Faculty of Engineering

Transcription

1 Faculty of Engineering ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL SOILS Anuar Bin Ibrahim Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2010

2 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS * JUDUL: ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL SOIL. SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009 / 2010 Saya ANUAR BIN IBRAHIM (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai pertukaran antara institut pengajian tenggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972). TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan). TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan Oleh: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) Alamat Tetap: LOT. 124, JLN. KUBUR RENDAH, KG. LADANG, GELANG PATAH, JOHOR Tarikh : (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) CIK DAYANGKU SALMA BT AWG ISMAIL Nama Penyelia Tarikh : CATATAN : * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa / organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD

3 I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the purpose for award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Civil) with Honours. Signature : Name of Supervisor : MISS DAYANGKU SALMA BT AWG. ISMAIL Date :...

4 I hereby declare that this report is prepared personally with my own effort unless references that have been cited accordingly in any part of the report. Signature :.... Name of Author : ANUAR BIN IBRAHIM Date :...

5 APPROVAL SHEET This project report attached here to, entitles ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL SOIL prepared and submitted by ANUAR BIN IBRAHIM (15975) as a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Civil Engineering is hereby read and approved by:... MISS DAYANGKU SALMA BT AWG. ISMAIL Date SUPERVISOR

6 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL SOIL ANUAR BIN IBRAHIM This Thesis Is Propose To Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak For Fulfilment of The Requirements for Bestowal The Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2010

7 Especially To My Dearest Father, Ibrahim B. Atan, Mother, Rukiah Bte.Samin, and Family Also Fellow Friends For their never ending care and support Thank you for everything. ii

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my deepest gratitude to ALLAH the Almighty (SWT) for His blessings that enrich me with more health and wisdom throughout my lifetime. With the most respect, I am also would like to grab this opportunity to deliver a thousand thanks to my final year project advisor, Miss Dayangku Salma Bt Awg. Ismail for her advice and the consultations along the way in completing this final year project. Special thanks to the lab technicians, Haji Affandi for his unwavering assistance in using the apparatus and preparing the materials during the laboratory works. Finally, thousand thanks to my father, Ibrahim B. Atan, my mother, Rukiah Bte. Samin, my brothers and sisters Abd. Razak, Norhidayah, Ahmad Nur Misuari and Nur Aqilah also to my friends Ahmad Khabir Md. Sidek and Mohd. Ikram Uzir. I am grateful to my beloved family and friends who have always support me in my studies. Last but not least, a lot of thanks to those who love, care, and help me iii

9 ABSTRACT The residual soils are earthen formed of weathering process on rock and remained at the place where it was formed. Many studies were made to determine the engineering properties of residual soil in Malaysia but until now in Sarawak not much data can be found for the engineering properties of residual soil. Thus, the main objectives are to determine index properties and to investigate on engineering properties of residual soil in Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. Varies of physical and engineering properties tests have been conducted for three samples which taken from three different locations. The three locations are for the Institut Latihan Perindustrian Kota Samarahan, Vista Aman housing area, and Samarahan Expressway near the UiTM Samarahan roundabout represented with sample A, B and C respectively. Experimental results show that the natural moisture content is in range of 22 to 32.3%. The specific gravity (G s ) of the residual soil samples tested ranges from 2.65 to The liquid limit of the soil varies from 43 to 58%. Sample A has the lowest value of liquid limit as compared to sample B and sample C. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and maximum dry density for residual soil are varying from 20.0 to 26.5% and 1.47 to 1.60 Mg/m 3, respectively. The value of compression index (C c ) and coefficient of consolidation (C v ) for the residual soil vary from to and to m 2 /year respectively. Then, the shear strength parameters, value of angle of internal friction (υ) vary from to and the cohesion (c) vary from 8.83 to kn/m 2. Next, the initial void ratio (e) for the residual soil tested is in a range of to iv

10 ABSTRAK Tanah baki ialah tanah yang terbentuk dari proses luluhawa ke atas batuan dan tetap di tempat ia terbentuk. Banyak kajian dilakukan untuk menentukan sifat kejuruteraan tanah baki di Malaysia tetapi sehingga kini masih sukar untuk memperolehi data-data berkaitan dengan sifat kejuruteraan tanah baki di negeri Sarawak. Oleh itu, objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan ciri-ciri indeks dan juga mengkaji sifat kejuruteraan tanah baki di Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. Beberapa ujian ciri-ciri fizikal dan ciri-ciri kejuruteraan telah dijalankan ke atas tiga jenis sampel tanah yang diambil dari tiga lokasi berbeza. Lokasi-lokasi tersebut adalah di Institut Latihan Perindustrian Samarahan, kawasan perumahan Vista Aman dan Lebuhraya Samarahan, berhampiran dengan bulatan UiTM Samarahan, diwakili dengan sampel A, B dan C tiap satunya. Keputusan ujian makmal yang diperolehi menunjukkan kandungan lembapan semulajadi tanah berjulat di antara 22 hingga 32.3%. Graviti tentu tanah baki (G s ) yang diuji berjulat di antara 2.65 hingga Had cecair tanah bernilai dari 43 sehingga 58%. Sampel A mempunyai nilai had cecair paling rendah berbanding dengan sampel B dan sampel C. Kandungan air optimum dan ketumpatan kering maksimum bagi tanah baki berjulat dari 20 ke 26.5% dan 1.47 ke 1.60 Mg/m 3, tiap satunya. Nilai indeks mampatan (C c ) dan pekali pengukuhan (C v ) tanah baki berjulat antara ke dan ke m 2 /tahun tiap satunya. Seterusnya untuk parameter kekuatan ricih, nilai sudut geseran ricih (υ) berjulat antara ke dan kejelekitan tanah (c) berjulat antara 8.83 ke kn/m 2. Akhir sekali, nisbah lompang asal sampel tanah baki yang diuji berjulat antara ke v

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgement Abstract Abstrak Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviation List of Appendices iii iv v vi x xii xiv xvi Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Problem statement Objective Scope of work Outline of the Thesis Introduction Literature Review Methodology Result and Discussion Conclusion and Recommendation 6 vi

12 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General overview Depth of residual soil Physical characteristic of residual soil Moisture content Specific gravity Particle size distribution Atterberg limit Compressibility of residual soil Shear strength Consolidation Principle of Consolidation Types of Consolidation One-Dimensional Consolidation Test Oedometer Test 25 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Methodology of study Data collection Sampling and Sample Preparation Laboratory Test Index Properties Analysis Sieve Analysis 31 vii

13 3.3.2 Atterberg Limit Specific Gravity Moisture Content Engineering Properties Classification Standard Proctor Compaction Test Direct Shear Test One-Dimensional Consolidation Test Data Analysis Conclusion and Recommendation 41 Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction Soil Classification Moisture Content Specific Gravity Atterberg Limit Particles Size Distribution Results for Engineering Classification Standard Proctor Compaction Test Direct Shear Test One-Dimensional Consolidation Test 56 viii

14 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion Recommendation 60 References Appendices Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G 139 ix

15 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGES 2.1 Results on engineering properties of residual soil by previous researchers Weathering agencies and their description Natural moisture content of residual deposits, Kuching area Specific gravity of residual deposits, Kuching area Sediment-types and grain sizes of residual deposits, Kuching area. 2.6 Atterberg limits and moisture content of residual deposits, Kuching area Samples location Classification by particle size Value of natural moisture content and specific gravity. 4.2 Summarized of liquid limit, plastic limit and plastic index Particle size distribution of residual soil Compaction test result. 50 x

16 TABLE PAGE 4.5 The maximum shear stress for each sample Cohesion and friction angle for each sample Consolidation test results for residual soil. 57 xi

17 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 2.1 Typical section of residual deposits, Kuching area Typical particle-size curve for residual soils Different consistency limit (a) Mohr s failure criteria (b) Element at failure showing principal stresses Mohr failure envelopes Analysis of Square-Root-time/Settlement Curve 3.1 A stack of sieves with a pan at the bottom and a cover on the top The cone penetrometer method Standard Proctor test apparatus Direct shear apparatus (a), (b), 3.5 (c) (a) Concolidometer; (b) Fixed-ring container; (c) Floating ring container Step Loading Procedure for Oedometer Test 40 xii

18 FIGURE PAGE 3.7 Flow chart of the study Plasticity chart (a) 4.4 (b) 4.4 (c) Grading curves of residual soil from Kota Samarahan area. Graph for moisture content against dry density Shear stress against percentage of strain for Sample A Shear stress against percentage of strain for Sample B Shear stress against percentage of strain for Sample C Shear strength envelopes for residual soil sample Void ratio (e) - Pressure (Log P) relationship for residual soil xiii

19 ABBREVIATION ε - Strain ºC - Degree Celsius % - Percent BS - British Standard C - Apparent Cohesion f (x) - Function of (x) G s - Specific Gravity H - Height PI - Plasticity Index PL - Plasticity Limit LL - Liquid limit K - Coefficient of Permeability kn/m 2 - Kilo Newton Per Meter Square m - Meter m/s - Meter per second M S - Mass of Soil / Solid xiv

20 N - Newton UNIMAS - Universiti Malaysia Sarawak V s - Volume of Solid w - Moisture content / Water Content w L - Liquid Limit w P or PL - Plastic Limit ρ w - Unit Weight of Water σ n or σ f - Normal Stress υ - Angle of Friction τ f - Shear Strength xv

21 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE A B C D E F G Results of Moisture Content & Specific Gravity Results of Atterberg Limit Test Results of Particle Size Distribution Results of Standard Proctor Test Results of Shear Box Test Results of Oedometer Test Map of Research Area xvi

22 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background. Although many study were made on engineering properties of residual soil, but until now still no universally accepted definition of residual soils. Different researchers gave different definitions. However, the common phenomenon in all such definitions is that the residual soils are earthen formed of weathering process on rock and remained at the place where it was formed. For example, one such definition says residual soils are those that form from rock or accumulation of organic material and remain at the place where they were formed (MacCarthy, 1993). The Public Works Institute of Malaysia defined it as a soil which has been formed in situ by decomposition of parent material and which has not been transported any significant distance and residual soil as a soil formed in situ under tropical weathering conditions (IKRAM, 1996). In Malaysia, tropical residual deposits are found in abundance and because the climate is hot and humid the 1

23 formations are intense with a predominance of chemical weathering over other processes of weathering, thus resulting in deep weathering profiles and soil mantles often exceeding 30 m. This study mainly involved determination of residual soil properties so that with the result of this study the future researchers can refer and make comparison. At the same time engineers can use result of these soil properties of residual soil to predict the characterisation and soil engineering behaviours based on the analysis that will be conducted. 1.2 Problem Statement. In the recent years backward, the main concern by the geotechnical engineers on residual soil especially in Malaysia are associated with high rainfall and water effect on the residual soil. This factor have resulted many incidents as big natural disaster in Malaysia mostly are soil erosion and landslide whether in natural slope or engineering slope (man-made). Rainfall is considered the cause of majority of slope failures and landslides that happened in regions experiencing high seasonal rainfalls. (Brand, 1984 & Shaw-Shong, 2004). Residual soils will lose strength when in the wet periods. Nevertheless when it is in dry periods, soils are partially saturated and have relatively high shear strength, allow them to remain stable. 2

24 In Sarawak the research for this particular problem is insufficient. Thus, the reason for this study been conducted to gives understanding of characteristic and features of the residual soil. 1.3 Objective. The main concern in doing this particular study is to understand the engineering properties of residual soil. Only sedimentary residual soil will be focused in this study. To achieve project goal for developing some engineering properties of residual soil, some objectives has been forms such as following: i. To determine index properties of residual soil in Kota Samarahan area. ii. To investigate on engineering properties of residual soil. 1.4 Scope of Work. To achieve the objectives, the scope of study for this research had been planned. Only sedimentary residual soil will be focused in this study. The sedimentary residual soil is a residual soil in which its particles are derived from sedimentary rocks (Md. Humayun, and Mohd Raihan, 2004). Laboratory tests will be conducted for remoulded sample where soil samples are collected from the field site around Kota Samarahan and British Standard procedures is used for soil testing, in one area three samples will be collect. All the related tests will be performed at Geotechnical Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 3