 83.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 66.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 8.6 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 9,37, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 18,12.7 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) USA subindexes score 1 Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 79.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.7 USA ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

102 Uzbekistan distribution Uzbekistan subindexes score Uzbekistan ranking Venezuela 14 Land area (km 2 ) 447, Population (millions) 31.3 GDP (billion USD) 65.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 56. Electricity consumption (TWh) 51.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 49.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 25.1 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption distribution Land area (km 2 ) 916, Population (millions) 31.1 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 76.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Venezuela subindexes score Access rate to electricity 99.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 58.4 Venezuela ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 11

103 Vietnam distribution Yemen 1 8 Vietnam subindexes score 1 6 Vietnam ranking Yemen subindexes score Land area (km 2 ) 329, Population (millions) 91.7 GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 7.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 14.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 99.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 48.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 68.8 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 45.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 88.7 distribution Land area (km 2 ) 555, Population (millions) 26.8 GDP (billion USD) 37.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 4.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 4. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 79.3 Grid structure and development level Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.1 Yemen ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

104 Zambia distribution Zimbabwe 13 Zimbabwe subindexes score Zambia subindexes score Zambia ranking Zimbabwe ranking distribution Land area (km 2 ) 391, Population (millions) 15.6 GDP (billion USD) 16.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8. CO 2 emission (Mt) Access rate to electricity 28.8 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 33.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 87.5 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Land area (km 2 ) 752, Population (millions) 16.2 GDP (billion USD) 21.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 9.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 11.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.3 Access rate to electricity 2.6 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 38.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption 92.3 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 41.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 13

105 nchina Indochina Peni The Belt and Road Initiative and Global Energy Interconnection Atlantic Ocean Legend Inland city along the Belt and Road Initiative Port city along the Belt and Road Initiative The Silk Road Economic Belt The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road London Luxembourg Berlin Frankfurt Atlantic Ocean direction Piraeus Brest Special Subject on the Belt and Road Initiative Istanbul Ankara The Belt and Road Initiative The Belt and Road Initiative (hereinafter referred to as the initiative) is an important initiative oriented to the 21st century to adapt to economic globalization. It includes the Silk Road Economic Belt, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, the Pacific Maritime Silk Road and the Polar Silk Road. The initiative has reached consensus worldwide and become a global option to foster sustainable development of all countries. As of 216 the initiative had won the support and participation of more than 1 countries and international organizations. More than 8 of these countries and international organizations have signed related cooperation agreements. China has cumulatively invested more than USD 5 billion in the countries along the Belt and Road Initiative area. China, Mongolia and New Eurasian Continental Bridge China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic C orridor Dubai Gwadar China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Indian Russia Economic Corridor New Eurasian Continental Bridge Ocean sula Economic Corridor Pacific Ocean Bangladesh, China, India, and Myanmar Economic Corridor Djibouti Indian Ocean direction Duschanbe Osh Dacca kyaukpyu Mandalay Bangkok Kuala Lumpur Vientiane Singapore Hanoi Djakarta Blagoveshchensk (Hailan Bou) Khabarovsk (Borri) Pacific Ocean direction Pacific Ocean direction The Belt and Road Initiative schematic 14 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

106 GEI Implements the Belt and Road Initiative The GEI is a vital move and priority to implement the initiative. Energy is related to the overall situation of economic and social development. Improving the power infrastructure and building the global energy interconnection has been incorporated into the Belt and Road construction framework. The Belt and Road construction plays a comprehensive and leading role. People-topeople bond Financial integration Policy coordination Unimpeded trade Facilities connectivity can facilitate effective combination of the energy development strategies, policies and standards of all countries, enhance regional energy cooperation and promote policy coordination. can give a full scope to the demonstration and guiding role of major engineering projects, promote mutual trust and collaboration between countries, boost power interconnection and advance facilities connectivity. Establishing the GEI can promote the establishment of a transnational and transcontinental electricity market, expand the scale of energy and power transactions, achieve a wide range of clean energy optimization, and promote the smooth flow of trade. can set up a new platform for cooperation in infrastructure investment and financing, open up a new area for green financial development and promote financial integration. can also solve the problems of population without electricity and eco-environmental protection, improve people s livelihood and facilitate the people-to-people bond. 3 Special Subject on the Belt and Road Initiative 15

107 3.2 Regional Characteristics Great potential for electricity consumption Lagging in clean energy development Unbalanced development of transnational grid interconnection Carbon emission (% world) Capacity of non-fossil energy generation (% world) Electricity imports and exports (% world) Length of transmission lines above 22kV (% world) Electricity consumption (% world) Non-fossil energy generation (% world) GDP (% world) (at purchasing power parity) The countries along the Belt and Road are mostly in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia, North Africa and Central and Eastern Europe, including more than 9% of the developing countries of the world. The GDP per capita of nearly 2/3 of these countries is lower than the world s average. So, they are both areas of high-speed economic growth and protected areas for the fragile ecological environment. They are not only the centralized production zones of fossil energy and also important consumption areas of fossil energy. % 31.5% 43.1% 38.9% 54.4% 52.2% 5.% 62.1% 2% 4% 6% 8% 1% Countries along the Belt and Road World The proportion of national energy and power indicators of countries along the Belt and Road The installed capacity of electricity per capita of the countries (excluding China) along the Belt and Road is 49 watt, which is 54% of the world s average. The annual household electricity consumption per capita is 1,892kWh, which is 61% of the world s average. The transnational electricity trade volume is about 13 billion kwh, accounting for about 3.1% of the electricity consumption, which is lower than the world s average. In this area, industries of high energy consumption and high pollution account for a high proportion in the economic structure. The installed capacity of the thermal power takes up more than 7%. The total volume of carbon emission covers 62% of the world s total. Non-fossil energy generation accounts for 43% of the world s total. The proportion of electricity trade in total power consumption in Central and Eastern Europe is the highest, reaching 7.8%. The proportion of electricity trade in total power consumption in Central Asia, Middle East, Southeast Asia, and South Asia is 2.6%, 1.8%, 1.5%, and 1.4%, respectively. Interconnection of power grid has been realized within the Central and Eastern European countries, among Russia and Central and Eastern European countries and Baltic States, among Central Asian countries and also within the Gulf countries. 16 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

108 3.3 Country ing Reginal ing Country The countries along the Belt and Road have drastic differences in distribution. Fifteen countries of sound development rank in the first echelon. Most countries are confronted with comparatively backward development. Thirty-one and twenty countries are bracketed in the second and third echelons, respectively. Central and Eastern Europe boasts relatively favorable development, closely followed by Russia and Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Countries in West Asia and Africa are temporarily backward. National and regional ranking of for countries along the Belt and Road Reginal ing Country Reginal ing Country 1 Slovenia Israel Pakistan Slovakia Armenia Nepal Hungary Belarus Sri Lanka Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Moldova China Ukraine Jordan Czech Panama Philippines New Zealand Serbia Cambodia Romania Vietnam Myanmar Latvia Uzbekistan Mongolia Montenegro Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Russia Macedonia Turkmenistan Georgia Morocco Ethiopia Lithuania South Africa Qatar ROK Thailand Lebanon Turkey Malaysia Bahrain Poland Saudi Arabia Brunei Tajikistan United Arab Emirates Bangladesh Albania Iran Kuwait Estonia India Syria Kyrgyzstan Indonesia Iraq Singapore Egypt Oman Bulgaria Laos Yemen 19. Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 3 Special Subject on the Belt and Road Initiative 17

109 Analysis for Countries Along the Belt and Road Development level in terms of power interconnection as well as green and low-carbon for the countries along the Belt and Road are significantly lower than the global average. They are key regions and have great potential for strengthening connectivity of facilities and for building a global energy interconnection. Power interconnection South Asia, Africa, Central and South America feature weak energy and electricity infrastructure. Some of the countries suffer serious power shortages. The development of power grid is in its infancy. The level of grid intelligence is low, but its development space is large. Green & low-carbon Distribution of in countries along the Belt and Road The energy supply mainly depends on fossil energy, whose development level of green and lowcarbon is obviously lower than the global average. However, the abundance of clean energy resources and the concept of green development are increasingly valued, and the development of clean energy has a good momentum. Energy, economy, society and environment coordination The economy is full of vitality and its growth is fast, but the commercial energy consumption and energy conversion efficiency are relatively low, with weak energy security capabilities. The problem of environmental protection is severe, and the GDP per capita is low. It is necessary to strengthen the energy and power infrastructure and promote clean energy through interconnection. Energy development promotes coordinated development in all aspects Power Interconnection Index Green & Low-Carbon Index Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index Countries along the Belt and Road World Comparison of subindexes to the global average for the countries along the Belt and Road 18 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218