Thoughtful Cooling. Methods for comparative assessment of cooling technologies

Transcription

1 Thoughtful Cooling Methods for comparative assessment of cooling technologies

2 Carbon ERP GHG Inventorying Corporate Accounting Standard (the standard inventorying methodology)

3 Carbon ERP Abbreviations, Synonyms, Terminology, Equivalences 1. GHG EF = Emission Factor = Emission Coefficient 2. GHG Inventory = Carbon Footprint (CF) 3. ERP = Enterprise Resource Planning 4. CO2 not equal to CO2e. CF is always in CO2e 5. Realizer = Client = Reporting Entity 6. Domestic Action = Minimize 7. Neutralize = Offset

4 Carbon ERP

5 Carbon ERP GHG Inventorying Definitions - Emission categories Emission estimates are presented in accordance with the categories of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1996).

6 Carbon ERP GHG Inventorying Definitions - Activity data Activity data, according to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, are defined as data on the magnitude of human activity resulting in emissions or removals taking place during a given period of time. Emission factors An emission factor is defined as the average emission rate of a given GHG for a given source, relative to units of activity. Global Warming Potentials The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) used for presentation of CH 4 and N 2 O in terms of CO 2 equivalent are 21 and 310, respectively. Implied emission factor An implied emission factor is defined as emissions divided by the relevant measure of activity IEF = Emissions / Activity data

7 GHG Inventorying Definitions - Carbon ERP

8 Emission Sources - Carbon ERP

9 Principles of GHG Inventorying - Carbon ERP

10 Principles of GHG Inventorying - Carbon ERP

11 Carbon ERP Framework of GHG Inventorying Process - Source The GHG Protocol

12 Carbon ERP Framework of GHG Inventorying Process -

13 Carbon ERP Framework of GHG Inventorying Process -

14 Carbon ERP Framework of GHG Inventorying Process -

15 Carbon ERP Framework of GHG Inventorying Process -

16 Carbon ERP Framework of GHG Inventorying Process - Source DEFRA Guidance on how to measure and report your greenhouse gas emissions, Sept 2009

17 Carbon ERP Framework of GHG Inventorying Process - Organizational Footprint (scope 1, 2 and 3) Scope 3 Scope 2 Scope 1 Scope 3 Purchased Electricity, Heat and Steam Raw Materials Extraction and Production Distribution of Raw Materials Organization s Operations (fossil fuel consumption) Distribution of products and Retails Consumption Reuse / Recycle / Disposal Employees commute and Business Travel Product Footprint (scope may vary but should be clearly defined

18 GHG Inventorying Process Carbon ERP

19 GHG Inventorying Methodology Carbon ERP An emission factor is defined as a factor allowing [carbon] emissions to be estimated from a unit of available activity data (e.g. litres of fuel consumed) (Defra, 2009 p. 67) and is typically expressed in tco2e.

20 Carbon ERP Applied GHG Inventorying Cases Studies

21 Carbon ERP Applied GHG Inventorying Cases Studies

22 Carbon ERP Applied GHG Inventorying Cases Studies

23 Carbon ERP Applied GHG Inventorying Cases Studies

24 Carbon ERP Alternative GHG Inventorying Frameworks for Buildings / Real Estate

25 Visually Background Why carbon footprinting and building operations performance-based certification of real estate / cooling technologies developments adds value above and beyond Green Building Ratings cbalance Solutions Hub 25

26 Currently: The real estate sector follows various standards for building design such as LEED, GRIHA, IGBC etc While these standards are very helpful they are static, intent based rather than performance based These methods advise you on what targets are to be achieved but does not help you select the appropriate interventions for your project For instance: The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) devised by the Central Government (through the BEE) provides minimum requirements for energy efficient design and construction of buildings cbalance Solutions Hub 26

27 Currently: This code is applicable to buildings or complexes with a connected load of 500KW or a contract demand of 600 kva or greater which is normally buildings with conditioned area of more than 1000sq.m The code is already mandatory for commercial buildings in 8 states including Maharastra since 2012 and will in the near future be compulsory for all new constructions. The provision of this code apply to : Building Envelopes Mechanical systems and equipment including HVAC Service hot water heating Interior and exterior lighting Electrical power and motors However, a simple compliance system is not sufficient to accurately measure and convey the savings and the effect of the efficiency and conservation measures undertaken for the project to potential customers cbalance Solutions Hub 27

28 As a Result: Most companies just proclaim sustainability through words None of them quantify and convey the impact of the certification or rating on the customer None of them get their claims of savings certified Most customers are not convinced of the claims and perceive it as a gimmick cbalance Solutions Hub 28

29 The 4 th IPCC assessment states that the greatest potential for reducing GHG emissions are from the building sector and the highest potential and cheapest method was to do so in developing countries. cbalance Solutions Hub 29

30 Emission during the lifecycle of a building Water Use 19% Land Use 9% Solid Waste 19% Raw material Usage 23% Energy Usage During Building Operation Stage 27% Energy Usage During All other Stages of Building Construction 3% If only the Energy usage component is considered 80 90% of Energy used by the building is consumed during Operational Stage (Occupancy and Maintenance Stage) for Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Lighting, Appliances etc 10-20% of Energy used (varies according to life of the building) during Extraction, Manufacturing, Onsite Construction, Demolition and Transportation involved during the LCA of building cbalance Solutions Hub 30

31 What is Carbon Footprinting The total quantity of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an organization, event, product or person. Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) using the relevant 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) The building sector has the largest potential for reducing GHG emissions. With proven and commercially available technologies, the energy consumption in both new and existing buildings can be cut by an estimated 30-50% without significantly increasing investment costs cbalance Solutions Hub 31

32 Common Carbon Metric United Nations Environment Program s Sustainable Buildings & Climate Initiative (UNEP-SBCI) has developed the Common Carbon Metric for Building Operations CCM is an international standard to measure the carbon footprint of a building during its operational phase and report and verify reductions in a consistent manner The metrics measured are: Energy intensity = kwh/sq.m/year Carbon intensity = kgco2e/sq.m/year It is a useful aid for incentive based policy for the sector as well as enables sharing of technology across countries cbalance Solutions Hub 32

33 Define Boundaries and Scope of CO2 measurement Calculate the CO2e savings as a result of the intervention Identify each component that has a emission contribution Calculate footprint if the intervention was not introduced General Carbon Footprinting Process Quantify each component that has a emission contribution Multiply emission factor by quantity to get footprint Identify the emission factor for each emission contributor cbalance Solutions Hub 33

34 Life Cycle GHG Emissions of Cooling Technologies cbalance Solutions Hub 34

35 Life Cycle GHG Emissions of Cooling Technologies Scope 1 Emissions (Ref. Fugitive Emissions) Scope 2 Emissions ( Electricity Emissions) Scope 3 Emissions ( AT&C Loss Emissions) Total Life Cycle GHG Emissions cbalance Solutions Hub 35

36 Case A: Library Building 84 TR Direct-Expansion Chiller System EER of System = 2.93 R22 Refrigerant 3,000 hours/year use Energy Cost = INR/kWh Energy Penalty (above contract demand) = INR 300 / kva / month Capital Cost = INR Lakh Building Dimensions: Length: 131 feet Width: 82 feet Height: 10 feet 6 inch per floor 5 Floors cbalance Solutions Hub 36

37 Case B: Library Building 84 TR Output Direct-Indirect EAC + DX Hybrid System 53 TR Compressor Output (i.e. 37% 2.93 EER R290 Refrigerant 3,000 hours/year use Energy Cost = INR/kWh Energy Penalty (above contract demand) = INR 300 / kva / month Capital Cost = INR Lakh Building Dimensions: Length: 131 feet Width: 82 feet Height: 10 feet 6 inch per floor 5 Floors cbalance Solutions Hub 37

38 Case A: Step 1: Derive power consumption for 84 TR system cooling output 84 TR = 84 TR x kw / TR = kw cooling EER = 2.93 = kw output / X kw input X = kw / 2.93 = kw input (electrical) Step 2: Determine annual energy consumption for calculated system kw kw x 3,000 hours/year = 302,486 kwh/year Step 3: Calculate annual GHG emissions for energy consumption Scope 2 Emissions (Indirect Electricity Emissions) = 302,486 kwh/year x 0.96 kg CO2e/kWh (Avg. India Grid Electricity Emission Factor) = MT CO2e/year Scope 3 Emissions (AT&C Loss Emissions) = 302,486 kwh/year x 0.29 kg CO2e/kWh (Avg. India Grid AT&C Losses Emission Factor) = 87.7 MT CO2e/year cbalance Solutions Hub 38

39 Case A: Step 4: Determine Non-Energy (Fugitive) Emissions from Refrigerant Use Life- Cycle Step 1: Methodology for determining total emissions from refrigerant leakage from refrigerators and air conditioners Guidelines: REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING, Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use, Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Etotal,t = Econtainers,t + ECharge,t + Elifetime,t + Eend of life,t EMISSIONS FROM MANAGEMENT OF CONTAINERS E containers, t = RM t c / 100 Where: Econtainers, t = emissions from all HFC containers in year t, kg RMt = HFC market for new equipment and servicing of all refrigeration application in year t, kg c = emission factor of HFC container management of the current refrigerant market, percent EMISSIONS WHEN CHARGING NEW EQUIPMENT E charge, t = M t k / 100 Where: E charge, t = emissions during system manufacture/assembly in year t, kg Mt = amount of HFC charged into new equipment in year t (per sub-application), kg k = emission factor of assembly losses of the HFC charged into new equipment (per sub-application), percent cbalance Solutions Hub 39

40 Case A: EMISSIONS DURING EQUIPMENT LIFETIME E lifetime, t = B t x / 100 Where: E lifetime, t = amount of HFC emitted during system operation in year t, kg Bt = amount of HFC banked in existing systems in year t (per sub-application), kg x = annual emission rate (i.e., emission factor) of HFC of each sub-application bank during operation, accounting for average annual leakage and average annual emissions during servicing, percent EMISSIONS AT SYSTEM END-OF-LIFE E end-of-life, t = Mt-d P/100 (1-n rec,d /100) Where: E end-of-life, t = amount of HFC emitted at system disposal in year t, kg M t-d = amount of HFC initially charged into new systems installed in year (t-d), kg p = residual charge of HFC in equipment being disposed of expressed in percentage of full charge, percent η rec,d = recovery efficiency at disposal, which is the ratio of recovered HFC referred to the HFC contained in the system, percent cbalance Solutions Hub 40

41 Case A: IPCC/TEAP IPCC/TEAP Special Report: Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change DISTRIBUTION PHASE HFC- USE PHASE END-OF-LIFE PHASE SCENARIO FROM HANDLING CONTAINERS OPERATIONAL LEAKAGES LEAKAGES FROM INITIAL CHARGING REMAINING CHARGE FOR SERVICING LEAKAGES FROM SERVICING RECHARGE REMAINING CHARGE AT END-OF-LIFE RECOVERY EFF. [% OF MARKET] [% OF INITIAL CHARGE / YEAR] [% OF INITIAL CHARGE] [% OF INITIAL CHARGE] [% OF SERVICING RECHARGE] [% OF INITIAL CHARGE] [% OF REMAININ G CHARGE] BUSINESS-AS- USUAL SCENARIO 10% 10% 1% 60% 2% 80% 0 INTERMEDIATE LEAKAGE SCENARIO 10% 5% 1% 65% 2% 85% 0 BEST-PRACTICES SCENARIO 2% 1% 0.20% NA 0.40% 90% 80% cbalance Solutions Hub 41

42 Case A: Calculated Refrigerant (Fugitive) Life-Cycle Emission Factors for Developing Countries (India) with Minimal Leakage Mitigation Efforts System Type Refrigerant Type GHG EF Units Ductable AC (Conventional) Avg. High GWP Refrigerant Mix kg CO2e/kW cooling/year Ductable AC (Conventional) Ductable AC (Conventional) HFC kg CO2e/kW cooling/year R kg CO2e/kW cooling/year cbalance Solutions Hub 42

43 Case A: Step 4: Determine Non-Energy (Fugitive) Emissions from Refrigerant Use Life- Cycle Scope 1 Emissions (Refrigerant Leakage) = kg CO2e/kW cooling/year x kw cooling = 44.2 MT CO2e/year Step 5: Determine Annual Operating (Energy) Cost Energy Use Cost = 302,486 kwh/year x INR/kWh = INR Lakh/year Energy Penalty Cost: Electrical Load = kw Power Factor = 0.9 Apparent Power = 100.8/0.9 = 112 kva Penalty Cost = 300 INR/kVA/month x 112 kva x 12 months/year = 4.03 INR Lakh/year cbalance Solutions Hub 43

44 Case A: Annual Emissions and Cost Summary Parameter Value Units Scope 1 Emissions 44.2 MT CO2e/year Scope 2 Emissions MT CO2e/year Scope 3 Emissions 87.7 MT CO2e/year TOTAL GHG Emissions MT CO2e/year Capital Cost INR Lakh/Year Annual Operating Cost INR Lakh/Year cbalance Solutions Hub 44

45 Case B: Step 1: Derive power consumption for 84 TR system cooling output 84 TR = 84 TR x kw / TR = kw cooling EER = 2.93 = 53 TR compressor output x kw/tr / X kw input X = kw compressor output / 2.93 = 63.6 kw input (electrical) Effective EER is therefore = / 63.6 = 4.64 Step 2: Determine annual energy consumption for calculated system kw 63.6 kw x 3,000 hours/year = 190,854 kwh/year Step 3: Calculate annual GHG emissions for energy consumption Scope 2 Emissions (Indirect Electricity Emissions) = 190,854 kwh/year x 0.96 kg CO2e/kWh (Avg. India Grid Electricity Emission Factor) = MT CO2e/year Scope 3 Emissions (AT&C Loss Emissions) = 190,854 kwh/year x 0.29 kg CO2e/kWh (Avg. India Grid AT&C Losses Emission Factor) = 55.3 MT CO2e/year cbalance Solutions Hub 45

46 Case B: Step 4: Determine Non-Energy (Fugitive) Emissions from Refrigerant Use Life- Cycle Scope 1 Emissions (Refrigerant Leakage) = 0.08 kg CO2e/kW cooling/year x kw cooling = MT CO2e/year Step 5: Determine Annual Operating (Energy) Cost Energy Use Cost = 190,854 kwh/year x INR/kWh = INR Lakh/year Energy Penalty Cost: Electrical Load = 63.6 kw Power Factor = 0.9 Apparent Power = 63.6/0.9 = 70.7 kva Penalty Cost = 300 INR/kVA/month x 70.7 kva x 12 months/year = 2.54 INR Lakh/year cbalance Solutions Hub 46

47 Case B: Annual Emissions and Cost Summary Parameter Value Units Scope 1 Emissions MT CO2e/year Scope 2 Emissions MT CO2e/year Scope 3 Emissions 55.3 MT CO2e/year TOTAL GHG Emissions MT CO2e/year Capital Cost INR Lakh/Year Annual Operating Cost INR Lakh/Year cbalance Solutions Hub 47

48 Case A vs. B: Relative Annual Emissions and Cost Summary Parameter Value Value Savings Units CASE A CASE B CASE B vs. A Scope 1 Emissions MT CO2e/year Scope 2 Emissions MT CO2e/year Scope 3 Emissions MT CO2e/year TOTAL GHG Emissions MT CO2e/year Capital Cost INR Lakh/Year Annual Operating Cost INR Lakh/Year Life Cycle Cost (15 yrs.) INR Lakh Life Cycle GHG Emiss. (15 yrs.) ,757 MT CO2e Marginal Abatement Cost = Life Cycle Cost / Life Cycle GHG Mitigation -7,486.4 INR/MT CO2e cbalance Solutions Hub 48

49 Marginal Abatement Cost Curve Analysis

50 MACC Analysis What is a MAC Curve? A enterprise-specific Marginal GHG Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) analysis is a key component of an institutionalized Sustainability strategy. It is designed to discover the most cost-effective means of reducing carbon emissions, energy consumption, and water consumption through technological interventions or modifications in management practices. It is a vital decision-support input for planning capital expenditure on Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation, Waste Reduction & Management etc. projects in a manner that safeguards the financial sustainability of the Organization while achieving tangible environmental and socio-economic sustainability benefits for the planetary ecosystem. The idea is to harvest the low-hanging fruits first, accumulate the economic benefits from these no-regret options and then steps through more challenging interventions. In this way, it reduces financial risk and ensures longevity of the environmental program at large. Furthermore, de-linking energy consumption and GHG emissions can leverage the multiplier-effect of reducing energy intensity and integrating renewable electrical energy into the energy procurement mix of the property. 50

51 MACC Analysis

52 MACC Analysis Source: McKinsey & Company

53 USD/ton CO2e Gas Fired Air Conditioning EV - World EV - Shanghai Expo CFL Lighting LED Lighting Phase 3: MACC Analysis Solar Thermal Heating Hydro - Xiangjiaba Supercritical Thermal - Nanshi Plant Offshore Wind - Donghai Bridge Solar PV (Expo Park) Hybrid Taxi/Car - World River Water / Geothermal Heat Pumps Hybrid Bus - World HFCV (Car) - World HFCV (Cart) - World Battery-Supercapacitor Bus - World HFCV (Car) - Shanghai Expo Supercapacitor Trolley Bus - World HFCV (Bus) - World Marginal Abatement Cost Curve - Shanghai World Expo ,200 1,100 1, ,000

54 MACC Analysis