Beyond the RED: Sustainability Requirements for Solid and Gaseous Bioenergy, and Biomaterials

Transcription

1 Beyond the RED: Sustainability Requirements for Solid and Gaseous Bioenergy, and Biomaterials Uwe R. Fritsche Scientific Director, IINAS in collaboration with Kathrin Ammermann BfN, Leipzig, DE Berien Elbersen, Alterra, Wageningen, NL Myrsini Christou, CRES, Athens, GR Calliope Panoutsou, Imperial College London, UK Erwin Schmid, Univ. of Natural Resources & Life Sciences, Vienna, AT presented at the 20 th EBCE, Milan, June 21, 2012

2 Consider all Biomass Flows

3 Project Context Sustainability criteria for RED-plus (IEE) Sustainability criteria for non-food feedstocks (FP7) Global Assessments and Guidelines for Sustainable Liquid Biofuel Production in Developing Countries (FAO/UNEP/UNIDO) Biodiversity issues of extending the RED (BfN) Joint Workshop series focusing on forest bioenergy Resource-Efficient Bioenergy in EU27 (EEA forthcoming)

4 Sustainable Biomass Key Issues resource efficiency: make the most out of limited resource direct and indirect land use change (LUC), and impacts on GHG emissions biodiversity: high-biodiverse areas and management practice (agro-cultivation systems, forestry) air, water and soil quality impacts (global) food security, employment, land rights, rural income Coherence for all bioenergy (electricity, heat, transport) and biomaterials needed

5 Sustainability Standards Principle rules by which sustainable development of biomass systems (crops, residues, ) should play Criteria and indicators derived from these standards to measure compliance Implemented via voluntary or legal systems such as product labelling and certification, and (governmental) support schemes (e.g. subsidies, preferential treatment of products, quota) preferably mandatory (e.g. RED extension)

6 Key criteria & indicators Resource efficiency: land (>100 GJ/ha), residues (> 60%) GHG (> 60% reduction), including iluc biodiversity: more than no go areas require agrobiodiverse cultivation, conditionalize forest biomass extraction, no GMO soil: maps of nutrient depletion risk ( go ) water: buffer zones, restrict agrochemicals social: global food security is key (FAO!)

7 Key criteria & indicators Biomass Futures Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Bioenergy Source: Biomass Futures (2012); * = considering by- and co-products of bioenergy life cycles

8 Land-Use of Energy Systems land use electricity from m 2 /GJ el Note el-mix EU27 0,29 Excluding transmission and distribution lignite 0,10 Lignite in Germany, new steam-turbine powerplant coal 0,06 import coal (surface mining), new steam-turbine powerplant nuclear 0,04 German supply mix, steam-turbine powerplant natural gas 0,02 EU supply mix incl. imports, new combined-cycle powerplant hydro 0, MW el run-of-river plant wind onshore 0,26 10 x 2 MW el onshore wind park solar-pv 2,7 1 kw el (peak) system, full land use solar-csp 1,9 80 MW el concentrating solar power system in Southern Spain geothermal 1,2 1 MW el ORC system Biogas from maize in internal combustion engine cogeneration biogas-maize ICE 106 plant (energy allocation) Woodchips from short-rotation coppice in steam-turbine SRC cogen 112 cogeneration plant (energy allocation) Biomethane from short-rotation coppice in gas-turbine bio-sng SRC cogen 164 cogeneration plant (energy allocation) bio-sng SRC CC 128 Biomethane from SRC in CC powerplant Source: own computation with GEMIS 4.8; ORC= organic rankine cycle; ICE = internal combustion engine; SRC = short-rotation coppice; CC = combined-cycle

9 Resource Efficiency: a new kid feedstock (EU production) bioenergy output land productivity GJ bio /ha rapeseed 1G biodiesel 87 short-rotation coppice 2G biodiesel (BtL) 116 switchgrass 2G biodiesel (BtL) 75 wheat (grain) 1G EtOH 128 switchgrass 2G EtOH 80 short-rotation coppice pellets 183 switchgrass pellets 198 short-rotation coppice biomethane 126 for comparison: non-eu production sugarcane 1G EtOH 207 palm 1G biodiesel 154 Source: own computation with GEMIS 4.8; calculated using energy allocation for by- and co-products; 1G = 1 st generation; 2G = 2 nd generation; BtL = biomass-to-liquid; EtOH = ethanol

10 Key results (1) Edible starch (maize, potato) and oil crops (rape, sunflower...) not sustainable: food competition, GHG Acceptable only if cultivated on non-arable land or land not in competition with food/feed, and not biodiverse and low C soils yield/cost! Sweet sorghum in Southern EU a good option Also crops residues from food processing (peels, shavings etc.) favorable cascading use! Source: Crops2industry (2012)

11 Key results (2) Basic requirement: land use not in competition! Non-edible crops and perennials more favorable in terms of environment and food/feed Key issues are siting (biodiversity), and cultivation practices (soil, water...) Fiber crops most favorable, while edible starch/oil crops need careful evaluation or intercropping Source: Crops2industry (2012)

12 Key results (3) Cost Differences between the Reference and Sustainable Bioenergy Potentials in the EU27 in 2020 Source: Biomass Futures (2012)

13 Long-term: Cascading Use! Biomass crops Material Use Residues/wastes Energy Use

14 Project information & contact Contact: 14