Gary Burtle Adapted from LaDon Swan

Transcription

1 Pond Construction & Aquatic System Design Gary Burtle Adapted from LaDon Swan

2 Production Methods Ponds Raceways Cages Recirculating systems

3 Levee Ponds Levee ponds are the most common fish production method Common food species catfish trout and salmon hybrid striped bass Tilapia Cobia

4 Levee Ponds Site selection topography pesticides utilities drainage wetlands clay content Types Construction levee depth slope water drains Production rates

5 Site Selection Time spent analyzing a site is time well spent. Many problems associated with levee ponds can be traced back to poor site selection.

6 Site Selection Criteria topography gentle slope pesticide residuals test utilities essential

7 Site Selection Criteria drainage locate for gravity drainage wetlands clay regulatory difficulties 25% is okay, but good ponds can be constructed with less or more. depends soil composition

8 Spawning less than 1 acre easy to drain/fill Fingerling 1-5 acres easy to drain/refill Finishing 5 acres or larger Depends on market draining continual -- no batch -- yes Types

9 Spawning

10 Fingerling

11 Finishing

12 Construction Ponds when properly constructed. $2-5 K per acre Components levee depth slope water supply drains

13 VARIABLE COST OF CONSTRUCTION Geographic location Site suitability for ponds Type of contractor Type of equipment used Amount of owner participation

14 Levee Core trench dug to anchor levee to existing topography core depth equal depth of pond filled with high clay content soil compacted

15 Remove soil from central part of pond to construct levees Add 8-10 layers Compact Levee

16 Levee ft wide main harvesting equipment ft wide side feed trucks

17 Slope Horizontal distance in feet for each foot of height or a 2 + b 2 = c 2 or s = Rise/Run 3:1 minimum inside (varies) 3 1

18 Depth Shallow end ft prevents rooted plant growth Deep end 6-7 ft (drain) prevents unnecessary draining to harvest ft

19 Freeboard Freeboard height of the levee from the water surface to the top of the levee 2 ft recommended prevents overflow erosion control 2 ft

20 Calculating Levee Volume Dam Height = 6 ft Dam Width = 10 ft Levee Slopes = both 5:1 Remember ½ base time height = area of right triangle 1/2(5x6)(6) + ½(5x6)(6)+ 10 x 6 = cross section area Cross Section area x Length = Volume

21 Continue Example Cross Section Area = = 240 square feet For 100 feet of levee, 100 ft x 240 sq ft = 24,000 cubic feet 1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet so, 24,000/27 = cubic yards

22 Ponds should be able to fill in 7 days or less Use gate or alfalfa valves to control flow Water Supply

23 Calculate Water Needs 1 Acre Foot = about 325,851 gal 10 acre pond, average 4 ft deep How long to fill with 400 gpm pump?

24 Calculate 13,034,040 gallons 32,585 minutes 5,430 hours 226 days So, 400 gpm not enough!!!

25 How much pump for 7 days Pond Volume/ 7 days = gal per day 1,862,005 gal Gal/day divided by 1,440 min/day = gal/min to pump 1,293 gpm

26 Piping Systems Locate well as close to ponds as possible Interconnect wells with water system to increase volume Pour concrete bearing blocks to prevent water hammer damage Size pipe to prevent restriction of flow

27 Ponds should able to completely drain in 2 days or less. PVC pr galvanized Anti-seep collar prevents seepage around drain pipe collar should be 3 times the diameter of the pipe Drain

28 Pipe Sizes Use design tables for pipes Show friction loss over a distance PVC is easier to travel through than corrugated aluminum for example Important for water-shed ponds

29 Swivel drain Vertical standpipe Drain Pour cement to hold drain down

30 Increased Yields Production Rates Variables feed aeration harvest method continual batch 1,000 to 10,000 lbs./acre No Inputs Feed Feed Aeration Feed Aeration Continual Harvesting

31 Electrical Service Each pond should have electrical service Size wire to meet the horse power needs Locate service close to the aerator locations Usually 3-phase power for 5+ HP

32 Partitioning Ponds To increase production per acre Uses part of the pond to convert nitrogen waste into algae A smaller part of the pond is for fish production, using aeration for oxygen management and water circulation

33 What are we doing? 30 years ago, a farmer asked me to develop technology to increase the pounds of catfish produced per acre of pond. Until a few years ago, we had not done that. Now split-pond culture can sustain and increase in catfish production. paraphrasing Dr. Craig Tucker, MSU, 2012

34 Partitioned Aquaculture System Clemson University

35 What is going on? Algal Biosynthesis and Oxygen Production 106 CO NH H 2 O + PO -3 = C 106 H 152 O 53 N 16 P H + Allows about 250 pounds of feed per acre per day vs pounds for a conventional pond

36 Split Pond Design Two acres of catfish to 8 acres of algae and planktivores Pump from large side to small side during day Aerate small side at night

37 13,000 gpm exchange rate 2 acres 8 acres 16 HP Aerator

38 Raceways Why? Some species require flowing water Raceways give more control of the culture system than ponds HOWEVER they need lots of water or pumped and recirculated water

39 Raceways Site selection water supply location topography Types series parallel Construction material dimensions earthen construction concrete construction Production rates Usually higher than for ponds, depends on species

40 Site Selection Water supply use large quantities of water gravity springs are most economical Location near water supply Topography 8-10 percent slope inch water drop Treated Water Return WATER INTAKE

41 Raceways in Greenhouses

42 Types Series flow through multiple races Parallel flow through one race Series Parallel

43 Construction Materials any non-toxic material must hold water Concrete Earthen

44 Dimensions Ratio of 30:3:1 aids in water flow self-cleaning easier harvest Cross Flow Shorter (20 ft) Lower velocity Circular Continuous flow Water treated in a Biofilter For Example: 120 ft x 12 ft x 4 ft 12 ft 120 ft 4 ft

45 Cross-Flow Raceways and High Rate of Flow

46 Artesian Well and Header Channel above Raceways 45 million gallons per day

47 Increased Yields Production Rates Variables feed aeration harvest method continual batch 20,000 to 45,000 lbs./ft 3 /sec. (449 gals/min) Based on ammonia build-up No Inputs Feed Feed Aeration Feed Aeration Continual Harvesting

48 Cages Why? Confine fish in open water Old ponds not easily seined Rivers or lakes or off-shore Double crop fish Ex. Catfish in pond and Tilapia in Cage Easier Harvest If small numbers of fish are needed

49 Cages Site selection water sources water quality Types round rectangular Construction bag frame feeding ring lid floatation Placement Production rates

50 Site Selection Types Farm Ponds Barrow pits Specifications 1 acre minimum 4-5 ft. average depth no wild fish (best) few aquatic plants 20 acre barrow pit

51 Types Types Small cages Large net pens Size is based on economics and management

52 Construction Sizes small cages less than 200 ft 3. large net pens for near and offshore production Materials non-toxic durable retains fish allow floatation Salmon net pens

53 Construction Bag plastic or other synthetic netting netting as large as possible 4 ft wide ½ to 1 inch netting

54 Frame and flotation Construction support and flotation Feeding ring 4 inch wide 36 inch diameter prevents loss of feed Lid predator control feeding ring polyethylene pipe frame and floatation

55 In-pond-raceways Cages with flowing water Airlift pump Axial flow pump Centrifugal pump With or without biofiltration

56 Plastic liner raceway

57 Raceway with Filter

58 Fish chamber A, Sediment collector B, Biofilter C

59 Substantial Dock Construction

60 Cage Costs 4 ft diameter - $155 Plastic mesh, ½ in, 49 x50 - $75 90 PVC coated wire, 1/2x1, $300+ Assume 300 lb fish per cage, five cages produce 1,500 lb, so cost is 5 x $155 = $775

61 Cage Placement Specifications open areas of water to allow good circulation provide space between cages number depends on size of pond (carrying capacity) Use existing water

62 Increased Yields Production Rates Variables feed Aeration*** harvest method continual batch Carrying capacity lbs. per ft 3 no more than 1,500-2,000 lbs./acre No Inputs Feed Feed Feed Aeration Aeration Continual Harvesting

63 Recirculating Systems Site components pump house emergency generator 3 phase electricity bulk feed storage oxygen supply building System components oxygen biological filter buffering system heaters/chillers solids filter lighting tanks Production rates

64 Site Components Building Water Electricity 3 phase Other bulk feed oxygen tanks emergency generator

65 Pole barn Building enclosed or semi-enclosed access foam insulation moisture proof floor drains

66 Electricity 3 phase electricity electricity is a major cost and 3 phase will reduce the expense Emergency generator in event of power outage there is a 30 minute window to restore power to system.

67 System Components Primary biofilter solids filter tanks pump buffering system Secondary oxygen pumps heaters/chillers lighting

68 Function Biological Filter nitrification oxidizes ammonia and nitrite to nitrate NH 3 1½ O 2 nitrosomonas NO 2-1½ O 2 nitrobacter NO 3 -

69 Biofilter Sizing Determine ammonia load Maximum expected Select type of filter Flow, space, energy Check field conditions Solids, temperature, oxygen Calculate biofilter size

70 Feed Per Square Ft of Filter From experimentation Calculate daily feed amount lb feed per square foot 0.2 to 0.75 lb feed per cubic foot Equal to about 22.3 grams of ammonia nitrogen per cubic foot per day

71 Filter Media Type Size Square Feet/cubic Ft Biofilm carrier 5/16 x 7/ Bio Ball 1 inch 160 Bio Barrel 1 inch 64 Bio Strata 8 mil 110 Bio Fill Ribbons 250

72 Volume Relationships Area of circle = pie x r squared Area or rectangle = length x width Area of right triangle = ½ b x h Volume of cube = l x w x h Volume of cylinder = pie x r 2 x h Volume of cone = 1/3 pie x r 2 x h Pie = 3.14

73 Solids Filter Types sand filter settling chambers inclined tubes screen filters Function settleable (feces and food) also some suspended

74 Tanks Criteria non-toxic durable corrosion resistant Materials fiberglass concrete plastic glass others with liners

75 Pump Types impeller driven airlift Purpose to return water through system usually placed after biofilter

76 Oxygen Sources aerators agitators blowers ventura pumps oxygenation packed towers U-tubes cones Packed tower

77 Bicarbonate Drip Rational CO 2 from respiration nitrification is an acidifying process Purpose add alkalinity to water

78 Other Components Lighting low light levels reduce stress to fish Heaters/chillers depending on species

79 Increased Yields Production Rates Variables feed aeration harvest method continual batch ¼ to 1 lb./gallon No Inputs Feed Feed Feed Aeration Aeration Continual Harvesting