The Role of Building Performance An International Perspective

Transcription

1 The Role of Building Performance An International Perspective 2011 RESNET Building Performance Conference February 26 - March 2, 20115, Orlando IEA, International Energy Agency, Jens Laustsen Senior Policy Analyst for Efficiency in Buildings OECD/IEA, 2011

2 Content Energy efficient buildings in a global climate perspective 25 energy efficiency recommendations Concepts are the answer In the future buildings should use no energy Policy Pathways SBN Sustainable buildings network Four time better buildings The role of energy performance certification OECD/IEA, 2011

3 Energy efficiency in buildings n is a critical part of sustainable energy future Buildings can deliver larges reductions in CO 2 emissions at low costs OECD/IEA, 2011

4 What the world needs! Long term GHG mitigation Mtoe Other renewables Biomass Hydro Nuclear Gas Oil Coal WEO-2008 total World energy demand expands by 45% between now and 2030 an average rate of increase of 1.6% per year source WEO 2009 OECD/IEA, 2011

5 World abatement of energy-related CO 2 emissions in the 450 Scenario Gt 42 Reference Scenario Gt 3.8 Gt Scenario Share of abatement % Efficiency End-use Power plants 6 5 Renewables Biofuels 1 3 Nuclear CCS 3 10 Efficiency measures account for two-thirds of the 3.8 Gt of abatement in 2020, with renewable energy contributing close to one-fifth WEO 2009 OECD/IEA, 2011

6 Energy efficiency in buildings is climate change abatement at low costs Why? - They are feasible on long term! Renewable Energy End Use Efficiency IEA: Energy technology perspective 2008 McKinsey institute: Climate reports Many other studies show the same trends! But these estimates are usually based on individual components so they overestimate costs. OECD/IEA, 2011

7 Is it possible? Energy efficiency in the Past Energy Savings in IEA countries Hypothetical energy Savings 57 EJ Actual Energy efficiency is already the largest fuel! Energy efficiency improvements Without energy efficiency consumption would have been 57 % higher OECD/IEA, 2011

8 Conclusion on Potentials The potential of energy efficiency in buildings is large and very compelling. But many barriers hamper energy efficiency. Energy performance of buildings is very important when realizing these savings. Most of these calculations look at individual improvements without change of design. So they overestimates costs. Holistic savings are cheaper. And on longer terms buildings should use no energy.

9 25 energy efficiency policy recommendations across 7 priority areas 1. Across sectors 1.1 Measures for increasing investment in energy efficiency; 1.2 National energy efficiency strategies and goals; 1.3 Compliance, monitoring, enforcement and evaluation of energy efficiency measures; 1.4 Energy efficiency indicators; 1.5 Monitoring and reporting progress with the IEA energy efficiency recommendations themselves. 2. Buildings 2.1 Building codes for new buildings; 2.2 Passive Energy Houses and Zero Energy Buildings; 2.3 Policy packages to promote energy efficiency in existing buildings; 2.4 Building certification schemes; 2.5 Energy efficiency improvements in glazed areas. 3. Appliances 3.1 Mandatory energy performance requirements or labels; 3.2 Low-power modes, including standby power, for electronic and networked equipment; 3.3 Televisions and set-top boxes; 3.4 Energy performance test standards and measurement protocols. 4. Lighting 4.1 Best practice lighting and the phase-out of incandescent bulbs; 4.2 Ensuring least-cost lighting in nonresidential buildings and the phase-out of inefficient fuel-based lighting. 5. Transport 5.1 Fuel-efficient tyres; 5.2 Mandatory fuel efficiency standards for light-duty vehicles; 5.3 Fuel economy of heavy-duty vehicles; 5.4 Eco-driving. 6. Industry 6.1 Collection of high quality energy efficiency data for industry; 6.2 Energy performance of electric motors; 6.3 Assistance in developing energy management capability; 6.4 Policy packages to promote energy efficiency in small and medium-sized enterprises. 7. Utilities 7.1 Utility end-use energy efficiency schemes.

10 Recommendations Heiligendamm Building Codes for New Buildings: Countries that do not currently have mandatory energy efficiency standards for new buildings in Building Codes should urgently set, enforce and regularly update such standards. Those countries that currently have mandatory energy efficiency standards for new buildings should significantly strengthen those standards. Energy efficiency standards for new buildings should be set by national or state government and should aim to minimize total costs over a 30- year lifetime. Passive Houses and Zero Energy Buildings Countries should support and encourage the construction of buildings with very low or no net energy consumption (Passive Energy Houses and Zero Energy Buildings) and ensure that these buildings are commonly available in the market. Governments should set objectives for PEH and ZEB market share of all new construction by Passive Energy Houses or Zero Energy Buildings should be used as benchmark for energy efficiency standards in future updates of building regulations.

11 Recommendations Hokkaido Certification of Buildings: Governments should take actions to make energy efficiency of buildings more visible and give information on major energy saving opportunities. This should include; Mandatory energy certification schemes that ensure that buyers and renters of buildings get information on the energy efficiency of buildings and major opportunities for energy savings. Structures that insure that energy efficiency information is available to all actors in the building sector at all appropriate times.

12 Best Practice Examples Concepts Holistic approach

13 Concept 1: Passive House Capitalized Costs ( /m²) Savings and additional investment Specific energy heating( kwh/m² year) Energy cost Investment Total Costs Sophienhof Frankfurt / Germany 15 kwh / m² per year Extra costs = 3-5% of total costs Payback = 9-10 years

14 Concept 2: Zero Energy Buildings BCA -Academy Singapore BedZet, London, UK 4 Purchase carbon offsets 3. Incorporate renewable energy and green power 2 Improve energy efficiency 1. Avoid need for energy use passive heating, cooling and ventilation Zero Carbon The way to Zero Energy Buildings Zero Energy Plus Energy Solar Siedlung Vauban Freiburg, Germany

15 Concept 3: Intelligent Design Use integrated design and cultural heritage The steps of Integrated Design Process: consider right building size and use; consider orientation, form, thermal mass; high-performance building envelope; maximize passive heating, cooling, ventilation and use of day-light; install efficient systems to meet remaining loads; use renewable energy sources as much as possible; ensure that individual devices are as efficient as possible; and ensure proper commission of systems 15 degrees difference sun / no sun use of local heritage MISR university Cairo

16 Concept 4: Factor 10 renovation Frankfurt Teverstrasse, Refurbishment using Passive House Principles 87% Factor 10 Source: Passivehouse Institute / DENA

17 Four Time Better Buildings Factor Four Model Work in progress

18 Zero Energy Buildings On longer term new buildings should use no energy But what is a zero energy building? It seems a simple question, but in fact the answer is more complicated. A first answer would be: A (net) zero energy building is a building that can provide a normal indoor comfort and still use no energy, meaning that over time it produces as much (renewable) energy as it needs.

19 Definition Zero Energy Buildings Still some questions are open: What are the comfort criteria's? What is included in consumption? Heating, cooling, ventilation, dehumidification, appliances and devices? What are accepted as energy production? Renewable energy integrated in building? On land? On distance and what sources? How much can it use grids? Off grid? Storage? What about heat and electricity? Balance for each or factor? Carbon or price? Costs and options highly depends on these questions! Don t want to go in detail, but will show one graph:

20 Costs of Zero Energy Buildings Grid exclusive / more independent ZEB off grid / all incl. Zero Carbon Buildings NZEB heating + DHW NZEB comfort energy NZEB comfort + light NZEB incl. all major appliances NZEB all energy ZEB with offsets Reduced Costs Larger part of consumption included

21 Conclusion: Cost towards zero When looked at present costs - the right way to zero is first to reduce energy consumption through passive design and other high efficient design. Then this consumption needs to be based on renewable energy. Use of such concepts will reduce costs for energy efficiency and improve potential for energy savings. But there are different ways to go there:

22 Market Penetration Policies to implement high energy performance Share in percent Development projects / experiments Demonstration projects Strong incentives for individual projects General incentives Building Codes or mandatory standards Enforcement of Building Codes or standards You can use the same learning curve for Zero Energy Buildings Implementation of EE in buildings takes time!

23 Using Progressive Building Codes The other way to market penetration. Some countries have set zero targets for building codes: Denmark: all new buildings must be plus energy in the future plus strict reductions of consumption in steps. France: all building public buildings plus in UK: residential buildings zero carbon in 2016 and commercial / public buildings in 2018/19. European Union: all building codes must be close to zero in 2020 (EPBD directive). California energy commission: residential buildings zero in 2020 and commercial in 2030.

24 Danish Building Codes Gross energy including heating, cooling, ventilation and hot sanitary water 160 kwh per m² per year In Danish action plans for a CO2 neutral society it is the target that all building will be positive in the future (year still to be decided)

25 Danish Building Codes Gross energy including heating, cooling, ventilation and hot sanitary water 160 kwh per m² per year Passive house Danish Building Code probably highest EE demands in the world -20 In Danish action plans for a CO2 neutral society it is the target that all building will be positive in the future (year still to be decided)

26 Costs for improvements of building codes Danish Building Research Institute calculated additional costs by reduction of 25 % in 2010 to be 5%. A reduction on 50 % would have 10 % additional construction cost. Over few years these additional costs will drop to 3 % versus 6 %. Simple calculations based on these examples shows that both the improvement of building codes in 2010 and a further reduction 2015 are cost neutral for uses and owners of new buildings as such. These improvements have no costs or negative costs seen over 30 year lifetime even without a basic change of design which would be natural with such strong demands. Similar calculations in France show that a 50 % reduction of energy consumption in building codes can be obtained in 2013 with negative costs for owners and users if based on performance.

27 European Policy (EPBD) New European Directive forces all 28 member states of European Union will have to follow the examples above. A recast EPBD (Energy Performance in Buildings Directive) Claims that all member states must implement: Innovative Building Codes new buildings must be close to zero energy in Recast EPBD directive was adopted 19 May Although final level to be defined, it is expected to be similar to passive house. Still discussions on level and cost efficiency.

28 OECD/IEA 2010

29 OECD/IEA 2010

30 Buildings policy pathway: Key steps to implementation Lessons learned four phases of ten critical elements are broken into 38 steps or recommendations for countries implementing such a policy. Key points: Solve the many questions very early in the process Communicate results openly in all stages Involve the main stakeholders in planning Plan training of assessors carefully and early in the process Leave sufficient time for key processes such as training Most impact if certification is combined with other policies Clear process to set up schemes - Plan, Implement, Monitor, Evaluate and Improve!

31 Policy Pathway series Schedule of work Policy Pathways Appliances monitoring, verification and enforcement (Oct 2010) Buildings certification (November 2010) Public-private partnerships for energy efficiency finance (June 2011) Policies for advanced buildings - Cool buildings for hot climates (September 2011) Energy efficient Windows (December 2011) Industrial energy management (December 2011) Energy Efficiency Roadmap - Solid state lighting (2011)

32 Sustainable Buildings Network A global network of networks

33 Sustainable Buildings Network Sustainable Buildings Network, SBN, is an outcome of the G8 and plus G5 collaboration in Heiligendamm Dialogue Process SBN is now a subtask to IPEEC, International Partnership on Energy Efficiency Collaboration SBN is an network of networks and it aims to: Mobilise existing stakeholders and networks towards common approaches. Collect and disseminate information; becoming a reference portal for information and policy-related issues. Link technical and political levels of decision-making 5 lines! Share experiences between local, national and international levels. Engaging national bodies, networks, organizations and individual experts. SBN has a global scope.

34 SBN a network of networks Some central key activities will be: Preparation of evidence based information and policy advice, nationally, regionally and globally. Support clarification and information exchange on definitions and standards, collection of information, areas needing research. Support for capacity building in particular in developing countries, assistance to national authorities and organisations A set of enabling activities will be set up including: Global collaboration between different stakeholders in energy efficient and sustainable buildings. Establishment of a data bank with information; dissemination of good results and best practices, policy advice. Dissemination of experience on best practices, on demonstration projects, public private partnerships, cost, feasibility and results.

35 Sustainable buildings network Assessment of polices and initiatives for energy efficiency in buildings. What works and what doesn t work? Collection of information on impact of policies. Looking at very best practices. Key areas: Building Codes Zero energy buildings Deep renovations of existing buildings Intelligent tropical architecture

36 Certification of Performance Energy Performance Certification is a strong tool to improve energy efficiency of buildings In new buildings, certification can: Ensure compliance with building standards Supporting buildings with a better performance In existing buildings, certification Can make energy more visible by sale or rental Can regular show development in efficiency (monitor) Can give advice on how to upgrade energy performance Document upgrade to better energy standards Building performance certification is needed to help transforming the market for efficient buildings. I talk more about certification and SBN in my session this afternoon.

37 Conclusion The potential of energy efficiency in buildings is large and compelling, but this has to be based on energy performance. Holistic and passive savings are cheaper concepts are the answer. On longer terms buildings should use no energy. We need to transform the building industry this needs capacity building and training of millions of people. Energy efficiency needs to become visible energy performance certification is the answer. IEA has: Developed 25 Energy Efficiency Recommendations Policy Pathways to help countries implement Sustainable Buildings Network Analytic works and book on the way

38 Jens Laustsen Thanks You can find more information on: