Economic and Social Council

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1 Advance version United Nations ECE/EB.AIR/140/Add.1 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 13 April 2018 Original: English Economic Commission for Europe Executive Body for the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Thirty-seventh session Geneva, December 2017 Report of the Executive Body on its thirty-seventh session Addendum Contents workplan for the implementation of the Convention Introduction Science Policy Compliance Capacity-building and awareness-raising to promote ratification and implementation in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia Communication and outreach Page

2 Introduction 1. The workplan for the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution translates the vision, objectives and strategic approaches set out in the long-term strategy for the Convention (ECE/EB.AIR/106/Add.1, decision 2010/18, annex) into a biennial workplan for the period Its structure builds on the primary needs of the Convention and its Parties, relating to five main areas: science; policy; compliance; capacity-building; and communication and outreach. For each area, an introduction provides a short description of the activities, their objective and the main intended outcome, in line with the long-term strategy. The specific activities planned and the lead body(ies) are set out in tables under each work area. The main responsible bodies, i.e., the Executive Body and its subsidiary bodies, are assigned tasks within the framework of their mandates. 2. The workplan includes short-term recommendations by the ad hoc policy review group of experts on the 2016 scientific assessment of the Convention, 1 established by the Executive Body for the Convention at its thirty-fifth session (Geneva, 2 4 May 2016) to develop a policy response to the assessment report. The recommendations were preliminarily discussed by the respective subsidiary bodies, notably the Working Group on Strategies and Review at its fifty-fifth session (Geneva, 31 May 2 June 2017) and the Steering Body to the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) and the Working Group on Effects at their third joint session (Geneva, September 2017). 3. The workplan sets out activities through which the Convention supports Parties in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals, notably Goals 2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15. At its thirty-sixth session (Geneva, December 2016) the Executive Body recognized the numerous linkages between the Convention and these goals and to increasingly reflect them in the Convention s future work, including in the workplan. 4. Activities in the workplan will also promote the Batumi Action for Cleaner Air (BACA) initiative as a means to raise awareness of air pollution issues within and beyond the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) region. 5. The full implementation of the activities in the workplan will require resources in addition to those provided by the United Nations regular budget and the Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP Protocol). Therefore, Parties are invited to support the Convention s activities in , particularly those not covered by the EMEP Protocol, by contributing to the Convention s trust fund, financing activities directly and making in-kind. Parties are also invited to take the lead in supporting the specific activities substantially. Resources required for activities not covered by the United Nations regular budget, the mandatory under the EMEP Protocol or the under decision 2002/1 on the financing of core activities are indicated in United States dollars. Parties or organizations providing additional resources for the period are acknowledged in the column. 6. In accordance with article 11 of the Convention, ECE will continue to carry out the secretariat functions entrusted to it: 1 Rob Maas and Peringe Grennfelt, eds., Towards Cleaner Air: Scientific Assessment Report 2016 (Oslo, 2016) and United States Environmental Protection Agency and Environment and Climate Change Canada, Towards Cleaner Air: Scientific Assessment Report 2016 North America (2016, online report). 2

3 (a) To convene and prepare the meetings of the Executive Body; (b) To transmit to the Parties reports and other information received in accordance with the provisions of the Convention; (c) To discharge the functions assigned to it by the Executive Body. 7. The role of the secretariat has been further specified in the Convention s protocols and several Executive Body decisions and, in particular, in decisions 2010/19 (rules of procedure), 2012/25 (improving the functioning of the Implementation Committee) and 2012/3, 2012/12 and 2014/1 (regarding adjustments under the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (Gothenburg Protocol) to emission reduction commitments or to inventories for the purposes of comparing national total emissions with them). 8. Activities covered by the regular United Nations budget can be supported by extrabudgetary resources, as available. 1. Science 9. In line with the priorities set out in the long-term strategy for the Convention, sciencebased decision-making and an effects-oriented approach will remain an essential component of the Convention and the links between science and policy development will be retained and strengthened. User-friendly effect indicators and cost-benefit assessments are important to policymakers, politicians and the public and will be further developed. The science-related work in the period will aim to make additional progress on the remaining and emerging challenges identified in the long-term strategy (e.g., particulate matter, tropospheric ozone, critical load exceedances and linkages between air pollution, climate change and biodiversity). It will also seek to further integrate the various elements covered by EMEP and the effects-oriented activities under the Working Group on Effects. This integration will be demonstrated through common or joint outcomes and deliverables, such as assessment reports, country reports, joint websites, capacity-building and responses to the needs of Parties. Many of the scientific tools developed under the Convention, such as integrated assessment modelling, are used by other stakeholders and will continue to be developed. 10. One important part of the scientific work is to provide relevant data and to analyse air pollutant concentrations and depositions and their adverse effects on human health and ecosystems, along with damage to crops and materials. The monitoring activities provide information on the status of the environment and long-term trends over time and across the ECE region. They also provide data for an increased scientific understanding of relations between emissions and effects and to support model development and verification. 11. The atmospheric and effects modelling activities seek to generalize and quantify the relations between emissions and effects to support the implementation of the protocols to the Convention. These activities also provide the tools necessary for the development and assessment of effective abatement policies, help to compile and evaluate information on transboundary air pollution exchanges and assist the implementation of the EMEP and Working Group on Effects monitoring strategies. Moreover, this work provides direct input to integrated assessment modelling, the assessment of critical loads and their exceedances and the assessment of the hemispheric transport and effects of air pollution. 12. The main goal of further developing emission inventories is to improve their quality, transparency, consistency and completeness. Parties are supported in implementing their emission reporting requirements under the Convention and its protocols. Methodologies are being developed to evaluate emission data and projections so that reporting problems can be identified and resolved. However, experience shows that the scientific work to improve the 3

4 Table 1 Science quality and robustness of emission and projection data should be maintained. Reporting requirements, to the extent possible, are constantly being harmonized with those of other bodies, in particular the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Estimated emissions and their projections provide direct input to integrated assessment modelling and a basis for the review of compliance. 13. The main objective of integrated assessment is to carry out a science-based evaluation and assessment of the effectiveness of policies (past and future) and protocols (a strategic priority of the Convention). Integrated assessment modelling is carried out to develop and analyse scenarios on the cost-effective reduction of acidification, eutrophication, tropospheric ozone, human exposure to particulate matter and ozone and short-term regional radiative forcing. 14. The work on hemispheric transport of air pollution aims to develop a fuller scientific understanding of the intercontinental transport of air pollution across the Northern Hemisphere, its impacts on health, environment and climate and the linkages between regional air pollution and global change. The activities include collaboration with international bodies, programmes and networks with related interests both within and outside the ECE region. 15. Work on science-policy messages and recommendations will be in the form of assessment and synthesis reports of the work by the scientific subsidiary groups prepared to identify trends and highlight policy-relevant scientific findings. 16. Science project activities in the period are presented in table Improving tools to assess air pollution and its effects in the ECE region Monitoring and modelling tools Update the EMEP monitoring strategy Updated monitoring strategy (2019) CCC with support from TFMM EMEP mandatory Long-range and urban air pollution ( Twin Sites ): assess the contribution of the longrange transport of air pollution to urban air quality by means of a combination of measurements and modelling Synthesis report on longrange transport contribution to urban air quality for several areas in Europe (2018) Methodological report describing the optimal combination of models and observations, including discussion of the advantages and limitations TFMM (led by Spain) with support from CAMS, CCC, JRC, MSC-W and WMO Need for voluntary (in-kind) from interested countries (Spain, France) 2 For abbreviations and acronyms used in the tables in this document, please see list at the end of each table. 4

5 New EMEP field campaign focused on assessment of residential combustion to carbonaceous aerosols Report and publications (2019) CCC with TFMM plus cooperation with ACTRIS EMEP mandatory Use of micro-sensors: guidance and recommendations Position paper (2018) TFMM in cooperation with CCC and WMO $20,000 reserved by WMO for the workshop in Assessing the impacts of bi-directional exchange of ammonia on source-receptor relationships for N and PM 2.5 (see ) Report including a discussion on practical issues for future calculations (2019) MSC-W Funding needed Impacts of uncertainties in secondary organic aerosol modelling for source-receptor matrices (see ) Report focused on uncertainties in sourcereceptor relationships for integrated assessment modelling (2019) MSC-W with possible contribution from TFEIP Funding needed Supported by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (Met.no) with CAMS co-funding Carbonaceous aerosol (black, elemental and organic carbon) definition in the emission, modelling and monitoring work of the Convention Factsheet (2018) TFMM with support from CCC, MSC-W and WMO France and Parties Monitoring and assessment of the impact on the environment of corrosion and soiling effects on materials and their trends Report on the trend exposure programme : Technical manual (2018) ICP Materials Italy, Sweden and Corrosion and soiling data (2019) Gathering information on policy-relevant user-friendly indicators to evaluate air pollution effects on materials by conducting case studies on UNESCO cultural heritage sites Call for data on UNESCO sites: Report on risk assessment (2018) Report on economic evaluation (2019) ICP Materials Italy, Sweden and Regional assessment of surface water acidification Final report (2018) ICP Waters with possible from ICP Modelling and Mapping and ICP Integrated 5

6 Monitoring at the ICP Waters Task Force meeting in Prepare new thematic report for 2019 (suggested topic Retention and effects of reactive nitrogen in surface waters ; to be decided at 2018 ICP Waters Task Force meeting) Report (2019) ICP Waters with possible from other bodies under the Convention Improving and validating soil moisture index in EMEP model Report (2018) ICP Vegetation in collaboration with MSC-W the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Spain and other potential interested countries Report on available evidence of ozone impacts on crops in developing regions Final report of 2015/16 survey on HMs, N and POPs concentrations in mosses Report (2018) ICP Vegetation Final report (2018) ICP Vegetation Ozone flux maps adapted for soil-moisture-limited areas Ozone flux maps (2019) ICP Vegetation in collaboration with MSC-W the United Kingdom, Spain and other potential interested countries Monitoring manual for 2020 survey on HMs, N and POPs concentrations in mosses Monitoring manual (2019) ICP Vegetation Transfer the European database from CCE to CIAM following the adoption (by WGE) of results of the call for data (September 2017) The 2017 database for critical loads for acidification and eutrophication transferred to CIAM (2018) Use of the critical loads for acidification and eutrophication by CIAM for policy support CCE, CIAM CCE, CIAM A WGE call (at the third joint session of the EMEP Steering Body and WGE) to Parties for Preparation of national critical loads for biodiversity according to ICP Modelling and Mapping, national focal centres; Depending on (inkind) funding: 6

7 reports to consolidate the biodiversity critical loads data instructions in the call for data (2018). National focal centres should report on their work in response to the WGE call, but withhold data until a successor of CCE becomes operational optionally seek collaboration with Alterra national focal centres and Alterra Levels and effects of groundlevel ozone in forests (continuation of monitoring ozone concentration and visible foliar injury at level II plots according to the ICP Forests Manual) Reports about status and trends of ozone levels and visible injury on forest trees and other forest plants at light-exposed sites ICP Forests Integrated studies on effects of ground-level ozone on tree growth, carbon sequestration and forest health, including estimates of ozone fluxes, at least for the most important tree species As above ICP Forests Funding needed N deposition and its effects on forest vegetation (monitoring activities according to the ICP Forests Manual) Reports about status and trends of N deposition in Europe, and comparison between measured and modelled N deposition rates ICP Forests Integrated studies on N deposition effects on tree growth, carbon sequestration, biodiversity, soil and foliar chemistry or mycorrhizas As above ICP Forests Funding needed HMs in forest ecosystems: evaluation of available data to achieve an estimation of HM deposition and accumulation in soils, foliage and litterfall Reports about status and trends of HM levels in European forests ICP Forests Integrated studies on HMs in forests Report on relationships of HMs in forests ICP Forests Funding needed Consolidate existing evidence on the health outcomes of exposure to air pollution Update of the evidence on the health impact of ozone, PM, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide Task Force on Health the European Commission and other potential donors 7

8 Further develop methodologies for assessment and quantification of direct and indirect effects of long-range transboundary air pollution on human health Evaluate the current knowledge on the health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and identify critical gaps. Assess whether and to what extent the work on this issue could be continued by the Task Force on Health A (scoping) report on emerging issues and methods for health risk/ impact assessment of air pollution and cost-benefit analysis (pending) Update of tools for quantification of the health burden of air pollution Proposal for a road map of how health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be assessed in view of their relative carcinogenic potencies An evaluation of the representativeness of BaP as an indicator for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group. An evaluation of how equivalence factors can be used in risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Task Force on Health Funding needed Task Force on Health Expected to be covered by and other potential donors Task Force on Health Norway and Sweden with support from Finland and Switzerland and other potentially interested countries Long-term trends in atmospheric deposition and run-off water chemistry of S and N compounds at ICP Integrated Monitoring catchments in relation to changes in emissions and hydrometeorological conditions Scientific paper (2018) ICP Integrated Monitoring Dynamic modelling on the impacts of future deposition scenarios on soil and water conditions in ICP Integrated Monitoring catchments Scientific paper (2018) ICP Integrated Monitoring Dynamic modelling on the impacts of deposition and Report (2019) ICP Integrated Monitoring 8

9 climate change scenarios on ground vegetation Relationship between critical load exceedances and empirical ecosystem impact indicators Scientific paper (2019) ICP Integrated Monitoring Continue to examine progress in dynamic modelling of ecosystems effects In-depth analysis and coordination of efforts JEG national funding of interested Parties Continue to establish links between monitoring and modelling work under WGE and related work of external partners Discussions at regular JEG meeting JEG national funding of interested Parties Development and maintenance of JEG website Establishment of JEG website JEG national funding of interested Parties Further explore the fish mercury database Report or scientific paper ICP Waters Emission and projection tools Condensables: improve the representation of condensable semi-volatile organic compounds in PM emissions (see ) Report (2018) with guidance material on the inclusion of the condensable component in PM emissions reporting TFMM and TFEIP with support from CEIP and MSC-W France and Parties Improving quality of the EMEP emission inventory: comparison with other references (CAMS and JRC tools) Report in 2018 CEIP in cooperation with MSC-W, MSC-E, TFMM plus CAMS and JRC EMEP mandatory Review of ammonia emission factors for livestock and manure management source sector Integrated assessment tools Literature review and discussions held with the emissions inventory community to finalize drafting of proposed updates to the emissions inventory guidebook (2019) TFEIP Parties (Estimated budget: $40,000) Analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of the Protocol on POPs Contribution to evaluation MSC-E in support of of stricter measures for TFTEI mitigation of BaP pollution levels; analysis of trends, key sources and projections Report in 2019 the EMEP mandatory 9

10 Ammonia: improve understanding of the costeffectiveness of local versus regional agricultural emission control for the protection of human health and ecosystems in Europe (see ) Synthesis report focusing on agriculture in 2019 Presentation of TFMM at TFIAM meeting in 2018 TFIAM with support from TFMM and national experts (France and Netherlands) Parties Local assessment modelling of measures to reduce population exposure Workshop in 2018 TFIAM with support from local and national experts Parties and other donors Tools to account for global-scale issues in air quality assessment Global-regional modelling and evaluation Ozone and particulate matter summary report (2018) TFHTAP, TFMM and MSC-W Parties, United States of America and JRC Deposition workshop (2019) TFHTAP, TFMM, MSC-E, MSC-W, ICP Forests, ICP Vegetation and WMO Funding needed Evaluation of intercontinental transport of Hg and POPs Contribution to UNEP global mercury assessment (2018) Evaluation of multi-compartment intercontinental transport technical report (2019) MSC-E in cooperation with TFHTAP and TFMM and other bodies (Minamata and Stockholm Conventions and AMAP) Supported by EMEP mandatory and AMAP contribution ($12,000) Sectoral opportunities to mitigate intercontinental transport Next steps workshop (2019) TFHTAP, MSC-E, TFMM, AMAP, Minamata and Stockholm Conventions Scoping workshop (2018) TFHTAP, TFIAM, AMAP and CCAC Funding needed Funding needed FASST-HTAP web tool deployment (2018) TFHTAP Supported by United States and JRC Contribution of international ship traffic emissions to ozone in Europe (2018) MSC-W with support from TFHTAP Supported by CAMS and the European Union EnviSuM project 10

11 Sectors summary report (2019) TFHTAP, AMAP, CCAC Parties 1.2 Cooperation with Parties Country-scale assessment of HM and POP pollution (case studies) A number of assessments are already planned: Spain (BaP 2018); Poland (cadmium, BaP 2018); Germany (Hg 2018); France (BaP 2019); United Kingdom (lead, cadmium 2019 (date tbc)) and Russian Federation (lead, cadmium 2019 (date tbc)) MSC-E in cooperation with TFMM and country experts Should be covered by EMEP mandatory ($40,000) and by Parties Translation of the Modelling and Mapping Manual into Russian The Modelling and Mapping Manual translated into Russian (2018) ICP Modelling and Mapping, Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, national EANET activity centre in the Russian Federation In-kind contribution by Russian Federation Capacity-building for the health impact assessment of air pollution at the regional and subregional levels Development and implementation of the capacity-building curriculum Task Force on Health Expected to be covered by 1.3 Cooperation with other projects and bodies (outreach activities) Cooperation with CAMS Implementation of nearreal-time tools to report observations (2018) CCC Budget provided by CAMS Cooperation with CCAC and IPCC Workshop in 2018 Strategy to harmonize reporting under the Convention with emission reporting and black carbon control strategies at the global scale (2019) EMEP with support from TFEIP, TFHTAP, TFMM and IPCC for black carbon issues EMEP mandatory Cooperation with AMAP of the Arctic Council Focus on black carbon in the framework of a European Union contract CEIP, CCC, CIAM, MSC-W Budget provided by AMAP (under European Union contract) 11

12 1.3.4 Support Stockholm Convention in relation to atmospheric observations and data management within the ECE region Report to annual joint sessions of EMEP Steering Body and WGE MSC-E and CCC EMEP mandatory Assessment of ozone risks in selected regions in the Northern Hemisphere Ozone risk maps for TFHTAP regions ICP Vegetation in collaboration with TFHTAP Review the methods used for estimating burden of disease attributable to air pollution Regional input to the global project coordinated by WHO Headquarters; technical report Task Force on Health Expected to be covered by Review communication strategies for health messages related to air pollution, including on short-term episodes and for susceptible groups Regional input to the global project coordinated by WHO Headquarters; technical report Task Force on Health Expected to be covered by 1.4 Improving the functioning of WGE and EMEP and their subsidiary bodies Analyse effects monitoring networks within WGE to improve integrated working and reporting Report on the effects monitoring network within WGE (2019) WGE, ICPs Assess the complementarity of EMEP monitoring and observations undertaken by the ICPs. Facilitate the use of TFMM models for WGE community, for instance in terms of ozone fluxes or modeldata fusion for deposition mapping Report and joint EMEP/WGE workshop (2019) TFMM and WGE Parties and Foster the use of PM composition at EMEP sites to better inform health impact assessments Develop a common portal to enable integrated assessments and to assist Parties in their implementation of air pollution strategies Improvement of data access via the web (2019) EMEP, WGE including ICPs and other subsidiary bodies Expected to be covered by Review and analyse the needs of Parties regarding data produced by WGE and EMEP Questionnaire to Parties (2018) and recommendations to the Executive Body WGE, EMEP Steering Body Spain and France (lead countries) 12

13 1.4.5 Prepare updated EMEP and WGE strategies Draft strategies for EMEP and WGE WGE, EMEP Steering Body Spain and France (lead countries) Abbreviations: ACTRIS = Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network; Alterra = Wageningen Environmental Research institute; AMAP = Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme; BaP = benzo[a]pyrene; CAMS = Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service; CCAC = Climate and Clean Air Coalition; CCC = Chemical Coordinating Centre; CCE = Coordination Centre for Effects; CEIP = Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections; CIAM = Centre for Integrated Assessment Modelling; EANET = Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia; EnviSuM = Environmental Impact of Low Emission Shipping: Measurements and Modelling Strategies project; Hg = mercury; HM = heavy metal; ICP = International Cooperative Programme; ICP Forests = ICP on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests; ICP Integrated Monitoring = ICP on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems; ICP Materials = ICP on Effects of Air Pollution on Materials, including Historic and Cultural Monuments; ICP Modelling and Mapping = ICP on Modelling and Mapping of Critical Levels and Loads and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends; ICP Vegetation = ICP on Effects of Air Pollution on Natural Vegetation and Crops; ICP Waters = ICP on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes; JEG = Joint Expert Group on Dynamic Modelling; JRC = Joint Research Centre of the European Commission; Minamata Convention = Minamata Convention on Mercury; Modelling and Mapping Manual = Manual on Methodologies and Criteria for Modelling and Mapping Critical Loads and Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends; MSC-E = Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East; MSC-W = Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West; N = nitrogen; PM = particulate matter; PM2.5 = particles less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter; POPs = persistent organic pollutants; S = sulphur; Stockholm Convention = Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants; Task Force on Health = Joint Task Force on the Health Aspects of Air Pollution; tbc = to be confirmed; TFEIP = Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections; TFHTAP =Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution; TFIAM = Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling; TFMM = Task Force on Measurements and Modelling; TFTEI = Task Force on Techno-economic Issues; UNEP = United Nations Environment Programme; UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; WGE = Working Group on Effects; WMO = World Meteorological Organization. 2. Policy 17. In line with the priorities set out in the long-term strategy for the Convention, the policy-related work in the period will aim to foster the implementation of the Convention and its three most recent protocols (i.e., the Gothenburg Protocol, the Protocol on Heavy Metals and the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants), and their recent amendments, throughout the ECE region, with a particular emphasis on the countries in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. It will also seek to address linkages with climate change, biodiversity and other cross-sectoral considerations, notably the linkages between nitrogen and human diet, water, ecosystems and biodiversity. Cooperation will be established and maintained with regional and global organizations addressing cross-sectoral issues, such as biodiversity, ecosystems, agriculture, food and climate change. The implementation of the Convention s protocols will be strengthened through the exchange of information and good practices on policies, legislation and measures and technology. The development and dissemination of guidance documents and materials to increase the knowledge and awareness of best available techniques (BAT) in addition to the exploration of new approaches and abatement measures, including the development of an integrated approach for controlling nitrogen pollution will further support the implementation of the protocols. 13

14 Table 2 Policy 2.1 Exchange of information and review/development of strategies and policies Exchange information on national, subregional and regional policies and strategies for the control of major air pollutants, in accordance with article 8 of the Convention, including exchanging experiences and best practices on policies, strategies and measures to implement the Convention s protocols and their amendments at WGSR sessions. Provide a platform for sharing information on the challenges faced by countries in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia in acceding to the Convention s three recently amended protocols and the implementation of their commitments. Share information about the progress in the implementation of Parties voluntary commitments under the BACA initiative Collection of information on strategies and policies for air pollution abatement throughout the ECE region, including information on measures shared at the sessions of the Working Group, following Executive Body decision 2016/3 Secretariat Review and propose updates of the long-term strategy for the Convention Recommendations to the Executive Body on the update of the long-term strategy WGSR and the appropriate group or body tasked by the Executive Body Keep track of scientific and technical work under WGE, the EMEP Steering Body and WGSR so as to facilitate future policy development, including any future review of the effectiveness and completeness of the Gothenburg Protocol Policy discussions in the framework of WGSR sessions, on the basis of scientific and technical work, to inform any future review of the Gothenburg Protocol pursuant to article 10, and preparatory work in the context of article 10, paragraphs 3 4. WGSR 14

15 2.2 Policy cooperation Workshop hosted under the Convention with official representatives from non-ece countries and regional organizations to engage in a policy conversation on air pollution abatement and discuss science-policy relevant issues related to hemispheric transport 2.3 Techno-economic issues Increased awareness of WGSR, EMEP policymakers from different Steering Body regions beyond ECE and regional organizations of air pollution abatement approaches, taking into account hemispheric air pollution; increased collaboration on air pollution with partners beyond the ECE region Funding needed A. Promotion of guidance documents Workshop to promote awareness and understanding of control techniques, in particular in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia Increased awareness of the control techniques for emissions from stationary sources and mobile sources, in particular in countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia Increased capacity to apply BAT to implement the latest amended protocols TFTEI $60,000 (partial coverage) from Germany, additional resources required B. Collection and analysis of data and further development of methodologies Further development of technoeconomic tools for estimating costs of implementing BAT and complying with the requirements of the Gothenburg Protocol in different sectors and its promotion, in particular in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia Availability and update of tools for estimating the costs of implementing BAT and the requirements of the Gothenburg Protocol in different sectors TFTEI France Disseminate the methodology and update the related tool for the analysis of GAINS scenarios to estimate the potential technical upgrade to be implemented in countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia in accordance with the Gothenburg Protocol. Provide assistance to experts from Eastern Europe, the Analyses/estimates of the technical upgrade needed for compliance by target countries with the Gothenburg Protocol, verified with the countries with technical support provided by TFTEI TFTEI $8,000 a required to cover travel expenses. The activity preparation and organizational costs are covered by Italy 15

16 Caucasus and Central Asia in the application of this methodology Collect and provide data for inclusion in the GAINS model, in cooperation with CIAM and other institutions and organizations Updated data for selected sectors provided to CIAM for inclusion in GAINS TFTEI France Annual TFTEI meetings to exchange information on techno-economic issues and network Meeting reports to WGSR with policy-relevant messages and recommendations TFTEI Partial coverage from contribution by France and Italy Continue to develop and promote the regional clearinghouse of control technology information for primary emissions of NO x, sulphur dioxide, VOCs and PM, including SLCPs, heavy metals and POPs Public availability of information on primary emissions of NO x, sulphur dioxide, VOCs and PM, including SLCPs, heavy metals and POPs TFTEI France Promote the guidance document for estimation and measurement of VOCs emissions Increased capacity in monitoring and calculation of VOCs emissions TFTEI $20,000 (partially covered) Development of a code of good practice for solid-fuel burning and small combustion installations based on BAT Draft code of good practice for solid-fuel burning and small combustion installations based on BAT TFTEI In-kind contribution provided by Italy and France In cooperation with TFIAM, undertake a review of the control costs currently used with a view to improving, on an ongoing basis, the costeffectiveness analyses produced by the GAINS model, including a comparison of cost estimates from different models and the improvement of the cost estimates of the impacts of air pollution on health and ecosystems Review of control costs currently used and update TFTEI Funding needed Produce a report for policymakers that clearly sets out the costs of controls versus the costs of inaction to encourage ratification and Report for policymakers on the costs of control versus the costs of inaction TFTEI Funding needed 16

17 2.4 Nitrogen implementation of the protocols, in cooperation with TFIAM A. Development and promotion of guidance and reference documents Further disseminate guidance document on preventing and abating ammonia emissions from agricultural sources (ECE/EB.AIR/120) Publication containing the guidance document disseminated and promoted in ECE member States TFRN, through its national focal points Further disseminate guidance document on national nitrogen budgets with its annexes (ECE/EB.AIR/119). Organize workshop to improve awareness and understanding Publication containing the guidance document disseminated and promoted in ECE member States; improved understanding of national nitrogen budgets (through a workshop) TFRN $45,000 (workshop) Further disseminate the ECE Framework Code for Good Agricultural Practice for Reducing Ammonia Emissions (ECE/EB.AIR/129) and work with national focal points to support its implementation The publication containing the Framework Code disseminated Increase in number of Parties to the Gothenburg Protocol having established a national advisory code on good agricultural practice to control ammonia emissions in line with the Gothenburg Protocol TFRN and EPMAN Denmark and Portugal with support from national focal points Initiate the development of an ECE guidance document that describes an integrated approach, addressing multiple compounds and their synergies, with regard to nitrogen management in agriculture and illustrates its co-benefits Draft guidance document on nitrogen mitigation in agriculture, taking into account synergies between ammonia, nitrates, nitrous oxide and other nitrogen compounds (including a related workshop) TFRN $195,000 (including workshop) covered by of the European Union and other potential donors Basis provided to start establishment of a top 10 list of options for nitrogen mitigation measures 17

18 B. Collection and analysis of data and development and refinement of methodologies and new approaches Continue to provide technical information on making and using nitrogen budgets Summary document on benefits of establishing a national nitrogen budget with examples for countries submitted to the Executive Body Piloting the reporting of national nitrogen budgets with selected countries facilitated Framework for establishing nitrogen budgets, nitrogen compounds and nitrogenuse efficiency submitted to EMEP TFRN Collect and assess information from national focal points regarding their experiences in developing and implementing an integrated approach at TFRN meetings and workshop(s) on implementation of the Gothenburg Protocol, in partnership with other regional nitrogen organizations Workshop and annual TFRN reports to WGSR with policy-relevant messages and recommendations TFRN $50,000 (attendance of representatives/experts from Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia and workshop) in addition to partial coverage from by Denmark, Germany and Portugal C. Outreach to other communities and regions and cooperation with other organizations Cooperate with International Nitrogen Management System on the international framework for nitrogen management linking Convention activities with other conventions at the global scale, including understanding of the linkages of air, water, climate and biodiversity targets with the UNEP GPA and Global Partnership on Nutrient Management Input to the implementation of a global research programme on the nitrogen cycle, in cooperation with GPA, positioning ECE analysis in the global context TFRN contribution from GEF a Develop and apply indicators of biodiversity targets in cooperation with CBD and the International Nitrogen Initiative Nitrogen indicators in relation to biodiversity provided to CBD for TFRN contribution from GEF a 18

19 2.4.9 Provide nitrogen-use indicators (e.g., nitrogen-use efficiency) related to multiple indicators of environmental quality, including water quality inclusion in Aichi targetmonitoring process Nitrogen-use indicators for selected transboundary water basins provided in cooperation with the ECE Water Convention and the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution TFRN contribution from GEF a in relation to countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (additional funding required for other ECE subregions) Provide technical information on the effects of human diets on nitrogen use and emissions and the associated synergies between environment, agriculture, health and diet Report to WGSR on possible synergies for linking dietary behaviour and nitrogen mitigation practices through the food system TFRN Partially covered by inkind (additional resources are required for TFRN, WHO and FAO to examine health and environment links) a Subject to funding availability. Abbreviations: CBD = Convention on Biological Diversity; CIAM = Centre for Integrated Assessment Modelling; EPMAN = Expert Panel on Mitigation of Agricultural Nitrogen; FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; GAINS = Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies; GEF = Global Environment Facility; GPA = Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities; NOx = nitrogen oxides; PM = particulate matter; POPs = persistent organic pollutants; TFIAM = Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling; TFRN = Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen; TFTEI = Task Force on Techno-economic Issues; SLCPs = short-lived climate pollutants; UNEP = United Nations Environment Programme; VOCs = volatile organic compounds; Water Convention = Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes; WGE = Working Group on Effects; WGSR = Working Group on Strategies and Review; WHO = World Health Organization. 3. Compliance 18. In accordance with the long-term strategy for the Convention, the work of the Implementation Committee will be given a very high priority and the compliance mechanism will be improved (para. 16 (b)). Any submission or referral made under paragraph 3 (b) of the Implementation Committee s functions (ECE/EB.AIR/113/Add.1, decision 2012/25, annex) will be dealt with as a priority. In this regard, the Committee will continue to review the progress made by the Parties in response to decisions taken by the Executive Body based upon the Committee s recommendations, and the need for possible additional measures for dealing with non-compliance on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, in accordance with its functions, the Implementation Committee will consider, as necessary, systemic issues relating to compliance that have been identified. On the basis of information provided by the secretariat, the Committee will evaluate the reporting by Parties on their emission and projection data. The Committee will continue its dialogue with appropriate bodies and experts, with a focus on improving communication with the technical bodies under the Convention. 19

20 Table 3 Compliance 3.1 Review compliance with reporting obligations: periodic review of compliance with Parties reporting obligations, based on emission and projection data submitted to EMEP and available in the WebDab emission database (a) Overview tables on status of reporting, for each of the seven protocols CEIP EMEP mandatory (b) Notes on reporting obligations submitted to the Implementation Committee twice a year; draft recommendations on reporting for consideration by the Implementation Committee Secretariat Regular budget (c) Review of information submitted by the secretariat; recommendations submitted to the Executive Body Implementation Committee 3.2 Consider submissions and referrals: consideration of any submission or referral of possible non-compliance by an individual Party with any of its obligations under a given protocol (a) Emission data trend tables and updates provided to the secretariat CEIP EMEP mandatory (b) Analysis of information provided by CEIP; communication with Parties in potential non-compliance; referrals; overview of communications with Parties submitted to the Implementation Committee; correspondence with Parties Secretariat Regular budget (c) Submissions and referrals by the secretariat reviewed; decisions on additional information to be requested from Parties in potential non-compliance; recommendations on non- Implementation Committee 20

21 compliance submitted to the Executive Body 3.3 Prepare an annual report on the Implementation Committee s activities to the Executive Body Annual report with background, considerations and recommendations on compliance cases under review Implementation Committee 3.4 Provide support to the Implementation Committee, where needed Expert advice on selected issues provided where needed All technical bodies, and in particular, TFEIP, TFTEI and TFRN 3.5 Review recommendations contained in Implementation Committee report Decisions on noncompliance and related issues Executive Body Abbreviations: CEIP = Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections: TFEIP = Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections; TFRN = Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen; TFTEI = Task Force on Techno-economic Issues. 4. Capacity-building and awareness-raising to promote ratification and implementation in Eastern and South- Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia 19. A viable future for the Convention depends on positive and vigorous participation by the Parties in all parts of the region and ensuring an extensive geographical coverage. Capacity-building measures and activities will aim to achieve increased ratification and implementation of and compliance with the three amended protocols and the more active involvement of a greater number of Parties in the work of the Executive Body and the subsidiary bodies, including in the work of their bureaux, as well as in the technical and scientific groups (long-term strategy, para. 16 (n)). The activities will also support the implementation of the revised Action Plan for Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (ECE/EB.AIR/WG.5/2007/17). They will also seek to further raise the political profile of the Convention in countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and to raise awareness among decision makers in those countries on the environmental and health effects of air pollution as well as pollution abatement measures and their high benefit-to-cost ratio. 21

22 Table 4 Capacity-building to promote ratification and implementation in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia 4.1 Encourage ratification and implementation of the Convention and its protocols among the target countries, in particular the EMEP Protocol, the Gothenburg Protocol, the Protocol on Heavy Metals and the Protocol on POPs, and facilitate information exchange, reporting under the Convention and cooperation by providing: Secretariat (implementation of commitments, as specified in the respective grant agreements) $700,000 (from by the potential donors) a (a) Support to countries in national legal framework analyses, introduction and implementation of integrated environmental permitting procedures and BAT and/or other cost-effective measures in various sectors (b) Technical assistance to further improve reporting of Strengthened capacity to adjust national legislation, update air pollution policy and action plans and enhance the implementation of the Convention and its protocols in the target countries Improved capacity in developing guidance on the introduction and implementation of an integrated permitting procedure and BAT covering specific sectors Increased awareness of the experience in introducing BAT and control technologies through organized study tours Improved national capacity to comply with BACA commitments submitted by target countries Improved reporting of emission inventories by the target countries 22

23 emission inventories under the Convention (c) Assistance to national teams of experts in the development of emission projections, the estimation of base year emissions and the setting of emission reduction targets for 2020 and beyond in the target countries Emission projections developed, base year emission levels estimated and emission reduction targets for 2020 and beyond set by the target countries in accordance with the requirements of the Gothenburg Protocol 4.2 Establishment of a system of indicators to assess the progress of countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia in relation to ratification (benefits, gaps, needs) and elaboration of the necessary steps to be taken on the way towards ratification Needs for further assistance and milestones to be achieved towards ratification of target countries identified Secretariat, Coordinating Group 4.3 Raise awareness of air pollution, its environmental and health effects, and abatement measures among the countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia through translation of relevant documentation and communication materials into Russian (priorities to be established by the Coordinating Group), and the further development and maintenance of the website in Russian, as relevant Availability of information materials in Russian; increased awareness of the Convention among countries of the subregion Secretariat, Coordinating Group 4.4 Annual sessions of the Coordinating Group (in cooperation with TFTEI and, potentially, other groups and bodies under the Convention) to exchange information, build capacity and network Annual progress reports to the Executive Body Coordinating Group, TFTEI $20,000 covered by from the Russian Federation and other potential donors 4.5 Working sessions of the Coordinating Group on the margins of the sessions of the Executive Body and WGSR Progress reports to the Executive Body Coordinating Group $5,500 covered by from the Russian Federation and 23

24 other potential donors 4.6 Strengthen the participation of countries in Eastern and South- Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia in the work of the Executive Body and its subsidiary bodies by providing travel support Participation of representatives of countries with economies in transition in the sessions of the Executive Body, its subsidiary bodies and other relevant meetings Secretariat $300,000 (partially covered by Switzerland) a Subject to funding availability. Abbreviation: Coordinating Group = Coordinating Group on the promotion of actions towards implementation of the Convention in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia; POPs = persistent organic pollutants; TFTEI = Task Force on Techno-economic Issues; WGSR = Working Group on Strategies and Review. 5. Communication and outreach 20. In accordance with the long-term strategy for the Convention, communication activities will be undertaken to highlight the work under the Convention and the Convention s benefits. The strategy sets out that the bodies under the Convention should also actively contribute to an extensive and user-friendly communication strategy and system that highlights the work and benefits of the Convention... in particular [to] help to increase the visibility of the Convention and raise political awareness of pollution issues in countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia and South-Eastern Europe (para. 16 (k)). Outreach activities will be undertaken to maintain the visibility of the Convention on the international scene, to foster cooperation between regional agreements around the world and to share the Convention s experience with a view to advancing a shared response to addressing air pollution globally, in accordance with resolution 3/8 of the United Nations Environment Assembly (para. 7 (i)). Cooperation with other regions and forums on intercontinental air pollution issues will be pursued. 21. Table 5 below does not repeat the communication and outreach tasks specifically assigned to any of the technical or subsidiary bodies and, as such, incorporated as items under the science and policy sections in the workplan. Table 5 Communication and outreach 5.1 Internal communication Improve internal communication, in particular within the Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia subregion, to ensure efficient operation of the Convention Improved operation of the Convention Secretariat 24