BUNDLE 9: ENERGY AND ECOLOGY Review

Transcription

1 BUNDLE 9: ENERGY AND ECOLOGY Review 1. Describe Cellular Respiration, what happens, where does it happen, what type of organism does it take place in? What is the equation for respiration? 2. Explain the predator-prey relationship, include the change in populations over time. 3. An organism that makes its own food is called a(n). An organism that cannot make its own food but must rely on other organisms for food is called a(n). 4. What is carrying capacity? Draw a labeled graph that shows a population reaching carrying capacity. 5. Which of the following organisms is most likely to be located at the apex(top) of the pyramid of biomass? Be able to explain each organisms place in the ecosystem. 6. The nutrients in organic and inorganic materials in all of the organisms in the diagram will eventually be recycled back into the environment by. 7. A lichen is composed of two organisms, a fungus and a cyanobacterium. The fungus provides a growing surface, moisture, and nutrients to the cyanobacterium. The cyanobacterium provides food to the fungus. This relationship is considered to be an example of what type of symbiotic relationship? 8. What factors indicate that the carrying capacity of an environment is being reached? 9. What is lost to the environment at each of the trophic levels of this ecosystem?

2 Use the diagram below to answer questions 10 & 11: 10. An ocean food chain is shown in the diagram above. Which organism(s) represents the trophic level containing approximately 1% of the initial amount of solar energy acquired by the phytoplankton? 11. Where does the remaining energy go if not given to consumers at every level? 12. In any environment or ecosystem, organisms can have several different types of relationships. Three types of relationships are described below. Name the type of symbiotic relationship described in each in the blank. Relationship ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS Description Cattle Egrets feast on insects that are aroused into flight by cattle grazing in the insects habitat. The cow does not appear to be affected. Mosquitos attach to the skin of warm-blooded animals, feed on their blood, and make the animals itch. They carry many harmful diseases including malaria. Hummingbirds pollenate flowers while gaining nectar for themselves. 13. Baleen whales eat zooplankton by taking a large amount of water into their mouth. These whales use special structures in their mouth to separate zooplankton from the water. Because baleen whales eat zooplankton, they are classified as what?

3 14. If an ecosystem was wiped out and NO soil was left what type of succession would this be and what would be one of the first organisms to begin growing? Use the terrestrial food web below to answer the next question: 15. List the organisms that are secondary consumers in this food web. 16. In the picture below, what do X, Y, and Z most likely represent? What process do you think is happening in this picture?

4 17. The chemical equation below represents which chemical reaction? Use the picture on the right to answer questions 18 20: 18. Which chemical reaction is displayed in the experiment shown in the picture on the right? 19. What are the bubbles that have collected in the test tube? 20. Which organelle allows the plant to do this? 21. List some events that would have long-term effects on the stability and sustainability of an ecosystem. 22. What events or disturbances would only have a short-term effect?

5 23. Describes a possible consequence if biodiversity were to decrease in the Artic due to the extinction of polar bears? 24. Why does biodiversity contribute to sustainability? 25. Explain how the development of agriculture can be harmful to the environment even though it is beneficial to society. Use the graph below to answer question #26: Number of species 26. What type of event was most likely the cause of the changes in species diversity in the ecosystem with the data shown in the graph above? 27. Label the following as causing a short-term or long-term change to the ecosystem. A. loss of fish production in a stream, due to death of invertebrates from copper pollution B. decline of forests, due to air pollution and acid deposition C. loss of grasses and other vegetation due to sustained high temperatures accompanied with low precipitation D. loss of timber growth, due to nutrient losses caused by mercury poisoning of microbes and soil insects

6 28. The picture shows a meadow ecosystem in the mountains. Use the picture to answer the following question. Each spring, water from melting snow creates a shallow, temporary pond in the meadow. The pond lasts for several weeks, and during this time mosquitoes use the pond to reproduce and develop. One winter, a large amount of snow fell and created a much bigger pond the following spring. How would this most likely affect the population of mosquitoes living in the meadow ecosystem? 29. Deforestation in tropical rain forests has led to soil erosion and loss of nitrogen from the soil. Insects require nitrogen to make their outer shells or exoskeletons. What will most likely happen to the insect population if deforestation is reduced by international law? 30. The kudzu plant was imported into the United States as an ornamental plant and was later planted to help reduce soil erosion. Kudzu is a vine that grows in a wide range of conditions and soil types. Due to its rapid growth, the plant has taken over many native plant species, resulting in what consequence?

7 31. The red-billed ox pecker obtains a steady food supply by constantly picking ticks off the bodies of large animals such as giraffe, zebra, and rhinoceros. This helps the animals get rid of parasites. This relationship is best described as. 32. Sea otters often float and sleep on forests of kelp. Here in the kelp forest, they eat sea urchins. This relationship is best described as. 33. Mistletoe can grow on oak trees and extract water and nutrients at the oak tree s expense. This relationship is best described as. 34. Draw a food web in which the same organism is a primary consumer as well as a secondary consumer.

8 35. A food web is diagramed on the right. What would most likely happen if the rabbit population decreased as a result of another predator being introduced to the food web? 36. The greatest amount of energy is stored in the biomass of which of the organisms in the food web shown on the right? 37. What is missing from this food web that is essential for nutrients and energy to be recycled?

9 38. An ocean food chain is shown in the diagram above. Which organism represents the trophic level containing approximately 1% of the initial amount of solar energy acquired by the phytoplankton? 39. Where does the rest of the energy acquired by the phytoplankton go if not to the primary consumers? 40.