On-site Domestic Wastewater Treatment (JOHKASOU)performance evaluation and development status of environmental technology verification system in Japan

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1 Workshop in China 24th May.2012 On-site Domestic Wastewater Treatment (JOHKASOU)performance evaluation and development status of environmental technology verification system in Japan Yuhei INAMORI 1 Kai- Qin XU 2 Ryuhei Inamori 1 Hiroki Inoue 3 1 Fukusima University, 2 National Institute for Environmental Studies, 3 Testing Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment /The Building Center of Japan

2 Bio-Eco Engineering importance in the 21st century Bio-engineering Technology to take full advantage of the cleaning ability of microbes Advanced combined wastewater treatment system Eco-engineering Technology to take full advantage of the potential purification ability of ecosystems Water environment restoration using soil aquatic plants Combination of Bio-& Bio-Eco Engineering Eco- technologies

3 Bio-Eco Engineering Research Laboratory Miho-village rural community wastewater treatment system Treated water Approx. 2km Lake KASUMIGAURA Miho-village, Ibaraki Prefecture Water inflow Approx. 2km Water culture purification experimental facility 100m 3 / 1 day -1 Domestic wastewater Treated water tank Wastewater tank Soil treatment experimental facility 9 1 Eco-engineering experimental field Control-temperature facility for testing advanced Johkasou systems Multi-purpose Bio-engineering experimental field Building for analyzing technology transfer to developing countries in bio-eco engineering Facility for evaluating the effects of reducing eutrophication Develop and evaluate Bio-Eco engineering Transfer technology to developing countries and give training Cooperate with government offices and conduct international joint research Promote the education of the environment and environmental safeguards Core Station for Promotion of Joint Research Projects based on the International Bio-Eco Engineering Research Laboratory of National Institute for Environmental Studies (Coope. : FUKUSHIMA Univ.)

4 Water Environment Pollution Control More specifically, the following five tasks are principally necessary for water environment restoration: 1 Survey on growth potential of toxic cyanobacteria Blue green algae; 2 Development of an environmental restoration technology using protozoa/micro-metazoa and other microorganisms; 3 Investigation of the wastewater characteristics of the pollution sources; 4 Development of technologies for dispersed wastewater treatment, such as advanced Johkasou (N/P removal)system 5 Development of ecological engineering techniques that allow use of large aquatic vegetation, such as artificial wetlands.

5 Effects of Nitrogen/Phosphorous on environment, Eco-balance and Health Health Hazards Nitrogen: Metohemoglobinemia Phosphorous: Osteoporosis, Ureteral stone Cyanobacteria: Metabolic production of toxic cyanobacteria 60 times more toxic than potassium cyanide * Deaths of livestock and humans overseas Agricultural Damage Nitrogen: Succulent growth (growth of only stems or stalks) Toxic cyanobacteria (Genus: Microcystis) Outbreak of Cyanobacteria/Red Tides Damage to fisheries: Death of marine animals Damage to sightseeing areas: Offensive odors, closure of bathing areas Problems for water utilization: Increase in processing costs due to filtration problems at water purification plants or offensive odors from municipal water. Cyanobacteria (Lake Biwa)

6 Present Water Environment Issues Domestic wastewater Industrial wastewater Point source Farm wastewater Nonpoint source Water environment pollution have been accelerated by the point and nonpoint sources. In the closed water bodies, abnormal growth of blue-green algae has become to big environment issues. Closed water bodies Abnormal Growth of Blue-green Algae

7 Watershed Control Measures Point Pollution Sources Sewage System, Johkasou Livestock / Fishery ( Effluent Control & Structure / Specification Regulation ) Pollution Load from Point Sources Inflow from Outside Lakes <Inside Lakes> Internally produced pollution loads ( 1 mg of algae = COD 0.5 mg ) Accumulated pollution load Non-point Pollution Sources Farms, Cities, Nature (Proper Fertilization, Rainwater S eepage.) Pollution Load from Non-point Sources Dredging, Aeration, Water Conveyance Conservation/ Reclamation of Lake Vicinities Water Quality Preservation Water Use Problems Lake Reclamation Safety Natural Factors Social Factors * Point Pollution Sources, Non-point Pollution Sources

8 Action Plan and Prospective in corporation with Asian Countries To effectively introduce the Bio-Eco Engineering system to Lakes as a measure technology for lake conservation and management and disperse to other Asian region. To collect the necessary environmental information of Lakes simultaneously for developing the model analyses, and enact the training related to the technique of the model simulation. To establish a network in Asian region based on the Guideline on the Management for Establishment of Eco-Sound Watershed Environment of Lakes and Marshes. To establish the strategy for appropriate watershed management measures linked to the application development of lake preservation and management with national projects. To exchange the opinions and address the future prospective for practical direction creation of water environmental reproduction.

9 EUTROPHIC LAKE need Restoration Lake TAIHU Size is 15 times in comparison with Lake KASUMIGAURA, super Eutrophic lake and National important lake which need argent restoration

10 Abnormal growth of algae at Taihu Lake in CHINA at present (July 2007) Algae Removal Working Bloom of Cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu about 10 years ago

11 Advanced wastewater treatment JOHKASOU that removes N / P and controls GHGs Small size compact combined wastewater treatment system Middle size compact combined wastewater treatment system

12 Ratios between black water and gray water in basic units Standard of BOD/T-N/T-P are 200, 45, 5mg l -1 Volume of water BOD T-N T-P g person -1 day -1 1 g person -1 day l person -1 day g person -1 day -1 Black water Gray water Basic unit for volume of water (l person -1 day -1 ) Others (g person -1 day -1 )

13 Circulatory Biological Filtering System for Advanced Wastewater treatment (Flow adjustable) Domestic wastewater Inflow Baffle board Back wash drain pipe First chamber of aerobic filter bed tank Flow can be adjusted to cover increases in water volume in the morning and evening. Nitrification and denitrification by anaerobic and aerobic circulation remove nitrogen. Sludge can be recycled into ceramics. Flow shift gate Circulation unit Second chamber of aerobic filter bed tank Back wash pump Aeration pipe Outfall Sterilizing tank Treated water tank Biological filtering tank Outflow Biological filtering tank Bowls made from ceramics recycled from bottom sludge of Lake Kasumigaura 5 9 mm

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15 Combining Eutrophication/Global Warming Countermeasures in Advanced Distributed Treatment Systems BOD 200 mg l -1 T-N 50 mg l -1 T-P 5 mg l -1 [Issue] GHG production control - Methane gas production control CH 4 CO 2 Stabilizing phosphorus removal performance Response to water temperature, quantity and influx load - Inhibition by hydroxide ions in influx water - Optimize current value for load fluctuation Phosphorus Removal System Circulation 循環 Circulation Nitrification reaction tank Nitrogen removal reaction tank Principles of N 2 O Production NH 4 + BOD 10 mg l -1 T-N 10 mg l -1 T-P 1 mg l -1 [Issue] GHG production control - Nitrous oxide production control Nitrification reaction (aerobic conditions) NH 2 OH NO 2 - NO 3 - Control methane gas production by efficient anaerobic reaction conditions adjusted to load conditions Control nitrous oxide production by running efficient denitrification reaction processes N 2 NO N 2 O NO 2 - NO 3 - Denitrification reaction (facultative conditions)

16 Population (million) Yearly change in population with sewerage facilities Fiscal year Total population Flush toilet- Furnished population Population with sewerage facilities Johkasoufurnished population

17 Iron electrode (cathode) Phosphorus removal reaction when using the iron electrolysis process e Iron electrode (anode) e H 2 gas Fe 3+ PO 4 3+ FePO 4 sedimentation OH Agglutination reaction of phosphorus Anode: Fe=Fe 2+ +2e Cathode: 2H + +2e =H 2 Fe 2+ Fe 3+ M 3+ + PO 3 MPO 4 4 H + H + e e

18 Paradigm Shift for Low Carbon Society Advanced Save Energy Johkasou System Fossil Fuel Oil Coal Natural Energy Wind Power Solar Power Utilization Leap Frog

19 Committee System of Johkasou Estimation in Japan President Yuhei INAMORI (Fukusima University) Member Member Tosihiro SANKAI (Research of Constraction) Jyun NAKAJIMA (Ritumeikan University) Member Kazuo YAMAMOTO (Tokyo University) Member Kai-Qin XU (NIES) Member Takahiro SAKATANI (Johkasou System Society ) The Building Center of Japan (BCJ) Kourinn ISIHARA, Hiroki Inoue, Ryuji TANAKA

20 Estimation Content of Committee Advanced N/P Removal Type Johkasou Reducton of sludge, Sludge treatment Advanced/Efficient Johkasou Estimation Development Follow-up of installed Johkasou, Analysis/Estimation /improvement Standard formation Promotion Relationship between Ministry of Environment (Maintenance)and Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport (Structure) Active Internationaly spreading Advanced Johkasou Development of Disposer type Johkasou System

21 Flow on Authorization of Johkasou JAPAN National Standard Enforcement of Examination Kinds of Examination Temperature Cotrol Method (4 month ) Request of Authorization by maker ( (General Estimation ) Examination by Method of Standard Natural Temperature Method (1 year) [Individual Estimation] Operation/Location of Exa. BCJ Johkasou Testing Station Grade of Examination Issue (Testing Station ) BCJ Registration Member On-Site Raw Water Control Station Grade of Examination Issue (BCJ Registration Member ) Special Items Submission of Application Estimation Form to BCJ ( The Building Center of Japan: Authorize ) Minister of Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport Authorization :After authorization, Private Company can be started Selling.

22 Opening address of CRAES President Meng Wei Opening Ceremony on JOHKASOU Estimation Facility in CHINA

23 Advanced Johkasou Facility Computer Control Room COMPUTER Control Panel

24 Estimation of Advanced JOHKASOU System Environment controls which can be adapted to the various ranges of water temperature and the various loads in different areas in China The structure and the control technology development of the Johkasou incorporating the temperature-controlled, short term evaluation testing method Low temperature (13 C) load testing Constant temperature (20 C) normal load testing Constant temperature (20 C) short time load testing 13 C Time elapsed since acclimation ended Low temperature load testing Week Constant temperature short time load testing Constant temperature normal load testing Control of BOD, N and P to the standard concentrations Wastewater Chinese-compatible testing facility for performance evaluation P Temperaturecontrolled chamber (set at 20 C or 13 C) 20 C Time elapsed since acclimation ended KQ 1Q 0.5Q Week Testing evaluation tank

25 Microanimals in Johkasou for Estimation Normal Amoeba Abnormal Amoeba Anaerobic Type Protozoa Anaerobic Type Filamentous Bacteia

26 Microanimals in Johkasou for Estimation Rotifera Cepalodella Rotifera Lecane Rotifera Monostylla Rotifera Philodina Cilliate Movement of Philodina Egg of Rotefera

27 Microanimals in Johkasou for Estimation Protozoa Epistylis Protozoa Sarcodina Protozoa Coleps Protozoa Euplotes Micro metazoa Aeolosma Micro metazoa Dero

28 Automatic Oxygen Supplying Energysaving Water Quality Improvement Device for Sewage Treatment Automatic Oxygen Supply Device (AOSD) Characteristics and Outline of the Technology 1. Automatic calculation of the amount of oxygen corresponding to the changes of inflow load. 2. Reduction of power costs. 3. Capability of advanced removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. 4. The device can be attached to equipment that conducts intermittent aeration at a later date or can be incorporated into the whole unit of large-scale equipment. 5. Capable of serving a wide range of people from 20 to over 10,000.

29 Researcher Dr. Ryuhei Inamori, Member of the AOSD Development of Monitoring Program in the Laboratory Fundamental Experiment

30 Applications of the Technology 1. Sewage treatment system for which reduction of power consumption is necessary. 2. Sewage treatment equipment that cannot remove nitrogen and phosphorus beyond the limited level because it can be attached later to equipment that conducts intermittent aeration. 3. Equipment for which the operator wants to reuse purified water 2. Sewage treatment with high concentration in the effluent or large load fluctuations (domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, brewing industry, expressways, restaurant industry, etc.) Ripple Effects of the Technology BOD 10 mg L -1 or under COD 15 mg L -1 or under T-N 10 mg L -1 or under SS 10 mg L -1 or under T-P 1 mg L -1 or under(additional Coagulant Unit)

31 Maximum Power Consumption Reduction is about 40-70% Blower capacity Power consumption Ordinary use fee * Yen/year 2.2 KW 2.2 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/kw 190, KW 3.7 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/kw 319, KW 5.5 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/kw 475, KW 7.5 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/kw 648, KW 11 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/kw 950, KW 15 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/kw 1,296,000 *Japanese Yen

32 Status Monitoring of DO Control by AOSD

33 Automatic Oxygen Supplying Energy-saving Water Quality Improvement Device for Sewage Treatment An aerobic aeration blower is generally required to be operated 24 hours a day. AOSD always inputs the dissolved oxygen level and temperatures to the CPU, calculates the nitrification and denitrification rate, and calculates appropriate on/off aeration, thereby improving water quality and reducing power consumption. The aeration time is long when the load of inflow organic matters is high, Advanced treatment Sludge treatment and the aeration time is short when the load of inflow organic matters is low. facility facility Automatic control of the aeration air volume decreases the ph by nitrification and increases it by denitrification. Thus, AOSD is capable of Roof park conducting advanced treatment suitable for biological treatment. Factory Home Discharge Industrial pretreatment facility Sewer main Manhole AOSD Pump station Grit chamber Primary sedimentatio n basin Aeration tank Sewage disposal plant Secondary sedimentation basin Chlorination chamber

34 Advanced Sewage Treatment System Organic wastewater consists of human wastes and miscellaneous wastewater and has a typical BOD, T-N, and T-P level of 200 mg L -1, 50 mg L -1, and 5mg L -1, respectively. Daily and yearly changes in the amount of drainage should be considered. Aeration time is controlled in the activated sludge マイクロバブル method depending on microorganisms oxygen consumption. Automatic Oxygen Supply Device Installation of AOSD Beautiful water AOSD is an innovative system for a low-carbon society created from the fusion with micro bubble technology. It is capable of conducting advanced treatment on sewage with a lower power consumption.

35 Future Developments and Significance of Building Distributed Systems to Create a Low-carbon Society Introducing Bio-Eco Town Technology Intraregional cycling Low-carbon treatment systems Advanced ecoengineering systems Policy Consumers/ Agriculture Economic system for recycling society Advanced treatment systems for households and offices Advanced treatment systems for water supply Creating systems for low-carbon society Compatible with urban and rural regional features Industry Overall assessment/ simulation Environment Energy recycling Resource recycling Water recycling Environmental load materials Economy Value balance Cost-benefit effect Promote related industries Improve employment Develop policies for bio-eco towns that integrate aquatic environment reclamation and global warming countermeasures Intraregional cycling Build bio-eco towns where local production is for local consumption Materials infusion Minimize Environmental load Optimum mix of Bio- Ecosystems CROSS- MEDIA GHG control Restore water quality and water resources to health

36 Bio-Eco Engineering is a Core Technology for Restoring the Global Aquatic Environment. Best combination of Bio-Eco Global transmission of information Technology for recovering energy produced when garbage is recycled into resources, edible plant-based, public participation type water purification and recovery technology, technology for advanced wastewater treatment system, technology for recovering phosphorus in short supply, technology for controlling emissions of greenhouse gases Building of communities that introduce environment-friendly, resource recycling technologies required minimum energy,minimum maintenance Development of environment-friendly, resource recycling technologies based on Bio-Eco Engineering

37 Professor Yuhei INAMORI awarded a Prize from CHINA GOVERNMENT

38 Concept of ECODESIGN Natural Circulation (Water/ River / Lake / Biomass ) Information Circulation Human Circulation Energy Circulation Material Circulation SreviceCirculation

39 The desired future of Japanese ETV system and performance evaluation of Johkasou 1) Evaluation in each area has been made based on the experience of the ETV system. But, in organic wastewater treatment is necessary to adjust long period in the length of verification test. 2) Previously, performance evaluation of Johkasou was made either by a general evaluation that allowed installation at any on-site examination, as well as individual evaluation, which needed to be made for each specific on-site examination. 3) ETV system can be understood as the same of this individual specific on-site examination evaluation. 4) In the case of ETV on general evaluation is adopted, performance evaluation of the same Johkasou is deemed appropriate.

40 5) It is important to evaluate the Johkasou in China based on the JICA s Water Environment Restoration Model Project at Taihu Lake. 6) In this project, similar of Bio-Eco Engineering research laboratory ( Japan s National Institute for Environmental Studies ) was installed at the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) and initiate on estimate Johkasou system. 7) It is impossible to guarantee the reliable performance of Johkasou in China, without combining two types of tests for the evaluation. Namely, a constanttemperature short-term evaluation test, which lasts about four months with standardized concentration of raw wastewater, and the on-site test which lasts one year (four seasons) with standardized concentration of raw wastewater(standard BOD/N/P).

41 8) Regarding the evaluation of Johkasou for household wastewater, it is essential to introduce the Japanese performance evaluation system, which requires authorization by minister of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism instead of introducing the ETV system. 9) Regarding organic wastewater treatment, it is essential to develop a maintenance and management system such as water quality management and sludge management. 10) Since sludge is biomass, a treatment system should be devised with applications of hydrothermal reaction (subcritical water), etc. and special consideration for recycling and circulation.

42 Sustainable Development Technological Assistance Asian and Pacific Countries and Other world JAPAN CHINA Feedback of Technical Development Importance of technological assistance and feedback of technical development for establishment of Eco-Sound water environment.