Material Cycle and Ecological Effect in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem

Transcription

1 Material Cycle and Ecological Effect in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Liu Min Department of Geography, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai

2 Why we choose this topic?

3 Estuarine areas are as sources and sink of nutrients and POPs,and in conjunction land and oceans; Also being vulnerable zones, because of anthropogenic activities ; Important and special ecosystem concerning with human safety and health.

4 The estuarine and coastal zone, as a transitional zone between land l and ocean, is a multifunctional and complex ecosystem with special ecological values and potential resources,. 4% of global population live within 1 km of a coast (Burke et al., 21)

5 The estuarine and coastal region is also a typical vulnerable ecosystem characterized by intense hydrodynamic conditions, frequent sediment transport and material exchange, steep physiochemical gradients and high biodiversity. With the development of population and economic growth, lots of contaminates were transported to the estuarine and coastal ecosystems, resulted in a serires of environmental problems such as eutrophication and pollution of POPs and heavy metals.

6 U.S. Bureau of the Census increasing environmental pollution

7 Global Persistent Bioaccumulation Hydrophobic Toxic 4 Cl m 3 2 2' 3' 1 1' 4' 5 6 Cl n 6' 5' PCBs DDTs

8 Volatilisation Wet/dry desposition Adsorption Interaction with suspended particulate matter R iver run o ff Bioaviability Dissolving in water Sediment burial POPs in the estuarine and nearby coastal areas

9 sediment runoff from the basin of the Yangtze River( 1 8 t/a) sediment concentration of Datong station(kg/m 3 ) 195s-198s s-198s s s.36 2 yr yr..34 Three-gorge Project yr..28

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11 Contents and main focuses the sources of nutrients, POPs etc. in the Yangtze estuarine and coastal ecosystem; the accumulation and transfer mechanisms of nutrients and POPs in the multi-phases/media; the environmental potential risk of nutrients, POPs along the Yangtze estuarine and coastal ecosystem; better understanding of the relationship and ecosystem mechanism of environmental pollution and ecological risk/safety in the estuarine ecosystem; Baseline for estuarine-coastal ecosystem protection.

12 1. The accumulation and sources of POPs in the sediments from the Yangtze estuarine and coastal ecosystem

13 FX JS LY LC CY DH suspended particle matters CB 3CB 4CB 8CB other-pcb CM XP BM LHK BLG SDKWSK GL CY DH LC LY FX JS p,p -DDT p,p -DDD o,p -DDT p,p -DDE δ-hch γ-hch β-hch α-hch LY FX JS BLG CY DH LC LHK SDK WSK GL XP BM CM CM XP BM LHK SDK WSK GL BLG content (ng/g) content (ng/g) content (ng/g)

14 surface sediments PCBs

15 DDTs

16 HCHs

17 The composition of PCBs in the surface sediments 47% 1% 7% 14% 6% 16% 3% 2% 1% 23% 19% 5% 5% 16% 4%.6%.4% 2CB 3CB 4CB 5CB 6CB 7CB 8CB 9CB 31% dry season flood season In agreement with the fact that tri-cb and penta-cb compounds are the dominant contaminants in China High chlorinated PCBs low chlorinated PCBs

18 The composition of DDTs in the surface sediments p,p'-ddt p,p'-ddd o,p'-ddt p,p'-dde CM XP BM QYK LHK SDK WSK BLG CY LC LY FX DDE/DDT > 1 (DDE+DDD)/DDT >.5 DDD congener levels were relatively high, indicating the lack of a recent source. dry season(ng/g) p,p'-ddt p,p'-ddd o,p'-ddt p,p'-dde CM XP QYK LHK SDK WSK BLG CY LC LY FX flood season(ng/g) (DDE+DDD)/DDT DDD/DDE CM WSK BM BLG QYK CY LHK LC SDK LY

19 The composition of HCHs in the surface sediments δ-hch γ-hch β-hch α-hch 4 CM XP BM QYK LHK SDK WSK BLG CY LC LY FX dry season(ng/g) α-hch was the dominant congener runoff input from the Yangtze River and the Huangpu River the contribution of atmospheric transfer γ-hch transform to α-hch δ-hch γ-hch β-hch α-hch CM XP QYK LHK SDK WSK BLG CY LC LY FX flood season(ng/g)

20 2. Transfer mechanisms of POPs and its bioavailabilities in the multi-phases/media

21 Scipus plants content (ng/g) April July t-pcb content (ng/g) CB 9 3CB CB content (ng/g) 6 3 content (ng/g) PCBs concentrations in above-ground tissues of Scirpus plants in April and July

22 content (ng/g) t-pcb April July content (ng/g) CB content (ng/g) CB content (ng/g) CB PCBs concentrations in roots of Scirpus plants in April and July

23 18 T R 9 12 t-hch (ng/g) α -HCH (ng/g) 6 3 t-ddt (ng/g) γ -HCH (ng/g) δ -HCH (ng/g) 4 2 o,p'-ddt (ng/g) 6 3 HCHs and DDTs between above-ground tissues and roots of Scirpus plants in April

24 32 T R 27 8 t-hch (ng/g) α -HCH (ng/g) 18 9 δ -HCH (ng/g) t-ddt (ng/g) p,p'-dde (ng/g) 1 5 o,p'-ddt (ng/g) 8 4 HCHs and DDTs between above-ground tissues and roots of Scirpus plants in July

25 PCBs and DDTs Interception and adsorption 高大的植株对大气中 by exuberant DDTs 的 plants 截获 HCHs Interception and adsorption by exuberant plants Waxy nature of leaves 蜡质表层对 and DDTs stems的吸附 Waxy nature of leaves and stems 根部 roots 类脂 lipid-like 对 DDTs matter 的吸收四月份 In April roots 根部 lipid-like 类脂 对 DDTs matter 的吸收 In 七月份 July roots lipid-like matter In April roots lipid-like matter In July Transfer mechanisms of POPs in Scirpus plants

26 ng/g t-pcb BCF RS P Relationship between concentrations of POPs and BCFs Lower bioavailability at contaminated sites and higher bioavailability at clean one t-hch (ng/g) April BP CRS BCF 9 6 BCF t-ddt (ng/g) April BCF July 9 6 July t-hch (ng/g) BCF t-ddt (ng/g) 2 3 BCF

27 Summary of sediment-dwelling animal samples, collected along the Yangtze Estuary and its coastal areas Dates Sites Species Size (cm) Weight (g) Lipid (%) 河蚬 Corbicula fluminea 2.27± ± 缢蛏 Sinonovacula constricta 3.4± ± 无齿相手蟹 Female 2.94±.21 14,51±3, /7/22 CM Sesarma dehaani Male 3.26±.25 25,56±4, XP Corbicula fluminea 2.15± ± Female 2±.64 4,7±3, /7/22 19/7/22 21/7/22 BM WSK LHK Male 2.4±.44 5,31±3, Female 2.13±.29 5,93±2, Male 2.64±.19 13,85±4, >2cm 2.59±.2 3,69±, <2cm 1.74±.13 3,5±, LC Sesarma dehaani 2.25± ± Female 2.96±.32 15,33±5, FX Sesarma dehaani Sesarma dehaani Corbicula fluminea Sesarma dehaani Sinonovacula constricta Male 3.1±.37 18,83±4, ± ±

28 PCBs in mollusks and crabs from study areas (ng/g) 3% 河蚬河蚬 Corbicula fluminea 13% 3% 4% 4% 2CB 3CB 4CB 5CB 焦河蓝蛤 Potamocorbula ustulata 焦河蓝蛤 3% 14% 18% 6% 6CB 9% 8% 2% 7CB 44% 8CB 46% 1% 1% 9CB 32% 47% 泥螺黄泥螺 Bullacta exatata 2% 3% 8% 4% 3% 8% 1% 42% 缢蛏 Sinonovacula constricta 缢蛏 1% 11% 12% 13% 4% 1% 19% 5% 57% crab 32% 1% 3% 2% 2% 1%

29 HCHs and DDTs in mollusks from the study areas CM XP LHK FX Sinonovacula constricta Corbicula fluminea(<2cm) Corbicula fluminea(>2cm) Corbicula fluminea Sinonovacula constricta Corbicula fluminea α-hch β-hch γ-hch δ-hch t-hch concentration (ng g -1 ) CM XP LHK FX Sinonovacula constricta Corbicula fluminea(<2cm) Corbicula fluminea(>2cm) Corbicula fluminea Sinonovacula constricta Corbicula fluminea p,p'-dde o,p'-ddt p,p'-ddd p,p'-ddt t-ddt concentration (ng g -1 ) HCHs and DDTs in crabs from study areas FX-M FX-F LC WSK-M α-hch β-hch γ-hch δ-hch FX-M FX-F LC WSK-M WSK-F BM-M BM-F CM-M WSK-F BM-M BM-F CM-M p,p'-dde o,p'-ddt p,p'-ddd p,p'-ddt CM-F CM-F t-hch concentration (ng g -1 ) t-ddt concentration (ng g -1 )

30 BSAFs in sediment-dwelling animals and sediments characters from the Yangtze Estuary TOC t-hch BSAF CM-Corbicula fluminea CM-Sinonovacula constricta XP- Corbicula fluminea LHK- Corbicula fluminea-large LHK- Corbicula fluminea-small FX-Sinonovacula constricta 35 TOC 3 t-ddt 25 BASF CM- Corbicula fluminea CM-Sinonovacula constricta XP- Corbicula fluminea LHK- Corbicula fluminea-large LHK- Corbicula fluminea-small FX-Sinonovacula constricta

31 TOC t-hch BSAF CM-F CM-M BM-F BM-M WSK-F WSK-M LC FX-F FX-M BSAF values show to be lower in highly polluted, high organic carbon sediment higher in low pollutant, low organic carbon sediment. one high with tow low & one low with two high effect This effect was due to POPs having greater affinity for polluted, anthropogenic organic carbon; therefore, they would be less bioavailable to organisms.

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33 3. Ecological risk assessment of POPs in the Yangtze estuarine and coastal ecosystem

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36 Comparision of PCBs and OCPs levels in the study area with effects-based and empirically-derived sediment quality guidelines (ng/g) ER-L ER-M study area DDT 1 7 nd-12.1 DDD 2 2 nd-14.1 DDE 2 15 nd-8.6 t-ddt γ-hch 2.37 a 4.99 a nd-4.2 t-pcb a: source from MacDonald et al., 1999 The degree of POPs contamination in the sediments of Yangtze estuary is moderate in comparison with other estuarine and tidal flat surface sediments in the world. However, there are still potential environmental risks for POPs in the study area

37 Concentrations of DDTs, HCHs and PCBs in animals from worldwide estuarine and coastal areas( ng g -1, wet wt.)/ The Yangtze estuarine and coastal areas DDTs HCHs PCBs Refrence 1.5~ ~ ~126.4 This study The Yangtze Estuary 9.5~191 nd~ ~615.1 Fang et al., 21 North coastal line in Minjiang Dou et la., 1997 Duancun area in Baiyangdan 19.4~ ~ Kannan et al., 22 Guangzhou coastal area, Pearl River Estuary ~ Kannan et al., 22 Baltic Sea 4~33-17~152 Nyman et al., 22 The White Sea, Russia 2.4~22.7.9~ ±6 Muir et al., 23 Coastal area, Los Angeles, USA 1~ Luo et al., 21 Jarfjord, Northern Norway 98~467 19~42 245~1725 Ruus et al., 1999 Coastal areas of South Korea 1.67~ ~ ~422. Kim et al., 22

38 Low and high level limits of organic pollutants for animals in coastal areas of the Yangtze Estuary, Korea and US(ng g -1, dry wt.) PCBs HCHs DDTs Refrence Low level limit 69. a High level limit Geometric mean This study Low level limit High level limit Geometric mean Korean marine bivalves (Kim et al., 22) Low level limit High level limit Geometric mean a: wet weight US Mussel Watch (Kim et al., 22)

39 Conclusions The concentrations of POPs in the sediments are characterized by maximum values near sewage discharge points. The Yangtze River runoff and the atmospheric transfer were found to be the two main sources of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs. Marsh plants may accumulated POPs by root uptake or from the atmosphere onto the waxy cuticle of leaves and stems, and showed the seasonal change. BCFs were negatively correlated to sediment concentration suggests that redistribution processes may take place with the plants, kinetically limiting the accumulation of POPs at higher levels of exposure.

40 As for the sediment-dwelling animals, HCHs and DDTs showed the higher levels at fresh water area in the estuary and lower at brackish water area. There was no significant relationship between contaminants concentrations and lipid contents both in mollusks and crabs. BSAF estimations show a significant one high with two low and one low with two high effect in the Yangtze Estuary. This effect was due to POPs having greater affinity for polluted, anthropogenic organic carbon; therefore, they would be less bioavailable to organisms. The degree of POPs contamination in the Yangtze estuary is moderate in comparison with other estuarine and coastal zones in the world. However, there are still potential environmental risks for POPs in the study area.

41 Future focuses The estuarine and coastal ecosystem response to the changes of Yangtze river basin on different scale, especially anthropogenic activities etc; How to evaluate POPs ecoenvironmental risk and ecological effects; The effect of material coupling in watersediment-contaminant-organism system on the health and safety of estuarine ecosystem.

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