Roadmap: Batteries. Replace Cobalt entirely with low cost materials. Development of fluoridebased cathodes Develop Li-Sulphur.

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1 Roadmap: Batteries Self assembly A123 High production and material costs Reduce use of Cobalt, then replace it with low cost Replace Cobalt entirely with low cost Low production and material costs Low calendar and cycle life Li-batterysupercaps hybrids High calendar and cycle life Improved modelling of thermodynamics vs. kinetics Low power density Development nano as electrodes High power density Develop air(o 2 ) Further improvement of energy density needed Improved intercollation Replace graphite anode with metal alloys, silicon and tin fluoridebased Develop Li-Sulphur Further improved energy density Conversion reactions Strategic are used Reduce used Find ways to recycle raw Develop enzymatic synthesis of nano No use of strategic Use of sustainable Develop titanium anodes Improve safety of the devices Employ ionic liquids, Polymer or glass electrolytes Safe devices Develop polyoxy-anion based

2 Roadmap: Supercapacitors High production cost (move away from organic electrolytes) Develop aqueous electrolytes * Low energy density Develop better understanding of the fundamental science Develop hybrid supercapacitors Develop solid-state supercapacitors High energy density Advances in understanding of surface chemistry Develop nanoporous electrode Short cycle life Increase understanding of dielectric properties Introduction of novel electrolyte (ionic liquids) * Long cycle life * A compromise needs to be established between improving aqueous electrolytes and ionic liquids for different applications.

3 Roadmap: Fuel cells PEM fuel cells: water-free Improve at low cost High efficiency Increase the porosity of electrodes (gas exchange) Improve catalyst kinetics Impedance loss Voltage loss Improve electrodes Reduce loading Increase conductivity Alternative, lower cost catalysts (alternatives to platinum) No impedance loss No Voltage loss High cost Heat development Replace strategic Reduce the amount needed Improve life time No heat development Redox flow fuel cell: ionselective Improve water-free at low cost High efficiency Increase the conductivity??? Improve electrolytes??? Increase the solubility

4 Roadmap: Fuel cells (II) SOFC: High conductivity Improve water-free Reduce operation temperature Low production cost Reduce production cost at low cost Increase the porosity of electrodes (gas exchange) Improve catalyst kinetics Impedance loss Voltage loss Improve electrodes Reduce loading Increase conductivity Alternative, lower cost catalysts (alternatives to platinum) No impedance loss No voltage loss Improve the resistance of electrodes to poisoning High cost Heat development Replace strategic Reduce the amount needed Improve life time No heat development Minimise diffusion between interconnects Hydrogen Infrastructure: Improve hydrogen infrastructure Improve purity of H 2 (Improve gas separation) Improve hydrogen infrastructure Good infrastructure

5 Roadmap: Chemical storage Selective catalysts Splitting H 2 O through electrolysis Overcome limitation of oxygen sensitivity of enzymes Process intensification at low cost Improvements needed in H 2 production technologies Low temperature plasma electrolysis gasification Zero carbon H 2 production H 2 from biomass Better understanding of chemistry Modelling of catalyst designs reforming of pyrolysis streams Pyrolysis of H 2 production from algae/bacteria Genetic engineering development and testing of fluidizable catalysts Bioreactor design Material durability Increase efficiency Photoelectrochemical technology Materials and Systems engineering New electrode Thermochemical Improved sulphor-iodine cycle convert CH 4 into H 2 Reforming H 2 in-situ convert Ammonium into H 2 convert formic acid into H 2