CONVION May 7, 2018 Convion Fuel Cells Public.

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2 High temperature SOFC fuel cells with biogas in practice Tuomas Hakala Co-founder, Convion Oy

3 Convion Oy BACKGROUND Corporate R&D of Wärtsilä through Convion started in 2013 by 9 founding members CURRENT STATUS Unique IPR portfolio including 38 patented inventions Focus on mid-range SOFC co-generation solutions First customer delivery in Q2/2017 C50 PRODUCT Power 58kW, heat 30kW >53% (net-ac), >80% total Biogas or natural gas

4 What is an SOFC fuel cell? A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that directly converts chemical energy of a fuel into electricity and heat Produces low-voltage DC directly from natural gas or biogas works with H 2 but does not require it. Key properties High electrical efficiency Low emissions Fuel flexible Scalable from mw to MW CONVION Fuel Cell Technology May 7, 2018

5 References Several validated kw systems Natural gas, landfill gas, methanol and AD biogas WFC20 20kWe α-prototype NG ηe 41% WFC50 50kWe Laboratory units NG, Biogas ηe ~47 % WFC20 NewEnergy Land fill gas ηe > 49 % Convion C50 50kW, NG, Biogas Validation 2015 WFC20 Methapu Methanol ηe > 43 % X00 concept 175 kwe, Biogas ηe > 53 % 2016 CONVION 7-May-18 7, 2018 Convion Fuel Cells Public

6 Co-locating CHPgeneration and high local loads Increasing need for flexibility Central generation as a back-bone Increasing need for power reliability and quality Organic waste as a dependable source of energy CONVION May 7, 2018 Smart grid renewal by micro grids

7 Potential fuel cell applications Energy efficiency with distributed CHP Commercial buildings, small industries Continuous onsite power generation Power security and energy independence Grid parallel, islanding capable micro grids Direct biogas utilization Sustainable biogas from waste Avoiding logistic costs and auxiliary systems costs associated to gas upgrading Photo courtecy of Photographic Archives SMAT CONVION May 7, 2018

8 Competitive performance of SOFC in distributed CHP SOFC has the highest electrical efficiency of all technologies, independent of scale. Exhaust gas temperature is well suited for domestic heating and hot water production. Power-to-heat generation ratio matches well with thermal loads of modern buildings

9 Waste streams are a distributed resource. SOFC makes possible high efficiency electrification of biogas locally in small scale. Matching of thermal output of co-generation with local loads maximizes total efficiency. Distributed architecture is resilient and scalable. CONVION Biogas and circular economy May 7, 2018

10 Average entering load [PE] EU IT DE FR UK ES FI NL PL Vast majority of the waste water treatment facilities are in the small and medium size categories Majority of the waste water load treated at the small & medium sized facilities Country Number of plants Entering load (PE) 15l biogas/pe/day 0-10kPE m3 CH4/h kPE m3 CH4/h kPE m3 CH4/h >500kPE >188 m3 CH4/h 0-10 kpe kpe kpe >500 kpe CONVION The case for SOFC CHP in medium May 7, 2018 scale WWTP s

11 Photo courtesy of Photographic Archives SMAT CONVION Industrial scale demonstration of Biogas fueled SOFC CHP

12 DEMOSOFC site in Europe SMAT Collegno

13 Raw gas at Collegno CH4 %- mol CO2 %- mol O2 %- mol CO %- mol Total S (as H2S) mg/m3 Total siloxan es mg/m3 D5 D4 L5 L3 Rel mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 hum % Mean Min Max Tolerable fuel gas contaminant level - Sulphur < 30ppb i.e. <0.04 mg(s)/m3; - Siloxanes < 0.06 mg(si)/m3; - Halogens <0.01 mg/m3

14 Experimental sulfur and siloxane removal system in Collegno CONVION May 7, 2018

15 Resiliency Electrical islanding of the SOFC s was successfully verified. SOFC s together with a UPS can flexibly secure critical loads on-site.

16 Commissioning of the DEMOSOFC >1000 h of testing in Espoo Truck transport Unloaded in Collegno Ready for final commissioning

17 Net AC efficiency % Power SOFC systems are not just for baseload In grid-tied mode, SOFC can be modulated from 100% to 50% with little compromise in efficiency. During a grid outage, SOFC system with built-in dissipative means can form an intentionally islanding grid and supply dynamic loads with power Island mode Island mode modulation range Noncritical loads Dissipative buffer From grid Normal modulation range Secured loads Load SOFC Power % 0 Time

18 Emissions of an SOFC system Low local emissions, noise level < 70dB, no vibrations NOTE! Convion fuel cell CO, NOx and VOC emissions are measurement determination limits actual emissions are lower (or equal); measured PM at exhaust was g/kWh which was below ambient air PM level at measurement location; EPA and turbine reference VOC emissions include non-methane hydrocarbons only, Convion FC figure includes also methane. Sources kw CNG turbine, 2. Tier 4 emission standard for kw compression-ignition (diesel) engines, EPA Title 40: Protection of Environment, Part EU Stage V standard for all engine types, kw, DieselNet - EU standards, Nonroad Engines

19 Particulate emission measurements by VTT - C50 unit s exhaust gas vs. ambient air

20 Net eff at WWTP measured from steady state operation is consistent with results at laboratory conditions and simulations Stacks with longest operational history are now beyond the 8000h mark. Difference between laboratory and WWTP efficiency is a result of cabinet heating and modest voltage degradation, affected by a rather high amount of thermocycles in the testing CONVION Measured vs. simulated efficiency May 7, 2018

21 Future possibilities Demand driven, thermally matched biogas cogeneration power plants to provide flexibility to the generating mix Biogas CHP + carbon capture Clean exhaust of a SOFC system can be used as CO2 fertilization to green houses. Fuel cell is a gas separator carbon capture and storage is more practical with SOFC exhaust than with combustion exhaust Reversible SOC s can turn gas-to-power or power-togas depending on needs.

22 Conclusions The SOFC technology for biogas co-generation is ready and available for demonstrations. Fuel cells are an enabling technology for a transition from centralized toward de-centralized infrastructure in energy, water & waste services. Small and medium scale SOFC co-generation systems make possible exploitation of smaller biogas sources, vastly extending the resource base for biogas electricity. High efficiency and availability of SOFC s generate up to two times more electrical energy annually from a given amount of biogas as compared to conventional generators energy autonomy

23 Thank You! Fore more information, please contact Tuomas Hakala, The DEMOSOFC project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No Other partners of the project are SMAT, POLITO, VTT, and Imperial College of London CONVION May 7, 2018