Chen B, Lu Y (2015), Urban nexus: a new paradigm for urban studies, Ecological Modelling 318, 5-7.

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1 Dr. Bin Chen Dr. Bin Chen obtained his Ph.D. in Environmental Science from Peking University and did post-doctoral study in Harvard Kennedy School. He is currently Full Professor of Beijing Normal University. Dr. Chen s research focuses on the urban metabolism and nexus issues. He has published over 250 peer-reviewed papers in prestigious international journals such as PNAS, Trends in Biotechnology, and Nature Climate Change. His works are widely recognized and have more than 5000 citations with H-index of 39 according to Web of Science. He is serving as Editor-in-Chief of Energy, Ecology and Environment, Associate Editor of Journal of Cleaner Production, Frontiers of Earth Science, Subject Editor of Applied Energy, and an editorial board member of Ecological Modelling, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Hydrodynamics and Ecological Informatics, etc. Publications Chen B, Lu Y (2015), Urban nexus: a new paradigm for urban studies, Ecological Modelling 318, 5-7. Chen SQ, Chen B (2015), Urban energy consumption: different insights from energy flow analysis, inputoutput analysis and ecological network analysis, Applied Energy 138, Wang SG, Chen B (2016), Energy water nexus of urban agglomeration based on multiregional input output tables and ecological network analysis: A case study of the Beijing Tianjin Hebei region, Applied Energy 178(15): Chen SQ, Chen B (2017), Changing urban carbon metabolism over time: historical trajectory and future pathway, Environmental Science & Technology 51(13): Fang DL, Chen B (2017), Linkage analysis for water-energy nexus of city, Applied Energy 189,

2 Workshop Smart Cities 2017: Perspectives and Innovations in Quebec and China, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Urban resource management from a metabolism perspective Bin Chen Beijing Normal University, China chenb@bnu.edu.cn

3 Outline Background Urban challenges Resource and waste metabolism Resource efficiency Regulation for urban transitions

4 Background

5 Urbanization Process Since 1950, the world has entered the process of urbanization. By 2050, more people will live in urban area. Share of urban and rural populations, (Source: Urban Europe, 2016)

6 Urbanization in China 28 20, million Megacities in the world, 6 in China (2014) km 2 of land converted to urban areas every year from agriculture, forest, and grassland tons of standard coal consumed per day (2014) Degree of urbanization in China from 2005 to 2015 SHUES. ECNU China, as the most populous country in the world, has entered the rapid urbanization since Source: China Statistic Yearbook ( ).

7 Urban challenges

8 Urban challenges Resources requirements for urban system Simplified scheme of resource requirements for urban socioeconomic system Economic Sectors Resources in urban socio-economic system

9 Urban Water requirements Urban water scarcity VS billion of 600 cities are water scarce China had a per capita water of 2079 m 3 while the world average was 6225 m 3 yuan/yr economic losses caused by urban water shortage 400 billion m 3 water deficit by 2050 in China

10 Water Urban energy pressure requirements for urbanization Over 6 tce/cap 2014, energy consumption per capita in cities is over 6 tce, much higher than The national everage level of 2.5 tce. 80% The proportion of urban energy consumption accounted for more than 80% of national energy consumption 4 billion tce/a 460 million tce/a By 2020, the urbanization level of China will reach about 60%, while the urban energy consumption will reach 4 billion tce. By 2030, the urban energy gap of China will reach 460 million tce/a.

11 Urban land use China s urban area is km 2 in National urban land area increased by km 2 from 2009 to 2013, an increase of 18.2%. Urban land area and growth ratio in China Urbanisation and Health in China, Gong et al., Lancet, 2012 Mar 3, 379(9818), pp ,

12 Urban challenges Carbon emission Cities contribute to 85% of total carbon emissions of China, of which 35 largest ones contribute 40%. Urban carbon emission source Mi Z, et al Consumption-based emission accounting for Chinese cities. Applied Energy. DOI: /j.apenergy

13 Urban challenges Haze Main factors: Unreasonable energy structure and industrial layout Vehicle-exhaust gas Lax management of air quality Distribution: Temporal distribution: concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in eastern China is higher than western China and that in southern China is lower than northern China. Spatial distribution: heavy smog enveloping most cities in China has frequently occurred during winter, but hardly happened in summer. Monthly average concentration of PM 2.5 in 2016

14 Urban challenges Solid waste million tons garbage from 261 large and medium cities produce in 2013 were disposed, with the disposal rate being 97.41%. The annual dumped volume of solid has reached 60 billion tons in China, which occupied 500 million m 2 of arable land. For cities of China 2015, industrial waste reached 1.91 billion tons, industrial hazardous waste production amounted to million tons, and the amount of domestic waste was million tons.

15 Urban challenges Wastewater China s total waste water discharge has increased from 43 million tons in 2001 from 72 million tons in 2014, increased 37%. The total number of waste water treatment plants in cities increased from 481 in 2000 to 3,717 in Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin are the top three cities of sewage discharge per capita. Zhang, et al. Current status of urban wastewater treatment plants in China. Environment international, 2016, 92: Distribution of Waste Water Treatment Plants in China

16 Resource and waste metabolism

17 Resource and waste metabolism Renew Renew ables ables R R The development of urban settlements has a wide range of impacts on their natural environmental and other fringe ecosystems. Natural Natural system system National National economy economy $ $ Non- Renewables Non- Renewables Non- Renewables Non- Renewables Non- Renewables Non- Renewables $ $ Urban economy Urban economy The Urban System The Urban System Global Global economy economy Trade Trade Dissipation Dissipation $ $ Trade Trade The National System The National System The World System Wastes The World System Resources exploitation and environmental degradation No enough sustainable energy sources to support the future development High-carbon pattern of economics and infrastructures The challenge from urban population growth It remains a significant challenge for scientists, industries and government to make reasonable urban development policies to mitigate environmental impact over the next decades.

18 Environment Environment Resource and waste metabolism Manufactu ring Industry Urban Metabolic Actors Domestic Sector Resource Metabolism Reuse and recycling Industry Waste Metabolism Urban metabolism is generally defined as the analysis of all the technical and economic flows of energy and materials associated with the production and consumption activities in cities Including importing raw materials and products from other economies or ecosystems Exchanging goods and services between economic sectors Rejecting materials outside the cities' boundaries as emissions or waste to the environment

19 Resource and waste metabolism The model with two main metabolic flows: The resource metabolism flows and are represented by thick black lines; The waste metabolism flows and are represented by thin black lines A mixture of resource and waste metabolism is represented by dashed lines. Decomposition of urban metabolic processes into resource and waste metabolism can help to define the metabolic structural characteristics. Resource metabolism: the use of resources and the resulting outputs. Waste metabolism: the generation, reuse, and final discharge of wastes, and can be described in terms of the environmental impacts of these wastes and their cycling. y t T z d y d f at f dt f da D Resource metabolism za A f ct ya f tm f rd z c fpt f dm f dp C fam f pa Waste metabolism zr f cp f rp yr R f cm f pr P f pm M z p y p z m y m Mix of resource and waste metabolism

20 Resource efficiency

21 Resource efficiency Urban multi-level resource efficiency management Urban Metabolism Communal Metabolism Household Metabolism Agrculture Energy Construction Resrouce Waste Goods Consumption Industry Waste & Service Domestic Waste Residents Resource Extractions Resource Exchanges Waste

22 Resource efficiency Water system efficiency Utility Analysis Robustness Analysis Optimal Balance Key pathways Key sectors Rebound effect Greater Resilience Greater Efficiency Fang, D.L., Chen, B.* (2015), Ecological network analysis for a virtual water network, Environmental Science & Technology, 49 (11),

23 Resource efficiency Assess urban energy metabolism (the study of the technical and socioeconomic processes that occur in cities) Strong tools for tracking urban energy flows and indexing the energy intensity of economic sectors from the production perspective

24 Resource efficiency [X1] Loc f 31 f 51 f 12 f 21 f 71 f 41 f 14 X3 W&S X2 Ene X4 Con f 52 f 72 f 18 f 28 f 15 f 17 X5 Agr f 75 f 53 f 73 f 62 f 57 f 63 f 54 X6 f 86 f 64 Dom f 74 f 56 f 67 f 85 X7 ITS f 48 f 87 [X8] Ext Loc: local environment; Ene: energy production sector; W&S: Water and soil stock; Con: Construction sector; Agr: Agriculture sector; ITS: Industry (product manufactory), trade and service sector; Dom: Domestic sector; Ext: External domain and market f 16 Metabolic network Storage network f 81 Chen, S., Chen, B. *(2012), Network Environ Perspective for Urban Metabolism and Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Vienna, Austria, Environmental Science and Technology, 46,

25 Resource efficiency 形式法 -ENA Model layer Modelling process for urban energy and carbon coupling A Energy and carbon inventory B Construction of Intersector flow networks System boundary Energy supply Carbon emissions Socioeconomics Sectoral structure Energy/carbon link Inter-sector relation Metabolic networks Energy flow analysis E1 E2 E3 Energy metabolic network Carbon metabolic network E 12 C S1 S2 12 S1 S2 E 13 E 23 S3 Carbon flow analysis C1 C2 C3 S1 S2 S3 C 13 S3 Secoral emissions allocation C 23 Source or Intermediate sector x I ux E xu C xu C ux E ux Carbon flow I xu Final use sector u Energy flow C Energycarbon nexus modelling for a low-carbon economy Energy-carbon nexus Carbon intensity Sensitivity analysis Low-carbon pathway S1 E 12 C 12 C 13 C 23 S2 E 13 E 23 S3 Carbon intensity of process 1-2 Carbon intensity of process 2-3 Carbon intensity of process 1-3 Chen, S., Chen, B.* (2016), Coupling of carbon and energy flows in cities: a meta-analysis and nexus modeling, Applied Energy, 194,

26 Resource efficiency 180 t/gwh Coal Natural gas Petroleum Ele Thermal generation Beijing Beijing Coal Energy flows /TWh Electricity 23 grid t/gwh t/gwh 29 Allocation of carbon emissions /10 3 t t/gwh Commercial use Residential use Industial use Loss Transport Ind Ele Issaquah Beijing Coal Coal t/gwh t/gwh 180 t/gwh 160 t/ NA NA t/gwh t/gwh t/gwh Ind Ele Carbon emissions transfer /1000t Energy flow /TWh (Beijing) GWh (Issaquah) Carbon emissions Coupling of carbon Energy and flow /TWh (Beijin transfer /1000t energy process GWh (Issaquah) Chen, S., Chen, B.* (2016), Coupling of carbon and energy flows in cities: a meta-analysis and nexus modeling, Applied Energy, 194,

27 Urban Resource resource efficiency coordinated management Linkage Analysis Supply Chain Effect On Relationship Between Sectors The important water-energy nexus nodes for vertically integrated consumption are sectors which possess high values of vertically integrated effects for both virtual water and embodied energy, and rely on resource inputs to continue their production activities. D.L. Fang, B. Chen* (2017), Linkage analysis for water-energy nexus of city, Applied Energy, 189,

28 Regulation for urban transitions Using systematic approach to optimize the interconnection within the whole urban system and identify the leverage point to obtain the tradeoffs and even synergies, thereby keeping city's robustness and sustainability over time.

29 Regulation for urban transitions Resource Efficient Metabolism Design their infrastructures and services in such way that their linear metabolisms (e.g., resource consumption waste) can be converted into circular metabolisms for the goal of less impact on nature. Bio-inspired paradigm following the nature in its stocks and flows. Chen B, Chen S. Urban metabolism and nexus. Ecological Informatics, 2015, 26:1-2.

30 Regulation for urban transitions Resource Efficient Nexus Cities and urban settlements are embedded within a hinterland of intersecting regional, national and global economic dynamics and financial flows; Shape the urban transition to more resource efficient and inclusive urban nexus configurations.

31 Regulation for urban transitions Achieving Synergistic Effects based on Nexus - higher productivity growth, greater human wellbeing Smart or Green Urbanism Shift city from competition paradigm to coordination paradigm Air pollution reduction Grid reliability and/or resilience Human health and well-being Land use saving Urban heat island reduction Water-use efficiency Water quality

32 Smart City Nexus Paradigm Big Data + Nexus Industrial ecological network Internet Cloud

33 Metabolism Regulation for urban transitions Top-Down modelling Materials/energy models Structure models Macro-dynamic Ecological models of different scales Integrated models Smart Urban Management Land use models Infrastructure models Ecology Energy Environment Nexus Micro-dynamic Bottom-Up modelling

34 Call for Papers SI: Sustainability for Smart Cities Guest Editors: IF: Dr. Liexun Yang Dr. Bin Chen This Special Issue will gather theoretical, methodological, and applied papers exploring the solutions for successful transition to a smart city from technology, management, economic and social development perspectives.

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