Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research

Transcription

1 ISSN: Research Article Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research Physico-Chemical Analysis Of Ganga River Water Richa Khare 1 *, Smriti Khare 1, Monika Kamboj 1 and Jaya Pandey 1 Department of chemistry, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Lucknow. Received: 25 March 2011; Revised: 10 April 2011; Accepted: 17 April Abstract: We present an extensive investigation of physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Ganga river at Kanpur. Water samples under investigations were collected from the different sites of Kanpur and its adjoining areas during Pre monsoon(april-may) year2010. Correlation coefficients were calculated between different parameters to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters and t-test was applied for checking significance. The observed values of different physico-chemical parameters like ph, temperature, turbidity, total hardness(th), Iron, total alkalinity (TA), Oxygen consumption (OC), Suspended solids (SS) of samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health organization (WHO).. All the physico - chemical parameters for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except turbidity which was high while NO3-, Cl-1 and F- are less than the values prescribed by WHO. Key Words : Physico Chemical parameters, Co-relation,WHO. INTRODUCTION: Water resources and water quality affect the economic, social and political development of the society. Ganga plain is one of the most densely populated regions of the world, due to its availability of water, fertile soil and suitable landscape. Density of river is high in eastern UP. Rivers are considered as lifeline but are now adversely affecting the population of fluvial hazards (Singh, 2007).Today, over 29 cities, 70 towns, and thousands of villages extend along the Ganga banks. Nearly all of their sewage - over 1.3 billion liters per day - goes directly into the river, along with thousands of animal carcasses, mainly cattle (Bharadwaj et al 2011). Another 260 million liters of industrial waste are added to this by hundreds of factories along the rivers banks. Domestic and industrial wastewater constitute as a constant polluting source, whereas surface runoff is a seasonal phenomena mainly controlled by climate (Singh et al,2004). Municipal sewage constitutes 80 per cent by volume of the total waste dumped into the Ganga, and industries contribute about 15 percent. The majority of the Ganga pollution is organic waste, sewage, trash, food, and human and animal remains. Over the past century, city populations along the Ganga have grown at a tremendous rate, while waste-control infrastructure has remained relatively unchanged. Recent water samples collected in Varanasi revealed fecal-coliform counts of about 50,000 bacteria per 100 milliliters of water, 10,000% higher than the government standard for safe river bathing. The result of this pollution is an array of water-borne diseases including cholera, hepatitis, typhoid and amoebic dysentery. An estimated 80% 232

2 of all health problems and one-third of deaths in India are attributable to water-borne diseases.(air pollution rising in Kanpur CSE BS Reporter/New Delhi Dec 8,2009.) Fig 1: Location of Ganga River It is a fact that good water quality produces healthier humans than one with poor water quality. Ganga River is life line of Kanpur and its water is used for domestic and agriculture purposes therefore, effective maintenance of water quality is required through appropriate measurements. Physico-chemical and micro-biological characteristics may describe the quality of water (Sinha, 1986), therefore, an analysis on physico-chemical parameters of Ganga water was made by many workers (Mehrotra, 1990;. Sinha et.al. 2000). In the present study various parameters (colour, odour, ph, alkalinity, total hardness, DO) of six water samples from different sites were analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experimental: Water sample were collected from six different sites:- Sample 1- Ganga river water from the ghats of Kanpur city. Sample 2- Municipal water supply from town area Tulsinagar Kanpur. Sample 3- Handpump water from village Geetanagar which is near industrial area. Sample 4- Aqua guard purified water which is collected from town area Kanpur city. 233

3 Sample 5- Industrial waste water of Elgin mill which is dumped in Ganga river [ Kanpur central]. Sample 6- Water sample from Ganga canal which is near industrial area Kanpur. These samples were collected in plastic bottles.during sampling ph and temperature were determined using ph meter and thermometer respectively. The laboratory analysis of samples were done using standard methods. Titrimetric method was used for the determination of total alkalinity. Complexometric method was used for determining chloride content, whereas EDTA titrimetric method was used for total hardness analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Details of water analysis (Pignatello et al 1999, and Yeom et al 1995) are present in Table 1-6. Colour:- All the samples were colourless except industrial waste water and canal water which shows more contamination of these samples 5 and 6 Odour:- All the samples were colourless, except sample 5 and 6 which was found to be smelling foul. ph:- Sample 2 was having the minimum ph of 6.68 whereas sample 4 was having the maximum ph of Alkalinity:- According to WHO standards and of for total alkalinity is ppm. All samples show very high deviations from this value except sample 5 and 6 which contained only carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Hydroxyl ion (OH - ) was absent in these two samples. Total Hardness:- According to WHO standards, and of total hardness is ppm. All the samples analysed for total hardness. Chloride content:- According to WHO standards, and of chloride is ppm. Sample 6 showed the result of chloride being absent in that. Dissolved Oxygen:- According to WHO standards, and of dissolved oxygen is 2-6 ppm. Some samples show deviation from this value which may be due to pollution at the sample sites. The experiment shows that the information necessary for interpreting drinking water quality analysis. It focuses on testing results obtained from drinking water supplies of different areas of city. CONCLUSION: A large number of factors and geological conditions influence the correlations between different pairs of physico-chemical parameters of water samples.from the present study we conclude that Ganga water is most probably not fit for drinking and its need to be treated to reduce the contaminations specially the alkalinity and hardness. To minimize the contamination of Ganga river water at Kanpur city the values obtained had their significance level will help in selecting the proper experimental method used for treatment of water. 234

4 National statistics don t tell us about the quality and safety of water coming out of our tap that is because drinking water varies from place to place depending on the condition of the source from which it is drawn and the treatment it receives. To increase awareness among the people to maintain the Ganga river water at its high quality and purity levels. The present study may prove to be useful in achieving the goal. Ekin Birol and Sukanya Das reported increased investment to improve the capacity and technology of Sewage Treatment Plans to reduce water pollution(2010). Table 1: Results of Water analysis of Sample 1:GANGA RIVER WATER No. Parameters Units Drinking Water Experiment Values WHO Standard 1 Colour Colourless 2 Odour Odourless 4 Ph No relaxation Total Hardness ppm Chloride Content ppm Dissolved Oxygen ppm : Maximum Permissible Limit 235

5 Table 2: Results of Water analysis of Sample 2:MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY No. Parameters Units Drinking Water WHO Standard Exp.Values 1 Colour Colourless 2 Odour Odourless 4 ph No relaxation Total Hardness ppm Chloride Content ppm Dissolved Oxygen ppm : Maximum Permissible Limit Table 3: Results of Water analysis of Sample 3:HANDPUMP WATER No. Parameters Units Drinking Water WHO Standard Experiment Values 1 Colour Colourless 2 Odour Odourless 4 ph No relaxation Total Hardness ppm Chloride Content ppm Dissolved Oxygen ppm : Maximum Permissible Limit 236

6 Table 4 Water analysis of Sample 4:AQUAGUARD PURIFIED WATER No. Parameters Units Drinking Water WHO Standard Experiment Values 1 Colour Colourless 2 Odour Odourless 4 ph No relaxation Total Hardness ppm Chloride Content ppm Dissolved Oxygen ppm : Maximum Permissible Limit Table 5: Results of Water analysis of Sample 5:INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER No. Parameters Units Drinking Water WHO Standard Exp.Values 1 Colour Dirty Yellow 2 Odour Foul Smell 4 ph No relaxation Total Hardness ppm Chloride Content ppm Dissolved Oxygen ppm : Maximum Permissible Limit 237

7 Table 6: Results of Water analysis of Sample 6:CANAL WATER No. Parameters Units Drinking Water WHO Standard Experiment Values 1 Colour Dirty Yellow 2 Odour Foul Smell 4 ph No relaxation Total Hardness ppm Chloride Content ppm Dissolved Oxygen ppm : Maximum Permissible Limit REFERENCES: 1. U. K. Sinha., Ganga pollution and health hazard, Inter India Publication, New Delhi, M. N. Mehrotra., j of the Ind. Association of Sedimentologists.,1990, 9,1. 3. A. K. Sinha, V. P. Singh and K. Srivastava., Physico chemical studies on river Ganga and its tributaries in Uttar Pradesh the present status. In pollution and Biomonitoring of Indian Rivers.(ed.) (Dr. R.K. trevedi. ABD publishers, Jaipur), 2000, Air pollution rising in Kanpur CSE BS Reporter/New Delhi Dec.,2009, D. S. Singh, N. Rai and A. K. Singh., Flood mitigation in Ganga plain, In, Disaster management in India. (New Royal Book Company), Lucknow., V. Bhardwaj, D. Sensingh and A. K. Singh, J. Earth Syst. Sci.,2011, 119,

8 7. K. P. Singh, A. Malik, D. Mohan and S. Sinha., Water Res.,2004, 38, Pignatello, J. J. Liu and D. H. Patrick., Environ.Sci.Technol.,199, 33, I. T. Yeom, M. M. Ghosh, C. D. Cox and K. G. Robinson., Environ. Sci. Technol., 1995, 29, Ekin Birol and Sukanya Das., J. of Environmental Management.,2010, 91, *Correspondence Author: Richa Khare, Department of chemistry,amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University,Lucknow. 239