RENEWABLE ENERGY TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. SURENDRA BAJPAI ENERGY EXPERT Date: Friday, August 17, 2012

Transcription

1 RENEWABLE ENERGY TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FUTURE SURENDRA BAJPAI ENERGY EXPERT Date: Friday, August 17, 2012

2 AGENDA Introduction Energy Renewable Energy SOLAR ENERGY WIND ENERGY BIO-ENERGY HYDROENERGY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Policy Framework National action plan on climate change

3 INTRODUCTION Energy is the basic requirement for any development, in other words, energy is the key for development. Presently about 65% of India s energy need is met through Fossil fuel. India is largely dependent on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demands, India's dependence on energy imports is expected to exceed 53% (in 2030) of the country's total energy consumption.

4 DO YOU KNOW? India s total Installed capacity at the time of Independence was 1300MW Present total Installed capacity of the country is about MW Share of Renewable is about 8% of the total installed capacity

5 WHAT IS ENERGY? Energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force, an attribute of objects and systems that is subjected to a conservation law. Different forms of energy include kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, solar, electromagnetic etc. the forms of energy often named after a related force.

6 TYPES OF ENERGY There are two types of energy Primary Energy Secondary Energy

7 TYPES OF ENERGY CONTINUE. PRIMARY ENERGY :Energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process Primary energy is energy contained in raw fuels and any other forms of energy received by a system as input to the system. Primary Energy includes non-renewable energy and Renewable energy sources.

8 CONTINUE Secondary Energy : It is an energy form which has been transformed from another one. Primary energies are transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy, such as Electricity, refined fuels or synthetic fuels as hydrogen fuel.

9 RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY: Energy Sources that are continuously replenished by natural process. They are in-exhaustive in nature or can never be exhausted & therefore called RENEWABLE. Non- Renewable Energy: These sources are finite and so in principle will run out at some point of time in future. They are stocks of energy.

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11 RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable energy sources are essentially flow of energy. Various forms of Renewable energy are : SOLAR ENERGY WIND ENERGY BIO-ENERGY HYDROENERGY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY WAVE & TIDAL ENERGY

12 A SNAPSHOT OF EXISTING RE PROJECTS Grid connected Power WIND Power MW Small hydro power 3300 MW Biomass Power 1142 MW Bagasse Power 1952 MW Waste recovery MW Solar power 481 MW SOURCE: Renewable energy magazine(feb 12)- a monthly publication of MNRE GOI New Delhi

13 SOLAR POWER SUN IS THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF POWER? TRUE / FALSE

14 SUN IS ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY Yes! Sun is the ultimate source of power The energy in coal or Fossil fuel originally came from the Sun too. Prehistoric plants stored the Sun's energy in their leaves, and when they died and eventually formed coal seams, that energy was still there. So when we burn coal (or any fossil fuel), we're releasing chemical energy that was stored in plants millions of years ago. The same goes for Wind and Wave power. Waves occur because of winds, and winds blow because the Sun warms our atmosphere. Warm air tends to rise, and winds are due to other air moving in to replace it.

15 SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy is the most readily available and free source of energy since prehistoric times. it is estimated that solar energy equivalent to over times the world s annual commercial energy consumption reaches the earth every year. Solar energy is the radiant light & heat from the Sun that has been harnessed by humans.

16 SOLAR SYSTEM Two types of solar systems are there Active solar System Passive Solar system An Active solar system is a system that uses a mechanical device, such as pumps or fans run by electricity in addition to solar energy, to transport air or water between a solar collector and the interior of a building for heating or cooling. Passive Solar System A passive solar system is a system that distributes collected heat via direct transfer from a thermal mass rather than mechanical power

17 SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy can be utilized through two different routes: Solar Thermal Solar Cooker Solar water heating system Solar Air dryer Solar Photovoltaic Electrical power generation

18 SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATION In solar thermal route, solar energy is converted into thermal energy with the help of solar collectors and receivers known as solar thermal devices. solar thermal devices can be classified into three categories: Low Grade heating devices up to the temp of 100 C Medium grade heating devices up to the temp of C High grade heating Devices above temp of 300 C

19 SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS Solar Cooker Box type solar cooker Parabolic concentrator solar cooker Solar Water heating system / collector

20 SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS Solar Still (for distilled water) Solar Air Dryer

21 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC Photovoltaic is the technical term for solar electric. Photo means light and voltaic means electric It changes the sunlight directly to electricity using solar cells. Solar cell or PV cells are usually made of silicon, an element that naturally releases electrons when exposed to light. Amount of electrons released from silicon cells depends upon intensity of light incident on it.

22 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC Individual solar cells are connected together to form a panel or solar module. Further panels can be connected together in series / parallel to make a solar array which can produce any amount of wattage.

23 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC Most common application of Solar PV systems are: Street lighting Home lighting Solar off-grid power pack (for TV, Computer, other applications) Battery Charger Remote Telecom tower power back up Solar water pumping Remote power requirements

24 BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS OF SOLAR POWER Benefits Needs no other fuels Individuals (not power companies) can control it Clean Energy - No pollution Solar plant can sell power back to the grid No big Infrastructure is needed Easy to handle Drawbacks: Capital cost intensive Low density power

25 WIND POWER In areas where wind is a constant, wind power is a viable method for creating electricity. Wind power uses specially designed turbines that turn in the wind, generating electricity through specially designed components. Windmills must be placed at the top of large towers to receive the largest potential benefit from wind, because wind is not usually as strong near the ground as it is up higher. Wind turbines convert kinetic energy of wind into electricity

26 WIND POWER Wind turbines convert kinetic energy of wind into electricity. Wind is an indirect form of solar energy Wind mills are also used for mechanical power, wind pumps for pumping water or drainage, or sails to propel ships

27 BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS Benefits Very efficient No fossil fuels needed No emissions No Pollution Turbines can be small enough to mount on the roof of a house or have a span of a football field Drawbacks Variable winds affects power generation not in my backyard ; site specific installation Threat to birds, bats

28 BIOMASS POWER Energy stored in non-fossil organic materials such as wood, straw, vegetable oils and wastes from the forest, agricultural and industrial sectors. It consists of the organic material that makes up living organisms Biomass is one of the most important renewable energy forms. Biomass is captured from forest / industries. To capture energy from biomass is to burn it, to make heat, steam, and electricity.

29 BIOMASS Major technologies for utilizing Biomass for energy : Biomass Gasification For thermal energy needs For Electrical energy Biomass Combustion

30 BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS Benefits Carbon-neutral (carbon produced from burning it is the same carbon used during its production (recent photosynthesis) Geographically balanced available in abundance Inexpensive No Nitrogen or Sulpher emissions Drawbacks Indoor burning creates pollutants Competes with crops for food Crops require energy to grow Biomass Management is in unorganized sector

31 HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY The kinetic energy of moving water can turn turbines and generate electricity Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. Hydroelectric Energy produces energy through power plants, some such as; Micro-scale, small-scale and run-of-the-river. A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake.

32 HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Hydro-electric power stations can produce a great deal of power very cheaply. India generates about 25% of its total power from Hydro. It is also a good option for peak load energy requirements

33 BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS Benefits Clean Power Renewable Energy No pollution Economical Power Drawbacks If overused, can become nonsustainable Dams create problems for ecosystems, etc

34 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal Energy is power extracted from heat stored in the earth. Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries

35 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Just under the surface of the Earth, there are massively powerful forces constantly moving and interacting with one another. Geothermal energy harnesses the power generated by these forces

36 BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS Benefits Clean Energy Renewable in nature No emmision Drawbacks: Can release gases trapped in the water Dependent on location May not be totally renewable if water is pumped out too quickly

37 NUCLEAR ENERGY Nuclear Energy work by thermal nuclear reactors and fast reactors. The thermal ones use a moderator to slow down the neutrons produced by fission. The moderator can be normal water, heavy water, or graphite. The normal water types are the Pressurized Water Reactor and Boiling Water Reactor. Fast reactors don & a post have a moderator, and therefore cannot be built with a water filled core, so have used liquid metal, usually sodium, as coolant.

38 HYDROGEN ENERGY Hydrogen fuel is an zero-emission fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. It is also used in the propulsion of spacecraft and can potentially be mass produced and commercialized for passenger vehicles and aircraft H 2 gas does not exist freely on Earth. The atoms must be released from their compounds

39 HYDROGEN FUEL Hydrogen is the most abundant element on the planet, although not usually found in its pure form, H 2. This is due to the fact that it is so light, it rises into the atmosphere. In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen (H 2 ) reacts with oxygen (O 2 ) to form water (H 2 O) and releases heat.

40 HYDROGEN FROM OTHER SOURCES From algae : When certain algae are deprived of light, they produce H 2 at the end of photosynthesis From biomass or fossil fuels : Can be separated from methane (a form of natural gas): 4H 2 + CO 2 = CH 4 + 2H 2 O Hydrogen production is only as clean as the energy used to obtain it.

41 BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS Benefits: Renewable Most abundant Clean Zero-emission As safe as gasoline Drawbacks Leakage could deplete atmospheric ozone Public fear

42 FUEL CELL A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used. Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a constant source of fuel and oxygen to run, but they can produce electricity continually for as long as these inputs are supplied.

43 FUEL CELL Hydrogen fuel is an zero-emission fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. hydrogen is an energy carrier, not an energy source.

44 BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY One major advantage with the use of renewable energy is that as it is renewable it is therefore sustainable and so will never run out. Renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance than traditional generators. Their fuel being derived from natural and available resources reduces the costs of operation. Even more importantly, renewable energy produces little or no waste products such as carbon dioxide or other chemical pollutants, so has minimal impact on the environment. Renewable energy projects can also bring economic benefits to many regional areas, as most projects are located away from large urban centres and suburbs of the capital cities. These economic benefits may be from the increased use of local services as well as tourism.

45 POLICY FRAMEWORK Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the central body to promote Renewable energy sources in the country. Every State do have a State Nodal agency for promotion and implementation of various schemes of MNRE and also state owned schemes on New & Renewable Energy.

46 NAPCC National Action Plan for Climate change also address for energy sustainability through use of renewable energy and energy efficiency. Launching of Jawaharlal Nehru National solar mission was the out come of NAPCC recommendations.

47 NOTATIONS REC : Renewable Energy Certificate RPO : Renewable purchase Obligations SNA : State nodal agency SWHS : Solar water heating system SPV : Solar Photovoltaic DDG : Decentralized Distributed Generation RVE : Remote Village Electrifications RE : Renewable Energy EE : Energy efficiency JNNSM : Jawaharlal Nehru National solar Mission

48 . HELP US TO CONSERVE ENERGY THANK YOU