Increased Water Efficiency through Decentralized Reuse

Transcription

1 Water Arabia 2008 Session B Innovative Water & Wastewater Technologies - Misc Topics (Co-chairs: Mohammed AbuNaiyan & Thamer Al Mutairi) Increased Water Efficiency through Decentralized Reuse Karsten Schulze Hans Huber AG, Germany

2 Content Characteristics of the Middle East region Potential for use of treated wastewater Options and requirements for water reuse HUBER Membrane Technology for decentralized reuse Case studies with HUBER Membrane Bio-Reactors Intelligent system solution for green cities Conclusions

3 Characteristics of the Middle East Region On the majority arid and semi-arid regions Severe draughts and floods due to climate change Water is often subsidized High agricultural water consumption Increasing water demand due to rapid urbanization, booming economies and tourism development Depletion of non-renewable resources Additional and alternative water sources are needed!

4 Alternative Non-Conventional Water Source Treated wastewater LEGEND red figures Used effluent as % of total treated wastewater treated wastewater as % of generated wastewater Syria Jordan Oman Yemen Kuwait UAE Qatar Palestine Tunisia Saudi Arabia Bahrain 14 % 87 % 54 % 12 % 35 % 63 % (Different literature sources, ) Effluent use has a great potential!

5 Reuse Options Agricultural irrigation Non-potable urban use: - Irrigation of green areas - Air conditioning - Toilet flushing - Car washing Industrial use as process water Indirect potable use - Groundwater recharge - Surface water augmentation (Direct potable use) Recycling The quality requirements vary with the specific application purpose!

6 Standards in the Middle East Irrigation for agriculture and green areas Saudi Arabia (2000), Kuwait (2001), Oman (1993), Jordan (2002) and Iran (1998) have their own quality standards for reuse of treated wastewater Bahrain and Yemen adopted respectively WHO Guidelines (1989) and Jordanian Standards (2002) for reuse No specific standards are promulgated for reuse in Egypt, Palestine or Iraq: these countries refer to WHO (1989) or other guidelines (e.g. US EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse, 2004) UAE has its specific Irrigation Standards: at present it is proposed to review these quality standards and recommend future usage guidelines Effluent for (urban) use must be hygienically safe!

7 Reliable, robust and simple to operate decentralized systems with remote control must be preferred! Decentralized Approach for Urban Reuse decentralization Feature Scale City District Household Length of collection and distribution pipes long short short Flexibility and incremental growth low high high Redundancy yes yes Separation of industrial and municipal sewage usually not provided no yes yes Professional operation yes yes Quality control yes yes not always available usually not provided Acceptance of reclaimed water low high high Individual awareness low high high

8 Which Method to Apply? A comparison of disinfection results log reductions (WHO, 2006) and +/- valuation (Jacangelo & Trussells, 2001) Treatment Viruses Bacteria Protozoa Helminth eggs Chlorination Ozonisation UV radiation 1->3 ++/+++ Membrane filtration (UF) 2.5-> > > / /+++ >3 ++ > < >3* Overall evaluation ++ ++/ excellent; ++ good; + adequate; - poor * presumably significantly higher, investigations were limited to 3 log units! Membrane filtration shows the best elimination!

9 Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) Submerged low pressure membrane system inlet screen excess sludge screenings aeration basin membrane module permeate container for screenings air scouring air

10 Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) Submerged low pressure membrane system inlet screen high concentration of activated sludge, small volume replaces sedimentation, sand filtration and UV disinfection excess sludge screenings aeration basin membrane module permeate container for screenings air scouring air no particles and bacteria in the permeate Compact design and high treatment efficiency!

11 HUBER Membrane Technology Flat-sheet membranes Ultrafiltration (UF) with 38 nm Membrane filtration units: - MCB (MembraneClearBox ) - BioMem (Compact Treatment Plant) - VRM (Vacuum Rotation Membrane) permeate discharge membrane scouring box fine bubble aerator HUBER MCB (small) HUBER BioMem (medium) HUBER VRM (large) membrane permeate discharge permeate collector scouring box hollow shaft air for scouring membrane plates Well-proven technology with six years of experience!

12 Strengths of HUBER Membrane Solutions Effluent meets standards for reuse due to ultrafiltration (Title 22 approved) Several membrane filtration units and different design configurations for wide range of applications Equipped with a proper pre-treatment HUBER flat-sheet membranes are insensible to clogging Unique design and energy efficient operation of VRM Engineering, manufacture and after sale service from one hand Flexible, reliable and cost-competitive solutions for decentralized and semi-centralized reuse applications!

13 References in the Middle East HUBER Membrane Solutions for Reuse Reuse options cleaning purposes toilet flushing Syria Industrial Pilot Plant - Paper Industry Oriental Paper Iran Reuse Project - Office Building NIOC irrigation groundwater recharge Jordan UAE, Sharjah Reuse Project - Office Building HUBER Technology Middle East Municipal Pilot Plant WWTP Sharjah R&D Project - IWRM Egypt Sweets Production CADBURY UAE, Abu Dhabi Reuse Project - Office Building TAMEER Group Bahrain Reuse Project - Nursing Home

14 Success Stories Best practice for decentralized urban reuse 1) Reuse for Irrigation of Green Areas Iran Solution for enterprises, estates & tourism resorts 2) Reuse for Feeding of Cooling Towers Jakarta Solution for office complexes, commercials & districts 3) Grey Water Reuse for Toilet Flushing Germany Solution for hotels, dormitories & sports facilities 1) 2) 3) Solutions for domestic wastewater and grey water!

15 1) Reuse for Irrigation of Green Areas Iran Solution for office buildings waste water Complete wastewater treatment plant for the adminstration building of NIOC, Teheran (since May 2006) permeate for reuse screen with grit and grease trap HUBER Ro5 Complete Plant activated sludge tank filtration unit HUBER VRM Design data Q inlet = 120 m³/d Screen = 3 mm Unit = VRM 20/120 (360 m 2 ) Operating parameters T = C MLSS = 8-14 g/l F/M 0.1 kg COD/(kg MLSS*d)

16 1) Reuse for Irrigation of Green Areas Iran Solution for office buildings Comparison of requirements for irrigation and effluent quality Parameter Unit Iranian standard (1998)* MBR effluent (NIOC office building) COD mg/l < BOD mg/l < TSS mg/l < 100 < 4 Turbidity NTU < ph Total coliforms MPN / 100ml < 1,000 < 13 Faecal coliforms MPN / 100ml - < 5 * Iranian Standards for Agricultural and Irrigation Reuse (Department of Environment), 1998 Effluent is suitable for irrigation!

17 2) Reuse for Cooling Towers Jakarta Solution for office complexes Upgrading of the existing wastewater treatment plant for the government office complex, Balai Kota (start up in Nov. 2008) waste water permeate service water for cooling towers service water tank Design data supernatant Q inlet = 200 m³/d Screen = 3 mm Unit = VRM 20/180 (540 m 2 )

18 2) Reuse for Cooling Towers Jakarta Solution for office complexes Microbial requirements according to Title 22 Additional measures to prevent scaling, corrosion and bio-fouling: - Use of anti-fouling and anti-scaling agents - Rinsing of lines with chlorine solutions Comparison of Title 22 requirements and effluent quality Parameter Unit Requirement of Title 22* MBR effluent (test plant) BOD 5 mg/l - 2 NH 4 -N mg/l - < 2 Turbidity NTU < Total coliforms MPN/100 ml < 2.2 n.d. Faecal coliforms MPN/100 ml - n.d. * Title 22 Water Recycling Criteria of California, 2000 Effluent is suitable for feeding of cooling towers!

19 3) Reuse for Toilet Flushing Germany Solution for grey water Grey water treatment plant for the HUBER headquarters, Berching (since March 2007) run-off water grey water black water screen service water buffer MBR storage Design data Q inlet = l/d Screen = 1,5 mm Unit = MCB 1 Operating parameters T = C MLSS = 5-7 g/l F/M 0.1 kg COD/(kg MLSS *d)

20 3) Reuse for Toilet Flushing Germany Solution for grey water Comparison of guideline for toilet flushing and effluent quality Parameter Unit German guideline 1) (limit value of 76/160/EEC 2) ) MBR effluent (HUBER office building) BOD 7 mg/l < 5 (-) < 2.4 Oxygen saturation % > 50 (80-120) > 50 Total coliforms 1/ml < 100 (100) < 1 Faecal coliforms 1/ml < 10 (20) < 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1/ml < 1 (-) - 1) German Guideline fbr H201, ) EC Bathing Water Directive 76/160/EEC Effluent is suitable for toilet flushing!

21 Water reuse is a key element for a sustainable use of water resources! Potential for Water Reuse in UAE Target of the Abu Dhabi Environmental Strategy is to reduce the water consumption to 350 l/(cap.*d) over the next 5 years Recognized measures for water conservation are: Using recycled wastewater for expanding green areas dedicated to public use and tourists Increasing water efficiency of buildings according to green building regulations (EHS Regulations Green Buildings of Dubai)

22 Intelligent System Solution for a Green UAE Collection system CTP Distribution system for irrigation Receiving water body Legend CTP = central treatment plant

23 HUBER Technology for high water efficiency! Intelligent System Solution for a Green UAE Remote community Local reuse for irrigation Tourism resort Local reuse for irrigation Green building Non-potable in-building reuse Collection system New district Local reuse for cooling & irrigation Green building Non-potable in-building reuse Distribution system for irrigation Legend CTP Receiving water body CTP = central treatment plant STP = small treatment plant with HUBER Technology

24 Conclusions In all water stressed regions included UAE there is a high demand for local wastewater reuse concepts for reducing fresh water consumption Competitive HUBER Membrane Solutions (MBR with UF) are available for a wide range of decentralized (and semicentralized) reuse applications HUBER UF provides an effective reduction of pathogens and therefore makes a safe recycling possible Effluent of HUBER MBRs is suitable e.g. for irrigation, car washing, toilet flushing and cooling Through implementation of HUBER Membrane Solutions water consumption can be sustainably reduced on a local scale HUBER Solutions are fit for purpose!

25 Go green with HUBER Solutions! Hans Huber AG, Industriepark A1, D-92443, Berching,