Short Course on Environmental Considerations in Transport. Projects. University of Moratuwa. 20 th March 2004

Transcription

1 Social Impacts due to Transport Projects Short Course on Environmental Considerations in Transport Projects University of Moratuwa 20 th March 2004

2 Role of Transportation in Society ACCESSIBILITY of locations via MOBILITY Mobility of what? Factors of production Products and People

3 Policy Options in Transport Sector Universal- Accessibility & Mobility to All Ownership- Public Good barriers of access/use? Development Objectives Equity (Regional, Social) Sustainability

4 Access & Socioeconomic Development. It is access to markets outside, which enables a village or city to grow beyond a self-sustaining (primitive) community. These may be called self-sustainable communities. However, access to basic services such as medical services, educational services, administrative services are important for increase in quality of life. Access to places of cultural, recreational or religious importance has also been a long-standing social need. These services cost money and as such there should be matching economic growth and increase in incomes to sustain such infrastructure development. The absence of such transport linkages will result in largescale migration to cities and the abandonment of rural areas as well creation of unsustainable urbanization.

5 Access & Land Development Improved Access leads to different land use development and changes to land values. Access creates agglomerations of different land uses. For example, Residential Urban Cultural Tourism Agricultural Rural Urban Rural

6 Transport & Employment An important by-product in countries where unemployment is prevalent. Different modes have different employment generation rates. In Sri Lanka an estimated 700,000+ people have direct & indirect employment in transport.

7 Sector Infrastructure Vehicles Sub Sector Units Basis of Estimation Estimated Employment Roads 100,000 kms design, construction and maintenance 70,000 Railways 1,500 kms construction, maintenance and operations 17,000 Fuel refinery, transport and distribution 10,000 Cars/Vans 150,000 at 0.2 per vehicle for drivers, service and repair 30,000 Motor cycles 465,000 at 0.02 per vehicle for service and repair 9,000 Trucks 105,000 at 2.5 per vehicle for crew, service and repair 263,000 Buses 30,000 RTCs staff at 36,000 and at 3 per private bus, 90,000 Land Vehicles 57,000 at 1 per vehicle to adjust for part time operators 57,000 3 Wheelers 145,000 at 1.2 per vehicle for drivers, service and repair 154,000 Bicycles 2 million at 0.01 for assembly, and repair 20,000 Other includes driver trainers, bus regulators, traffic police, transport planners etc. Total 478, ,000 5,000

8 Negative Impacts of Transport Does faster transport give improved access and higher mobility? Are increased traffic flows and more vehicles an indication of a higher QOL and economic growth? Is more employment in transport an indicator of efficient transport?

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10 Motor vehicle ownership and use tend to increase with economic development, up to a point. On the contrary, excessive consumer expenditures on car can reduce economic development. Many wealthy regions have relatively low levels of automobile ownership and use, while some poorer regions are relatively car dependent, with traffic congestion, poor walking and cycling conditions, and inefficient public transport services

11 Under some circumstances, highway investments provide significant economic productivity benefits by reducing transportation costs. But this only occurs if other conditions are ripe and transport costs are a significant economic constraint. Once a region has a basic paved road system, additional roadway capacity provides relatively small economic development benefits. Most impacts that do occur are economic transfers, economic activity shifted from one location to another without overall

12 Other negative impacts due to transport projects 1. air pollution and other environmental impacts such as vibration, noise, severance and water pollution 2. accidents 3. consuming large quantities of resources, 4. higher spatial concentration in urban centres leading to many diseconomies such as; congestion, criminality, segregation, pollution and decline in residential quality. 5. social segregation because of the private car.

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15 Traffic Fatalities Estimated 700,000 to 1.3 million p.a. Presently 10 th place among all causes of death Anticipated to be ranked 3 rd by year 2020 A leading cause of death in 0-59 yr group

16 Injury Related Mortality, world 1998

17 Leading Causes of Death (World, 1998)

18 Sri Lanka s Road Traffic Injuries Fatalities - 2,000 Grievous Injuries - 3,300 Other Injuries - 11,600 Vulnerable Road Users Pedestrians - % Cyclists - % Motor Cyclists - %

19 Vehicle Type Vehicle Kms Per Year (Millions) Pedestrian Deaths Per Year Fatality Rate Death/Veh. Km Ratio With Car Buses 1, V,J,L & T 2, Cars 1, Motorcycles 2, Bicycles 1, Road Total 8, Railway (w/o trespassers) -do- (all fatalities) ,167 26, Total 8,

20 Reasons for Increase in Injury due to Increase in Incomes Higher Mobility Move from Safe to less Safe modes of travel Desire for Speed

21 Accident Reporting Statistics Annual Accidents Reported Fatalities per 100,000 Population Fatalities per 1,000,000,000 Vehicle kms Travelled Fatalities per 1,000,000,000 (Billion) Passenger kms Travelled

22 Factors that can contribute to an accident -The Road - The Vehicle/s - The Road User/s Driver/s - Environmental Factors

23 The Road Land Use & Road Layout Access Control Cross-Sectional Design: Side Walks Cycle Paths Centre Medians, Speed Related Designs Sight-Distance Traffic Calming Signs & Markings Overtaking; Surface Texture Safety Fences and Barriers Crossing Designs Intersection Design: Pedestrian Crossings: Locational Designs: Roadside Obstacles, Street Furniture and Trees Embankments, Crash Barriers/Recovery Zones

24 Speed Related accidents make up 37% Lost Control Skidded 0.0 Collide with street Furniture Car Lorry M.Cy. Pvt. Bus CTB Bus 3- Wheel er Light Veh Land Veh Bicycle Total Avoid Accident High Speed Fail to Signal Wrong Side

25 Urban Sprawl Improved roads, railways or bus services in turn leads to increased concentration of commercial activities at the center. This process is known as urban sprawl can cause the collapse of the CBD.

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27 Sustainable Transport A sustainable transportation system is one that: Allows the basic access needs of individuals to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and with equity within and between generations. Is affordable, operates efficiently, offers choice of transportation mode, and supports a vibrant economy. Limits emissions and waste within the planet s ability to absorb them, minimizes consumption of nonrenewable resources, limits consumption of renewable resources to the sustainable yield level, reuses and recycles its components, and minimizes the use of land and the production of noise.

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30 British Case (Reference : Developing an Integrated Transport Policy, Department of the Environment Transpiration & the Regions, UK ( The Government s Objectives A strong economy, a sustainable environment and an inclusive society. Mobility of people in an economically and environmentally sustainable framework Britain deserves better than the fragmented and often unacceptable transport services that we have been left with. Nor can we ignore the local or global environmental problems we face poor air quality, climate change, and increasing pressure on our natural and built environment.

31 South African Case The vision for South African transport is of a system which will: "Provide safe, reliable, effective, efficient, and fully integrated transport operations and infrastructure which will best meet the needs of freight and passenger customers at improving levels of service and cost in a fashion which supports government strategies for economic and social development whilst being environmentally and economically sustainable".

32 Transport Related Environmental Costs and Benefits Short Course on Environmental Considerations in Transport Projects 20 th march 2004

33 Environmental Costs/Benefits in Transport Project Externalities are where the costs/benefits have to be borne by the non-users. When significant presence of EXTERNALITIES is recognized.. the limitations of MARKET in transportation become obvious.. the STATE INTERVENTION becomes imperative. But, HOW and to WHAT EXTENT the state should intervene need to be studied. This calls for VALUATION of Externalities.

34 Conventional Methods Valuation of Transport Externalities Stated Preference Methods Willingness to Pay (WTP) Revealed Preference Methods Hedonic Valuation Travel Cost Method Preventive / defensive Costs Methods Change in Productivity Methods Human Capital Approaches (Loss of Earnings)

35 Quantifiable Impacts Travel Time Vehicle Operating Cost Accidents Vehicular Emissions Impact on Regional Development

36 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Quantifiable Construction Operation Non- Quantifiable

37 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Travel Time Travel Time Non- Quantifiable

38 Quantifiable Impacts Travel Time Vehicle Operating Cost Accidents Vehicular Emissions Impact on Regional Development

39 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Travel Time Travel Time Non- Quantifiable

40 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Travel Time VOC Travel Time VOC Non- Quantifiable

41 Quantifiable Impacts Travel Time Vehicle Operating Cost Accidents Vehicular Emissions Impact on Regional Development

42 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Travel Time VOC Travel Time VOC Non- Quantifiable

43 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Travel Time VOC Accidents Travel Time VOC Accidents Non- Quantifiable

44 Quantifiable Impacts Travel Time Vehicle Operating Cost Accidents Vehicular Emissions Impact on Regional Development

45 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Travel Time VOC Accidents Travel Time VOC Accidents Non- Quantifiable

46 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Travel Time VOC Accidents Emissions Travel Time VOC Accidents Emissions Non- Quantifiable

47 Quantifiable Impacts Travel Time Vehicle Operating Cost Accidents Vehicular Emissions Impact on Regional Development

48 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Travel Time VOC Accidents Emissions Travel Time VOC Accidents Emissions Non- Quantifiable

49 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Non- Quantifiable Travel Time VOC Accidents Emissions Regional Dev Travel Time VOC Accidents Emissions Regional Dev

50 Non Quantifiable Impacts Vibration Dust Adjacent Land Use/Severance Visual & Aesthetic considerations Water Bodies Comfort Reliability

51 Costs and Benefits from Transport Projects Construction Operation Quantifiable Travel Time VOC Accidents Emissions Regional Dev Travel Time VOC Accidents Emissions Regional Dev Non- Quantifiable Vibration Dust Land Use/Sev. Visual/Aesth. Water Bodies Comfort Reliability Vibration Dust/Dust Land Use/Sev Visual/Aesth Water Bodies Comfort Reliability

52 Costing of Environmental Impacts Accidents Vehicular Emissions Water Noise Pollution

53 Accident Costs Direct Tangible costs Damage to property Medical costs Administrative costs Costs of delays to other road users Intangible costs Private Costs relating to injury or death

54 Methods for Valuing Accident Loss of Output Impacts Willingness to Pay

55 Accident Cost in 1999 Rs. Fatal Grievous Non- Griev us Damage Only Property Damage 51,846 51,846 51,846 51,846 Medical Costs 19,180 15,929 15,105 - Police Costs 4,704 2, Insurance Costs 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 Congestion Costs 16,000 8,000 2,000 2,000 Output Loss 1,179,197 58,959 11,792 - Pain & Grief 235,839 11,792 2,358 - Total 1,509, ,381 85,701 56, Accident Cost per Vehicle / pax km (@ 1998 values)

56 Cost of Accidents in Sri Lanka Type of Accident Fatal Grievous Non- Grievous Damage Only Total Annual Accident Cost (Rs mn) Accident Cost (Rs./veh.km) Accident Cost (Rs./psg km) ,913 6,

57 vehicular particulate emissions hospital admissions rate (1) hospital death rate (2) source: Chandrasiri and Jayasinghe, Effects of Vehicular emissions in Colombo, op.cit.,

58 Reduction in Vehicular Emissions Pollution Damage Costs (according to Munasinghe & Meir,,1992 Pollutant Damage Cost ($US per Ton) CO 15 NOx 180 SOx 447 Particulate Matter 262

59 Damage estimates, 1992 US$/per ton/per 1000persons local (within 30km) regional (within km) distant (80-500km) low high low high low high Particulates SO Nox Source, Environmental Options of Transport Sector in Sri Lanka, M. Munasinghe, P. Meier, R. Chandrasekera, S. Chandrasiri, D. Jayaweera, and A. Kumarage

60 Summary of grams per litre of fuel for various types of vehicle Emission Rs per MT Small Car Gr per Ltr Motorcycl e Gr per Ltr 3 Wheeler Gr per Ltr Van /Ute Gr per Ltr Med Bus Gr per Ltr Lrg Bus Gr per Ltr Med Lorry Gr per Ltr Lrg Lorry Gr per Ltr CO 1, CO2-2, , , , , , , , Nox 12, HC n/a CH NMVOC n/a PM 18, Lead n/a SOx 31, N20 n/a Total Rupees per Litre

61 Estimated Costs from emissions for rail Type of Train Litres per Km Cost/Litre Cost/Km (Rs) Loco-hauled Train Diesel Multiple Unit