HYDROPHILIC ADOUBLE RUBBER WATERSTOPS OCM, INC. Chicago, IL. Barrier to stop water. Water EVOLUTION OF WATERSTOPS

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1 HYDROPHILIC ADOUBLE RUBBER WATERSTOPS by OCM, INC. Chicago, IL The Adeka Corporation started in 1917 as a caustic soda manufacturer. They are now a multi billion dollar company with a wide range of products from plastic to food additives. Adeka invented hydrophilic rubber waterstops in the early 1970 s. ADEKA was the first rubber hydrophilic waterstop not a ME TOO product. The first sales of Adeka waterstop happened in Adeka came to the USA market in OCM, Inc. located in Chicago, is the sole North American distributor. EVOLUTION OF WATERSTOPS Barrier to stop water Water The basic principle of waterstops is simply to stop water migration by forming a barrier between any structural elements.

2 EVOLUTION OF WATERSTOPS PVC Waterstops have evolved over the years from metal waterstops rubber dumbbell waterstops centerbulb waterstops PVC (plastic). Plastic was invented during the war years (1940 s) and was the new material of choice for waterstops. There are several different types of PVC waterstops. PVC waterstops are still used world wide even though they have some inherent problems. Disadvantages of PVC Difficult to install Wired in place Welded seams Chance of collapse PVC waterstops are difficult to install and can be detached or torn from the wire holders during concrete placement. Also the waterstops can be folded over or collapsed during concrete consolidation. Field welded seams are the biggest cause of leakage in PVC waterstop. Heat welding is difficult under certain environmental conditions (wet / cold). Some PVC type waterstops release harmful chemicals during the welding process. PVC usage has declined in some countries because of the harmful chemicals released when the material is welded.

3 PVC INSTALLATION FAILURE Most water leakage through PVC waterstops comes from field welding. In some case as above, the splices were not welded. PVC - INSTALLATION FAILURE Most water leakage through PVC waterstops comes from field welding. Sometimes field welding is attempted with inadequate equipment. The photo above photo shows PVC welded by using a torch. This does not provide a waterproof seam.

4 Waterstops for Joints in Concrete 1970's to present Hydrophilic Type Barrier by COMPRESSION and EXPANSION A new Generation of waterstop evolved in the 1970 s. Rather than just a barrier, water is stopped by compression and more importantly by water induced expansion (or swelling) pressure. Hydrophilic A. Term applied to polar molecules that can form a hydrogen bond with water molecules WATER LOVING Hydrophilic simply means water loving - a molecular attraction for water molecules. There are different methods of water attraction which results in a variety of hydrophilic waterstops.

5 WHY USE HYDROPHILIC WATERSTOPS 1. Easier to install 2. Greater durability 3. Environmentally safe 4. COST EFFECTIVE Waterstop between concrete elements Strip type hydrophilic waterstops are easier to install no wire tying in place attach to concrete by glue or P-201 with nails or screws on rough concrete. Adeka waterstops have a long service life. Check for durability information. Accelerated ageing tests indicate a life span of 100 years. MC-2010MN is NSF certified for potable water. When compared to installed costs Adeka hydrophilic waterstops will be more cost effective than comparable PVC waterstops. When not to use hydrophilic Water Chemical Coverage Movement Although hydrophilic waterstops are a giant step forward, there are situations where hydrophilics are not appropriate. 1. Must have water present. It takes water to expand the waterstops. Adeka hydrophilic waterstops will function even if the presence of water is intermittent. 2. Although Adeka waterstops have good resistance to many chemical contaminants (check for chemical resistance chart), AUS is not a chemical stop! 3. Hydrophilics produce pressure to stop water. Must have sufficient concrete coverage to prevent blowouts. Different products require different amounts of concrete coverage. (Check for coverage table). 4. Generally used in a non-moving joint. KM-3030M is an exception. It can tolerate movement in expansion joints up to ½ (see adeka.com for installation instructions).

6 HYDROPHILIC Comparison of properties Type of hydrophilic agent Expansion rate and limit Controlled expansion Expansion pressure Temperature range Durability The above list details important factors to consider when choosing a hydrophilic waterstop. Not all waterstops are created equal! Carefully check properties and you will see why Adeka is a leading hydrophilic waterstop. The next slides will compare the properties. Hydrophilic Agents Water Swelling Rubber ADEKA ULTRA SEAL Liquid Modified Urethane Polymers System Powdered Hydrophilic Agents System There are two major classifications of hydrophilic agents particle hydrophilic agents (includes bentonite) and liquid hydrophilic agents. (Adeka uses liquid urethane polymer hydrophilic agent).

7 Expansion Process of Powdered Hydrophilic Agents Natural Rubber or Chloroprene Rubber Water Pressure Powdered Hydrophilic Agents As each powdered hydrophilic agent is exposed to water, it expands causing the rubber (or other material) to expand and stop water. Particle hydrophilic agents are mixed into a carrier material such as butyl rubber. Expansion Process Powdered Hydrophilic Agents Powdered Hydrophilic Agents Water Molecule (After swelling) This slide represents fully expanded waterstop with powdered hydrophilic material.

8 Powdered Hydrophilic Agent Flushing effect Since the particles are mixed (not attached by molecular interaction) in the carrier material, the particles may be flushed out leaving weak areas and reducing hydrophilic action. Durability in Water Powdered Hydrophilic Agent Loses Expansion The loss of the hydrophilic agent causes a loss of expansion.

9 This graph shows the results of the flushing effect. The upper graph line represents change in weight when continually immersed for 3,200 hours. Note the change in weight drop from about 160% to approximately 120%. The bottom line represents the same material weighed at the same time but repeatedly dehydrated and rehydrated. Note even a sharper drop in weight % - from about 160% to about 80%. This indicates a loss of hydrophilic agent and a reduction in waterstopping ability. Expansion Process ADEKA ULTRA SEAL (Liquid Modified Urethane Polymers) Water Pressure Urethane Polymers Water Molecule This slide represents a hydrophilic waterstop (Adeka Ultras Seal) with the liquid modified polymer attached to the rubber on the molecular level. Note the jagged connecting lines representing molecular attraction. This is a strong bond between the hydrophilic agent and the rubber.

10 Expansion Process of ADEKA ULTRA SEAL (Liquid Modified Urethane Polymers) Water Pressure Water Molecule Exposure to water causes the hydrophilic agent to expand and stay expanded as long as it is exposed to water. Pressure is exerted against retaining structure stopping water. Note the hydrophilic molecules are still attached which makes it difficult to lose the hydrophilic agent. This represents the hydrophilic action of Adeka Ultra Seal waterstops. This graph is a result of testing Adeka Ultra Seal MC- 2010MN in the same manner and at the same time as the previous particle graph. Note there is no significant change in the weight percentage over the 3,200 hour time span during continual exposure to water or to repeated dehydrated and rehydrated cycles. The graphs shows Adeka Ultra Seal waterstops do not easily lose hydrophilic agent even under sever (wet/dry cycles) conditions. NOTE THE MAXIMUM EXPANSION LIMIT OF THE MC-2010MN. Other Adeka waterstops will have different limits.

11 Performance graph showing the difference between Adeka Ultra Seal with the urethane hydrophilic agent compared to the powdered hydrophilic agent in pure water and 3% salt water (sea water). Note the superior performance of the Adeka Ultra Seal vs. the powdered hydrophilic agent Days Days Swelling Ratio(%) 0 50 Pure water 3% Saltwater Swelling Ratio(%) Pure water 3% Saltwater ADEKA ULTRASEAL (Poly Urethane) 250 Powdered Hydrophilic Agent ADEKA ULTRASEAL shows steady water swelling performance in various water conditions. MC-2010MN SOLID HYDROPHILIC RUBBER With Embedded Stainless Steel Mesh 10mm 20mm ** NSF 61 APPROVED ** Easy Cost Effective Installation Replaces Hard to Install PVC MC-2010MN - Simple and solid profile to provide years of continuous protection from water penetration. More site condition flexibility without losing waterstopping ability. NSF CERTIFIED MC-2010MN THE PREMIER HYDROPHILIC WATERSTOP Note the naming: 20mm X 10mm= size ; M = embedded stainless steel mesh ; N= NSF approval.

12 EXPANSION AMOUNT AND SPEED Controlled Expansion Un-controlled Expansion CONTROLLED EXPANSION vs. UNCONTROLLED EXPANSION Controlling or maintaining expansion rates (speed of expansion) and expansion limits is critical in the performance and longevity of hydrophilic waterstops. First and second balloon represent controlled expansion (Adeka Ultra Seal). The balloon can expand until it reaches its limit or until it reaches containment. No damage to the balloon (waterstop). The balloon (waterstop) will keep exerting pressure. The third and forth balloon represent a waterstop with uncontrolled expansion. The waterstop will keep expanding until it comes apart or until its internal structure is so weak that it cannot be an effective waterstop. HYDROPHILIC Comparison of properties Expansion rate and limit 24 hour immersion before concrete placement AUS Comparison of rapid expansion vs. controlled expansion. The photos are of Adeka Ultra Seal (bottom photo) and Brand X waterstop (top photo). Note the top Brand X after 24 hours immersion. It expanded rapidly and when allowed to dry, it shrank and left a large gap between the waterstop and the concrete. Adeka Ultra Seal waterstops have controlled expansion. They are designed to expand at a much slower rate. This controlled expansion will avoid the above situation and will help prevent concrete cracking during curing.

13 Winding or snaking due to rapid and uncontrolled expansion Also excessive and quick expansion can lead to snaking when prematurely exposed to water (rain). Top photo is of Brand X (green). Bottom photo is of Brand Y (blue) and of Adeka Ultra Seal MC-2010M (black). No snaking with Adeka Ultra Seal MC-2010MN! CONTROLLED EXPANSION Embedded metal mesh (AUS) Co-extruded hollow tubes (Not AUS) Hydrophilic waterstops have different methods of controlling expansion. Some hydrophilic waterstops do not have a mechanism to control expansion. The top photo is a picture of MC-2010MN showing the wire mesh which controls expansion. The bottom photo is of a hydrophilic waterstop that uses co-extruded hydrophilic material around non-hydrophilic tubes to control its expansion. The hollow tubes remain throughout the waterstop.

14 HYDROPHILIC WATERSTOP Natural State Expanded State 2 X 5 X 8 X More expansion is not always better. Expansion is by the intake of water water has no structural strength therefore the more water taken in, the weaker the waterstop. Too much expansion weakens the hydrophilic waterstop. Adeka Ultra Seal waterstops expand two times (approximate) by volume. The structural strength is greater than a product which expands five times or even 8 times by volume. HYDROPHILIC WATERSTOP Well placed, contained and compressed waterstop For example hydrophilic waterstop placed in concrete no gap so expansion cannot occur. When contained, energy to expand is changed to expansion pressure. As long as the material cannot expand the pressure remains the same.

15 HYDROPHILIC WATERSTOP But when the concrete joint opens... However when the joint opens, the products will expand to their limit. The more expansion - the weaker it will become. As the waterstop expands into the gap and becomes weaker, water under pressure will force it s way through the waterstop. PRESSURE COMPARISON balance between waterstopping and coverage LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE Basic concept - more expansion pressure will withstand a higher hydrostatic head but will require more concrete coverage. Less pressure exerted will require less concrete coverage but it will withstand a much lower hydrostatic head.

16 HYDROPHILIC Comparison of properties Expansion pressure All dimensions Hydrophilic waterstops will expand in all dimensions and in the direction of least resistance. HYDROPHILIC ACTION HYDROPHILIC MATERIAL ADD WATER The following slides demonstrate the function of a hydrophilic waterstops and why they work. Take a container add some hydrophilic material and add water..

17 HYDROPHILIC ACTION HYDROPHILIC MATERIAL Expand in the direction of least resistance The hydrophilic material will expand in the direction of least resistance. HYDROPHILIC ACTION HYDROPHILIC MATERIAL Expand in the direction of least resistance As soon as it fills the sides it will continue to grow upward.

18 HYDROPHILIC ACTION HYDROPHILIC MATERIAL Expand until it reaches its limit of expansion Not too much pressure exerted Until it reaches its maximum potential whatever that might be 2 times by volume, eight times by volume and so on. HYDROPHILIC ACTION Adeka Ultra Seal MC Material Expand in the direction of least resistance Follow the same procedure except add a cover! Add water again it will expand in the direction of least resistance.

19 HYDROPHILIC ACTION Adeka Ultra Seal MC Material Exerting expansion pressure in all dimensions until it has no more room to expand - it cannot expand anymore it is contained it has the energy to expand but cannot! So the expansion energy is converted to expansion pressure and pressure is what stops the water! psi DAYS Pressure (MPa) Change in Swelling Pressure (MC-2010MN) Multiply MPa by 145 to convert to PSI ( 1 MPa = 145 PSI) Not all products have the same expansion pressure This is the expansion pressure graph for Adeka Ultra Seal MC products. This much pressure will stop a high hydrostatic head of water (150 feet field recommendation). Concrete coverage is critical to withstand the pressure exerted. Always check coverage needed for any hydrophilic product. MC-2010MN requires 4 on either side and a 6.5 wall. MC-2010MN must be placed between two rows of rebar. Other Adeka products such as KBA-1510FP only require 1.0 of quality concrete coverage. However the recommended hydrostatic head is 25 feet or less.

20 Durability Information???? YEA RS S. A. Arrhenius in K = A exp (-Ea/RT) (1) ln (t) = Ea/(RT) + const (2) Durability is another way to compare hydrophilic products. - some will last 20 years, 30 years and so on. The accelerated aging test (Arrhenius) shows Adeka Ultra Seal will last approximately 100 years (Check calculations at Hydrophilic and Temperature Different hydrophilic waterstops will react differently to temperature. Some waterstops expand faster and more in cold temperatures others will expand less in cold temperatures. Adeka Ultra Seal is designed to expand less and slower as the temperature increases (see temperature graph for AUS). Higher temperatures (120 ~ 160 degrees) do not damage the product but the expansion properties are significantly reduced. When the temperatures drop, expansion will again occur. We do not recommend using AUS when sustained temperatures are above 120 degrees. We can use AUS when we have intermittent hot temperatures (time at high temperatures less than time at lower temperatures). Cold temperatures do not effect the installation of the preformed strip products. The paste (P-201) and the liquid (A-30) take much longer to cure at lower temperatures. The curing times for P-201 and A-30 are on the data sheets (

21 Why doesn't water in the concrete cause AUS waterstops to start swelling? The above question is often asked. The answer - hydrophilic waterstops do start expanding when exposed to the water in concrete. How much they expand and how fast they expand is different for different waterstops. Adeka Ultra Seals do start to expand but. HYDROPHILIC WATERSTOP Natural State Expanded State CONTROLLED EXPANSION we have controlled expansion so the expansion is slow and not significant then.

22 TEMPERATURE VS WATER SWELLING RATIO We have heat of hydration of curing concrete. Note graph line hotter less expansion cooler more expansion (these are all Adeka Hydrophilic waterstops). Some other hydrophilics have the exact reverse effect from temperature hotter more expansion colder less expansion. Therefore the heat of hydration would actually increase the speed and amount of expansion. COMPLETE LINE OF HYDROPHILIC WATERSTOPS PRE-FORMED STRIPS FOR: cold joints construction joints expansion joints pipe penetrations precast MC-2010MN MC-2005M MC-2005T KBA-1510FP PASTE FOR: precast pipe penetrations sheet pile interlocks rough concrete repair LIQUID FOR: sheet pile interlocks P-201 A-30 There are three different classes of Adeka Ultra Seal hydrophilic waterstop. Pre-formed strips in a variety of sizes and shapes, rectangle, square and round. The P-201 is a paste (caulking) type product. P-201 should not be confused with surface caulk applications. P-201 must be contained on all sides as the other Adeka products. A-30 is a two component liquid which forms a rubber like material when the two parts are mixed and allowed to cure. The primary use of A-30 is in sealing sheet pile interlocks.

23 ADEKA ULTRA SEAL MC-2010MN Waterstop for tank wall MC-2010MN NSF APPROVED FOR POTABLE WATER MC-2010MN Typical use of Adeka Ultra Seal MC-2010MN. Note MC- 2010MN is placed at least 4 inches from the surface of the concrete and between a double mat of rebar. Also note MC-2010MN is used in potable water which requires NSF approval. ADEKA ULTRA SEAL MC-2010MN Easy and Fast Installation 1. Unwrap (clean and light) (18 lbs. per 82 ft.) 2. Layout and attach Strip products are easy to install. The above photos are of MC-2010MN. One man can do the installation. The product is light (18 lbs per 82 feet) and easy to lay out and install.

24 ADEKA ULTRA SEAL MC-2010MN Easy and Fast Installation Butt Corners / Cover Joint With P-201 PLACE CONCRETE! No field welding required! Simply butt corners and place a little P-201 across the butt joint seam. Pour concrete! ADEKA ULTRA SEAL MC-2010MN PIPE PENETRATION Splice strip product segment ends by doing a parallel side-by-side splice Note overlap splice on the pipe. This shows MC-2010MN on large diameter pipe.

25 MC-2005T SMALL PIPE PENETRATIONS Same overlap on small pipes. Small pipes will require glue to hold the material in place. This is MC-2005T around small diameter pipes. ADEKA ULTRA SEAL Min. 1" good quality consolidated concrete KBA-1510FP Typical Installation - Can be placed between double rows of rebar Remember different expansion pressures for different products require different concrete coverage. Different expansion pressures will withstand different hydrostatic head pressures. Adeka Ultra Seal KBA-1510FP is designed for low concrete coverage (minimum 1.0 inched good quality concrete recommend 2 inches). KBA-1510FP will also withstand 57 foot head in laboratory tests. We recommend field use of 25 foot or less. NO wire mesh - so more care is required to prevent premature exposure to rain.

26 ADEKA ULTRA SEAL KBA-1510FP Example of KBA-1510FP - (6 inch walls) Example of appropriate KBA-1510FP use 6 inch walls. Six inch walls are too thin to support MC products. Excellent application for KBA. Also used in small concrete containment curbs. ADEKA ULTRA SEAL * Hydrophilic waterstop P-201 in a 320 ml cartridge * Adheres to metal, glass, PVC, fiberglass even WET CONCRETE! * Stays flexible * Long life * Excellent resistance to hydrocarbon contamination * Expands up to 2 times by volume Paste product hydrophilic Adeka P-201. One of the most versatile Adeka hydrophilic waterstops.

27 ADEKA ULTRA SEAL Typical Joint Mortar P-201 A Typical piping penetration See Detail C. Typical use of P-201 in precast applications and in piping penetrations. Precast segments must compress the bead of P-201 to maintain effectiveness of P-201. ADEKA ULTRA SEAL P-201 TYPICAL USE 1/2" X 3/4" P-201 Bead Between Riser Rings Steel Rim Riser Rings Riser Rings Lid P-201 P-201 Barrel of Manhole Cross Section of Manhole with riser rings Not to Scale Another P-201 precast application between concrete riser rings on manhole structures.

28 ADEKA ULTRA SEAL P-201 MC-2010MN Make an impossible job EASY! Use P-201 in conjunction with other AUS products. Note the MC-2010MN is glued to smooth surface and P-201 is used as a waterstop around the broken concrete. ADEKA ULTRA SEAL P-201 MC-2010MN TRANSITION SMOOTH CONCRETE TO BROKEN CONCRETE Another use of P-201 with MC-2010MN. Again a transition between smooth and broken concrete.

29 ADEKA ULTRA SEAL KM 3030M HYDROPHILIC EXPANSION JOINT Horizontal and Vertical Expansion Joints UP TO 2" Expansion Contraction Excellent for shear movement isolation joints Adeka Ultra Seal KM-3030M Use for expansion joints with 1/2 inch or less expansion / contraction. Check for more information and installation instructions. KM-3030M, KM-4040M, KM-6060M Torata River Control Project Peru ADEKA ULTRA SEAL Example of KM products in a project. This was a 400 foot high dam.

30 ADEKA ULTRA SEAL KM HYDROPHILIC STRING KM string comes in sizes from 4mm to 32mm in diameter. KM string is use to stop flowing water in a small crack or joint. The photos above show the string stopping water flowing through a sheet pile interlock. String can be used to waterstop sawcut control joints. Choosing the right diameter of string is important. String should be 1.2 times the width of the gap. String should be stretched between 20~50% and pressed into the crack or joint. ADEKA ULTRA SEAL LIQUID A-30 WATERSTOP SHEET PILE INTERLOCKS Liquid A-30 (two component) is used to seal sheet pile joints prior to driving the sheet pile

31 ADEKA ULTRA SEAL A-30 Seal sheet piles before driving! Simple installation level, clean interlock, and apply A-30 to required depth. Check for required amount of A-30 in different sheet piles. WHICH HYDROPHILIC WATERSTOP IS RIGHT FOR YOU? Do a few simple comparisons - 1. Soak samples of waterstop in water for 30 days. Check physical condition. 2. Remove samples from water and freeze. 3. Bend or flex frozen waterstops. 4. Dry samples for several days. Note condition of dried sample. 5. Resoak samples for several days. Prove the quality of Adeka Ultra Seal waterstops - do the simple kitchen table experiments listed above.

32 Fully immerse waterstop for several days. MC-2010MN Freeze while fully expanded. Bend and flex waterstop. Note flexibility and condition. A simple freeze test will give you good information about the products. For example in this slide both products are fully hydrated then frozen. When the product is flexed (if it can be flexed) the cracking will show you the water is frozen. The top one is MC-2010MN the reason for no cracks is that the water molecules are finely and evenly dispersed throughout the molecules of rubber therefore the water does not freeze. After total expansion and freezing, this waterstop breaks when bent. Ice crystals can be seen within the waterstop. This product was not flexible after freezing. It broke into pieces. You can see the ice crystals in the sample. The frozen sample shows the water was taken in like a sponge. It was not taken in on the molecular level.

33 This is one of the hydrophilic products (NOT Adeka Ultra Seal) shown through the hydrophilic cycle. After drying became a very hard brittle misshapen mass. This shows water has physically changed the product. This change does not happen with MC-2010MN. ADEKA ULTRA SEAL HYDROPHILIC WATERSTOPS A PRODUCT FOR EVERY PROJECT ULTRA SEAL STOPS WATER! TRY ULTRA SEAL YOU WILL BE GLAD YOU DID! SELF EXPLANATORY TRY AUS!

34 USE ADEKA ULTRA SEAL WATERSTOPS AND REST EASY 30 YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL WATERPROOFING! Visit call HYDROPHILIC ADOUBLE RUBBER WATERSTOPS For more information call